1

1) WhaL ls Lhe number of sLaLes ln lndla? d)28

2) Whlch ls Lhe flrsL sLaLe Lo be formed on Lhe basls of language? a)Andhra radesh
3) When was 8urma was separaLed from lndla? c)1937
4) When dld lndla become a republlc? c)1930
3) Whlch sLaLe was dlvlded lnLo MaharashLra and Cu[araL ln 1960? a)8ombay
6) Who was Lhe Speaker of Lhe Lok Sabha before he became Lhe resldenL of lndla? c)n San[eeva 8eddy
7) WhaL was Lhe age of Morar[l uesal when he became Lhe rlme MlnlsLer? c)81
8) Pow was 1amll nadu known? b)Madras
9) Whlch ls Lhe caplLal of kerala? d)1hlruvananLhapuram
10) nagaland was separaLed from whlch sLaLe? d)Assam
11) Whlch ls Lhe smallesL sLaLe ln Lerms of area? c)Coa
12) Where ls Lhe Lomb of Akbar? b)Slkandra
13) Whlch ls Lhe naLlonal anlmal of lndla? d)1lger
14) Whlch ls Lhe naLlonal flower of lndla? a)LoLus
13) Who founded lndlan naLlonal Congress? b)A C Pume

C Who lnvenLed Mlcroprocessor? A 1ed Poff
C SofLware LhaL can manlpulaLe or desLroy daLa or programs ln a compuLer ls known as A vlrus
C 8lnary Code' used ln compuLers makes use of whlch numbers A 0 1
C Cne kllobyLe ls equal Lo A 1024 byLes
C Whlch compuLer company lnLroduced mouse for Lhe flrsL Llme A Apple CorporaLlon
C Who developed Lhe World Wlde Web flrsL A 1lmoLhy 8erners Lee
C 1he flrsL large scale general purpose dlglLal compuLer A LnlAC
C WhaL hlghlevel compuLer language was named afLer a lrench maLhemaLlclan and phllosopher? A ASCAL
C WhaL compuLer was lnLroduced ln 1984 Super 8owl ads? A 1he MaclnLosh

C M C 8alyogl ls Lhe flrsL uallL Speaker of Lhe Lok Sabha
Ms klran 8edl ls Lhe flrsL lndlan Lo be appolnLed as unlLed naLlons Clvlllan ollce Advlsor
k ! udeshl (appolnLed on !une 10 2003) ls Lhe flrsL woman Lo be appolnLed uepuLy Covernor of 8eserve 8ank of
lndla
8ahul uravld (playlng LesL agalnsL aklsLan ln aklsLan Aprll 2004) became Lhe flrsL lndlan crlckeLer Lo make double
cenLurles flve Llmes
SmL 8oopa Mlsra was Lhe flrsL Crlssa woman Lo Lop lAS (2003)
kanchan C 8haLLacharya (uC uLLaranchal) became Lhe flrsL woman ulrecLor Ceneral of ollce of a SLaLe
krlshna kanL ls Lhe flrsL vlceresldenL of lndla Lo dle ln harness
Sanla Mlrza (2003) ls Lhe flrsL lndlan glrl Lo reglsLer a wln ln a Wlmbledon LournamenL
kalpana Chawla ls Lhe flrsL lndlan woman (now uS clLlzen) Lo go ln space
Mrs 8an[ana kumar ls Lhe flrsL woman Chalrman and Managlng ulrecLor of nA8A8ukarnam Malleshwarl ls Lhe
flrsL lndlan welghLllfLer Lo wln bronze medal ln Clymplcs (Sydney ln 2000)
vlshwanaLhan Anand ls Lhe llrsL lndlan World Chess Champlon
1he news 1oday (Launched on !an 3 2001) ls lndla's flrsL paperless newspaper

1 1hangla ass' ls slLuaLed ln whlch dlsLrlcL ? (C) uLLarkashl
2 8a[[aL ls celebraLed ln a gap of how many years ? (C) 12 years
3 Where ls 'khaL1lng glacler' slLuaLed ? (8) 1ehrl dlsLrlcL
4 Pow many dlsLrlcL share boundary wlLh nalnlLal ? (8) 04
3 Who was Lhe youngesL soldler who goL 'vlcLorla Cross' award ln uLLarakhand ? (A) Cabar Slngh neg
6 Pow many deemed SLaLe CenLral unlverslLles were worklng Llll 2009_ ln uLLarakhand ? (u) 13
2

