*Roman Catholic Religion and Islam are the two dominant religions in the country Functions of religion: -it

explains the unknown -source of strength and hope -for the Muslims, it legitimates ones claim to authority (by the use of Tarsila) According to Karl Marx Religion is the opium for the masses Religions in the Philippines (developed, entered and flourished): Anitoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity Anitoism: -it was first termed as animism -dominated the lives of the people (the spirits have to be invoked all the time) -they worshipped anito, nature, gods and goddesses with their own realm Deities(Gods and Goddesses): Bathala highest for the Tagalogs; found in kaluwalhatian Luzon anito Visayas diwata *good or bad, the spirits have to be appeased Ways to appease the spirits: by performing rituals, sacrifices and ceremonies Laws of Manu - Dos and donts of a religion 2kinds of rituals: simple and complex Simple ritual involves simple offerings ex. Atang Complex ritual sacrifices: animal and even human sacrifices -paniwata thanksgiving and healing ritual - slaughtering of pig to read the future (ex. Canao) Symbolic representations: likha/larawan, bulul, tattoo Who performs the ceremonies? Babaylan, bayok and catalonan -most of them are female, menopausal age -the 3rd most important people in the society -males are distinguished from the female by the presence of katan or iwa on their side (dagger) -they are the ones who are knowledgeable in the field of science, arts and history -Spanish era their high position will change *Before the Spanish Colonial era three religions will enter the country: Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam Hinduism and Buddhism will enter via Indonesia during the Sri Vijaya and Majapahit Periods Islam: Islam a religion that flourished in the country before the Spaniards came -founder: Muhammad Islam in the Philippines: -some believe that it was introduced by Chinese Muslim Eunuchs

-others believe that it was introduced by Makhdums and Tuan Mashaika -with its entrance, a new political system was also introduced from sin policia to centralized government Kampong similar to Bayan -laid-out like Intramuros -political and religious center -1st kampong was built in Butuan by Tausugs but later, they transferred it to Sulu (they were seen by the Spaniards when the latter first entered the country) 1st Sultanate established by Abu Bakr in Jolo, Sulu -several titles were given out -Abu Bakr was able to build the sultanate of Jolo, Sulu with the aid of Raha Baguinda -Abu Bakr changed the concept of property but he also adapted some of the beliefs of the people in the interior areas of the country -most of the people who built the 1st muslim communities in the country are from Indonesia -introduced feudal system 2nd Sultanate founded by Sharif Kabungsuan in Maguindanao -he married the daughter of the native elite, this marriage resulted to the dichotomy of leadership: sultan and datu Changes due to Islam: concept of ummah, syncretism, 1st written law, 5 pillars of Islam and dichotomy in leadership Roman Catholic Religion: Spread of Christianity: -it is one of the goals of the Spanish Colonization: one of the 3G -Magellan was the one to convince the leader that they encountered in the country to convert *He had a talk with Rajah Humabon and he even gave a gift to his wife that was discovered by Legazpi and his men 44 years later -the friars spread the doctrine to the people -they built a lot of churches to entice the people to the new religion they were the ones who planned the lay-out of the church; used the available materials; they even designed it to suit the environment -to hasten its spread, they discredited the religions and the priests/priestesses that they have encountered and found and they built encomiendas -Doctrina Christiana also helped in the conversion of the people -Inquisition was even used, although there were no records of it *even with all the measures that the priests employed, old beliefs persisted and some of the native priests are still influential: ex. Dagohoy, pag-anito practices, songs, and questions in the confessional -later on, priests became the most powerful people in the country, more powerful than officials -in theory, the power should be in the hands of the king and his representatives due to patronato real Patronato real an agreement between the king and the church