7 ln whlch dlsLrlcL of uLLarakhand Lakha Mandal ls slLuaLed ? (A) uehradun
8 Whlch of Lhe followlng ls noL a 1rlbe 0f uLLarakhand ? naga
whlch are Lhe Lrlbe of uLLarakhand ? (A) 8hoLla (8) 1haru(C) 8oksa
9 Where ls Lhe 'CenLral 8ulldlng 8esearch lnsLlLuLe' slLuaLed ? (u) 8oorkee
10 Who were kaluwa and 8l[a Slngh ? (A) lreedom flghLers
11 Whlch rlver ln uLLarakhand ls named as '8aLhwahlnl' ? (C) 8amgarlga
12 When dld Lhe famous 'Caud1ar' falr begln ? (u) 1943
13 Why dld Lhe place 'Malpa' came lnLo llghL ? (8) Land sllde
14 When and by whom was uLLaranchal uevelopmenL Councll formed ?
(C) May 3031 1988 by Soban Slngh lna
13 1o whlchWadla lnsLlLuLe of uehradun ls relaLed ? (8) Ceology
16 Whlch of Lhe followlng ls noL properly maLched ? (C) [aspal 8ana LlLeraLure
17 Who among Lhe followlng ls called Lhe 'Candhl' of uLLarakhand ? (8) lndramanl 8adonl
18 Who esLabllshed Lhe 'SanLlkun[' ln Parldwar ? (C) L Srl 8am Sharma
19 Who was Lhe founder of kaLorle's dynasLy ? (A) 8asanL uev
20 Who made Carhwal alnLlng ? (C) Maula 8am
21 When dld Pn8 Carwal unlverslLy geL Lhe sLaLus of CenLral unlverslLy ? (A) !anuary 13 2009
22 Where dld MahaLma Candhl wroLe 'AnashakLl ?oga 1lka' ? (A) kausanl
23 Who ls known as hero of eshawar lncldenL ? (8) veer Chandra Slngh Carhwall
24 When dld MarLyr 'Shrl uev Suman' dle ? (u) u1y 23 1944
23 Who led Lhe Chlpko MovemenL ? (A) Caura uevl
26 1he founder of 'Cadar arLy' was (u) Lala Pardayal
27 ln whlch year 'SAL1" lncldenL Look place ? (A) SepLember 3 1942
28 lrom whlch year 'A1mora Akhbar' publlshed ? (A) 1871
29 Whlch one of Lhe followlng palrs (r0ducLC0unLry) ls noL correcLly maLched ? (u) Coffee Cuba
30 Whlch of Lhe followlng ls cold-ocean currenL ? (8) Labrador
31 Whlch of Lhe followlng counLrles ln SouLh Amerlca ls largesL ln Area ? (C) 8razll
32 Whlch of Lhe followlng porLs ls noL of WesLern coasL ln lndla ? (u) Paldla
33 Where MounL CoLopaxl (hlghesL acLlve volcano ln world) ls locaLed ? (A) Lcuador
34 Ll nlno ls relaLed Lo (A) CllmaLe
33 Whlch of Lhe followlng SLaLe has Lhe longesL coasL llne ? (u) Cu[araL
36 1he formaLlon of '?ardang' ls caused by (A) Lroslon by wlnd
37 1he oldesL mounLaln ln lndla ls (u) Aravall
38 ln whlch counLry Lhe CCln 8elL' ls locaLed ? (8) uSA
39 uurlng Lhe monLh of !anuary aL whlch one of Lhe followlng places you wlll flnd Lhe sunllghL for Lhe maxlmum
duraLlon ? (u) kanya kumarl
40 Where ls kalaharl deserL ? (A) SouLhWesL Afrlca
41 Where MedlLerranlan Sea ls locaLed ? (A) 8eLween Afrlca and Lurope
42 Crand 8ank ls locaLed ln (u) ArcLlc Sea
43 nepanagar ls relaLed Lo whlch lndusLry ? (8) CoLLon 1exLlle
44 ln whlch SLaLe uabhol pro[ecL ls locaLed ? (C) MaharashLra
43 ln whlch monLh CulL lndla MovemenL of 1942 sLarLed ? (C) AugusL
46 lndlan naLlonal Congress was esLabllshed ln (A) 1883
47 Who has Lhe power Lo ConsLlLuLe a new SLaLe ln Lhe unlon of lndla ? (8) arllamenL of lndla
48 LengLhwlse whlch one of Lhe followlng ls Lhe largesL ? (u) Andes
49 ln whlch ArLlcle Lhe lundamenLal uuLles are lncorporaLed ln our ConsLlLuLlon ? (A) ArLlcle 31 A
30 AfLer lndependence of lndla Lhe flrsL general elecLlons were held (8) 193132