wherein the king will have the upperhand because the salary of the clergy in the territories will come from the king -with the power that they have, priests committed a lot of abuses against the people *their number and the kind of appointment that they have gave them power *deterioration of the kind of priests that were sent to the country Abuses committed by the priests: -landgrabbing -took advantage of their power and position -commercialized their services -required polo from the polo especially females Some governor- generals tried to control the abusiveness of the friars but they became victims themselves Changes: - folk Christianity -change in the status of women -religious syncretism -new practices were introduced and became part of the culture Background: Brief History of Spain Spain for more than 800 years its southern part was under the Moors - for the past 800 years they tried to reconquer the areas=reconquista - dominated by 4 Christian States *Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand united the kingdoms but they ruled separately 1492-end of reconquista; Discovery of America (Columbus) Expeditions were launched because of: -3 Gs; Capitalism, mercantilism; search for Spices; search for new routes to the East Capitulacion contract between the king and the conquistador - expeditions-became the official business of the king-Casa de Contratacion 2 Rival Countries in Maritime Expeditions: Portugal and Spain both were barred by Venetian merchants from entering the Mediterranean so they have to find a new route to the East Portugal first to discover the eastward route towards India then to the Far East Spain west ward route was led by Christopher Columbus - their discovery of America bothered King John of Portugal who insisted that Spain entered his sphere of influence Spain Age of Discovery started in 1492 -Cristobal Colon discovered a new continent for them, discovery of America was credited to his name although some people believe that other groups have already discovered the New World way before he did Cristobal Colon during his time, Atlantic is an uncharted territory -his proposal to discover a route to the East by going Westward was rejected by the King John of Portugal due to his arrogance, so he gave his proposal to Quenn Isabella of Spain who later-on agreed to his plans. -went back to the land thrice, still believing that it is India

-a year after his death, the land was named after his friend *King John of Portugal Columbus discovery bothered him, thinking that their rival entered their territory Pope Alexander VI to avoid war between the rivals, he interceded -Papal Bull *When Portugal still felt that the Popes decision is not fair enough Treaty of Tordesillas was created and to avoid further chaos another treaty came-out, Treaty of Zaragoza Pope Alexander VI mediated; he awarded the lands discovered by Columbus to Spain but Portugal insisted on revising the decision of the pope (1493 papal bull) 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas- they created an imaginary line dividing the globe into two. West of Cape Verde went to Spain and the east went to Portugal *the demarcation line shifted and Brazil went to Portugal Magellan: - served in different Portuguese expeditions in India and in Southeast Asia; grew-up with the future king Manuel; -Proposed to King Manuel of Portugal that he wanted the launch an expedition to the Spice Islands. That expedition will create a route from West to East. When Manuel rejected his proposal, he renounced his citizenship and went to Spain. He gave his proposal to the king of Spain. Expedition: - he was given 5 ships; - route: he sailed on the African Coast then they proceeded to America - in America they explored every inlet that they have found looking for a passage that will lead them to the Pacific. - nearing the tip of South America they found an opening. There was a part of the strait that has two openings. 2 ships were sent to survey the area. March 16, 1521 they reached the Island of the Chamorros March 16 or 17, 1521 feast of San Lazarus San Lazaro Island then they went to Homonhon. - they went to Limasawa and met Rajah Kolambu. Stayed there for several days but the islands food supply was not enough to feed them. - Sugbu (Cebu) they were welcomed because Rajah Humabon was assured by his brother Rajah Kolambu. Rajah Humabon and his wife were baptized - Sebastian del Cano led the voyage back home. - they anchored in Cabo Verde to barter for food but they had no money so they had to barter some spices. > tipped off the Portuguese. - after 3 years the men returned to Spain with only 18 men. - with only a shipload of spices, Magellans expedition was able to pay for its expenses and even gained a large profit. Result: - circumnavigation is possible. > earth is round - the Phils. was discovered by the Europeans. - America is a landmass that is totally separate form Asia. - they had to redraw the map and adopt new measurements.

- added new territories to Spain. - International Date Line. Origin of Encomienda System (Spain): -it came from the word encomendar -a reward given to those who participated in the Reconquista Reconquista lasted for almost 800 years; the goal of it is to reconquer Spanish lands that were occupied and controlled by the Moors Moors led by the Umayyads; they were bent on conquering Europe, unfortunately, their dream was thwarted by Charles Martel; brought a lot of changes and developments in Spain especially the regions that were under their control Spain when the Moors attacked it was divided into several kingdoms -Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile united the country, although they ruled their own kingdom separately -under the leadership of the Los Reyes Catolicos they were able to defeat and expel the Moors from Spain 1492 End of Reconquista and Start of Age of Discovery Encomienda system in the Philippines Encomienda it was used in the Philippines to organize it and also as a reward to the conquistadors -started in 1571 and ended in 1884 -2 kinds of encomienda: royal and private; limitation 3 lifetimes/generations but it was extended because of Guido de Lavezares -in theory, it is a system of give and take -steps on creating an encomienda: 1st repartimiento, 2nd reduccion and last planning and establishment Duties of an encomendero: -gather and resettle the people -organize and choose the best settlement for them -plan the lay-out of the town following the Kings order about the town lay-out -justicia and intruccion Privileges of an encomendero: -receive a portion of the tribute and services/labor from the people -social deference (Coverage of 2nd LE = contents of this handout, lecture notes and lecture on the decline of the power of Roman Catholic Church)