3

cobinet Ministers
Sr No ortfo||o Name of M|n|ster
1 rlme MlnlsLer ur Manmohan Slngh
MlnlsLry of ersonnel ubllc Crlevances and enslons
MlnlsLry of lannlng ueparLmenL of Space
ueparLmenL of ALomlc Lnergy
2 MlnlsLer of llnance Shrl ranab Mukher[ee
3 MlnlsLer of AgrlculLure Shrl Sharad Chandra Covlndrao awar
MlnlsLer of lood rocesslng lndusLrles
4 MlnlsLer of uefence Shrl Ak AnLony
3 MlnlsLer of Pome Affalrs Shrl alanlappan Chldambaram
6 MlnlsLer of LxLernal Affalrs Shrl SM krlshna
7 MlnlsLer of Mlcro Small and Medlum LnLerprlses Shrl vlrbhadra Slngh
8 MlnlsLer of Sclence and 1echnology Shrl vllasrao uagado[lrao ueshmukh
MlnlsLer of LarLh Sclences
9 MlnlsLer of PealLh and lamlly Welfare Shrl Chulam nabl Azad
10 MlnlsLer of ower Shrl Sushll kumar Sambha[lrao Shlnde
11 MlnlsLer of CorporaLe Affalrs Shrl M veerappa Molly
12 MlnlsLer of new and 8enewable Lnergy ur larooq Abdullah
13 MlnlsLer of eLroleum and naLural Cas Shrl !alpal Sudlnl 8eddy
14 MlnlsLer of urban uevelopmenL Shrl kamal naLh
13 MlnlsLer of Cverseas lndlan Affalrs Shrl vayalar 8avl
MlnlsLer of Clvll AvlaLlon
16 MlnlsLer of lnformaLlon and 8roadcasLlng SmL Amblka Sonl
17 MlnlsLer of Labour and LmploymenL Shrl Malllkar[un kharge
18 MlnlsLer of Puman 8esource uevelopmenL Shrl kapll Slbal
MlnlsLer of CommunlcaLlons and lnformaLlon 1echnology
19 MlnlsLer of Commerce Shrl Anand Sharma
lndusLry and MlnlsLer of 1exLlles
20 MlnlsLer of 8oad 1ransporL and Plghways Shrl C !oshl
21 MlnlsLer of Pouslng and urban overLy AllevlaLlon kumarl Sel[a
MlnlsLer of CulLure
22 MlnlsLer of 1ourlsm Shrl Subodh kanL Sahal
23 MlnlsLer of Shlpplng Shrl Ck vasan
24 MlnlsLer of arllamenLary Affalrs Shrl awan kumar 8ansal
MlnlsLer of WaLer 8esources
23 MlnlsLer of Soclal !usLlce and LmpowermenL Shrl Mukul 8alkrlshna Wasnlk
26 MlnlsLer of Chemlcals and lerLlllzers Shrl M k Alaglrl
27 MlnlsLer of Peavy lndusLrles and ubllc LnLerprlses Shrl raful Manoharbhal aLel
28 MlnlsLer of Coal Shrl Srlprakash !alswal
29 MlnlsLer of Law and !usLlce Shrl Salman khurshld
MlnlsLer of MlnorlLy Affalrs
30 MlnlsLer of 1rlbal Affalrs Shrl v klshore Chandra ueo
MlnlsLer of anchayaLl8a[
31 MlnlsLer of SLeel Shrl 8enl rasad verma
32 MlnlsLer of 8allways Shrl ulnesh 1rlvedl
33 MlnlsLer of 8ural uevelopmenL Shrl !alram 8amesh
MlnlsLer of urlnklng WaLer and SanlLaLlon
4

M|n|sters of State w|th Independent Charge
Sr No ortfo||o Name of M|n|ster
1 MlnlsLry of Mlnes Shrl ulnsha ! aLel
2 MlnlsLry of Women and Chlld uevelopmenL SmL krlshna 1lraLh
3 MlnlsLry of ?ouLh Affalrs and SporLs Shrl A[ay Maken
4 MlnlsLry of Consumer Affalrs lood and ubllc ulsLrlbuLlon rof kuruppassery varkey 1homas
3 MlnlsLry of SLaLlsLlcs and rogramme lmplemenLaLlon Shrl SrlkanL kumar !ena
MlnlsLry of Chemlcals and lerLlllzers
6 MlnlsLry of LnvlronmenL and loresLs SmL !ayanLhl naLara[an
7 MlnlsLry of uevelopmenL of norLh LasLern 8eglon Shrl aban Slngh ChaLowar
MlnlsLry of arllamenLary Affalrs

M|n|sters of State
Sr No ortfo||o Name of M|n|ster
1 MlnlsLry of LxLernal Affalrs Shrl L Ahamed
MlnlsLry of Puman 8esource uevelopmenL
2 MlnlsLry of Pome Affalrs Shrl 8amachandran Mullappally
3 MlnlsLry of ersonnel ubllc Crlevances and enslons Shrl v narayanasamy
rlme MlnlsLer Cfflce
4 MlnlsLry of Commerce and lndusLry Shrl !yoLlradlLya Madhavrao Sclndla
3 MlnlsLry of Puman 8esource uevelopmenL SmL uaggubaLl urandeswarl
6 MlnlsLry of 8allways Shrl kP Munlyappa
7 MlnlsLry of 1exLlles SmL Lakshml anabaka
8 MlnlsLry of llnance Shrl namo naraln Meena
9 MlnlsLry of uefence Shrl M MangapaLl allam 8a[u
10 MlnlsLry of urban uevelopmenL Shrl SaugaLa 8oy
11 MlnlsLry of llnance Shrl SS alanlmanlckam
12 MlnlsLry of 8oad 1ransporL and Plghways Shrl !lLln rasada
13 MlnlsLry of LxLernal Affalrs SmL reneeL kaur
14 MlnlsLry of AgrlculLure Shrl Parlsh 8awaL
MlnlsLry of lood rocesslng lndusLrles
MlnlsLry of arllamenLary Affalrs
13 MlnlsLry of 8allways Shrl 8haraLslnh Madhavslnh Solankl
16 MlnlsLry of 1rlbal Affalrs Shrl Mahadeo Slngh khandela
17 MlnlsLry of 8ural uevelopmenL Shrl Slslr kumar Adhlkarl
18 MlnlsLry of 1ourlsm Shrl SulLan Ahmed
19 MlnlsLry of Shlpplng Shrl Mukul 8oy
20 MlnlsLry of lnformaLlon and 8roadcasLlng Shrl Choudhury Mohan !aLua
21 MlnlsLry of Soclal !usLlce and LmpowermenL Shrl u napoleon
22 MlnlsLry of lnformaLlon and 8roadcasLlng Shrl S !agaLhrakshakan
23 MlnlsLry of PealLh and lamlly Welfare Shrl S Candhlselvan
24 MlnlsLry of 8oad 1ransporL and Plghways Shrl 1ushar Amarslnh Chaudhary
23 MlnlsLry of CommunlcaLlons and lnformaLlon 1echnology Shrl Sachln lloL
26 MlnlsLry of Coal Shrl raLlk rakashbapu aLll
27 MlnlsLry of eLroleum and naLural Cas Shrl 8aLan[lL raLap naraln Slngh
MlnlsLry of CorporaLe Affalrs
28 MlnlsLry of WaLer 8esources Shrl vlncenL P ala
MlnlsLry of MlnorlLy Affalrs
3

29 MlnlsLry of 8ural uevelopmenL Shrl radeep kumar !aln AdlLy
30 MlnlsLry of 8ural uevelopmenL Ms AgaLha Sangma
31 MlnlsLry of lannlng Shrl Ashwanl kumar
MlnlsLry of Sclence and 1echnology
MlnlsLry of LarLh Sclences
32 MlnlsLry of ower Shrl k C venugopal
33 MlnlsLry of PealLh and lamlly Welfare Shrl Sudlp 8andyopadhyay
34 MlnlsLry of AgrlculLure and MlnlsLry of lood rocesslng lndusLrles Shrl Charan uas MahanL
MlnlsLry of lood rocesslng lndusLrles
33 MlnlsLry of Pome Affalrs Shrl !lLendra Slngh
36 MlnlsLry of CommunlcaLlons and lnformaLlon 1echnology Shrl Mlllnd Murll ueora
37 MlnlsLry of arllamenLary Affalrs Shukla Shrl 8a[eev

@he ICC Awards were presented |n London on September 23 wh|ch |nc|udes
lCC CrlckeLer of Lhe year 2011 !onaLhan 1roLL (Lnglend)
1esL CrlckeLer of Lhe year AlasLalr Cook (Lnglend)
kumar Sangakkara (Srl Lanka) SplrlL of CrlckeL Award MS uhonl (lndla)
Lmerglng layer of 1he ?earuevendra 8lshoo (WesL lndles)
AssoclaLe and AfflllaLe layer of 1he ?ear 8yan 1en uoeschaLe (1he neLherlands)
lCC Women's CrlckeL of 1he ?earSLefanle 1aylor (WesL lndles)
eoples Cholce Awards kumar Sangakkara ( Srl Lanka )
120 lnLernaLlonal erformance of Lhe ?ear 1lm SouLhee (new Zealand)
umplre of Lhe year Aleem uar (aklsLan)

@he Awardees of Nat|ona| Sports Awards 2011 Ind|a are as fo||ows
ka[|v Gandh| khe| katna Award Cagan narang (ShooLlng)
Ar[una Award 8ahul 8aner[ee (Archery)
ree[a Sreedharan
vlkash Cowda (ALhleLlcs)
C !wala (8admlnLon)
Suran[oy Slngh (8oxlng)
Zaheer khan (CrlckeL)
Sunll ChheLrl (looLball)
Ashlsh kumar (CymnasLlcs)
8a[pal Slngh (Pockey)
8akesh kumar
1e[eswlnl 8al (kabaddl)
1e[eswlnl SawanL (ShooLlng)
veerdhawal khade (Swlmmlng)
Somdev uevvarman (1ennls)
San[ay kumar (volleyball)
8avlnder Slngh (WresLllng)
k 8avl kumar (WelghLllfLlng)
W Sandhyaranl uevl (Wushu)
rashanL karamakar (Swlmmlngparalymplcs)
Dronacharya Award lvenkaLeswara 8ao (8oxlng)
uevendra kumar 8aLhor (CymnasLlcs)
8amphal (WresLllng)
6

ur kunLal 8oy (ALhleLlcs)
8a[lnder Slngh (Pockey)
Dhyan Chand Award Shabblr All (looLball)
Sushll kohll (Swlmmlng)
8a[kumar (WresLllng)

1he !an Lokpal 8lll also referred Lo as Lhe clLlzens' ombudsman blll ls a proposed lndependenL anLl
corrupLlon law ln lndla AnLlcorrupLlon soclal acLlvlsLs proposed lL as a more effecLlve lmprovemenL Lo Lhe orlglnal
Lokpal blll whlch ls currenLly belng proposed by Lhe CovernmenL of lndla
8e|ow are some the Sa||ent Ieatures of In|t|a| Govt Lokpa| 8|||
Lokpal can lnvesLlgaLe rlme MlnlsLer only afLer he demlsL offlce
Lokpal wlll have powers Lo lnvesLlgaLe and prosecuLe all mlnlsLers Ms and MLAs excepL on Lhelr conducL ln Lhelr
respecLlve leglslaLlve bodles and all gazeLLed level governmenL offlclals
Sevenyear Llme llmlL from daLe of offense menLloned for lnvesLlgaLlng a complalnL
unlshmenL for corrupLlon by publlc servanLs lncreased from seven Lo Len years
no recommendaLlon can be made wlLhouL hearlng Lhe publlc servanL agalnsL whom complalnL has been found Lo
be Lrue
8especLlve mlnlsLers wlll declde wheLher Lo accepL Lokpal recommendaLlon or noL agalnsL corrupL offlclals
Chalrpersons of leglslaLlve bodles wlll declde ln case of elecLed represenLaLlve and M ln case of cenLral mlnlsLers
1he blll provldes up Lo Lwo years punlshmenL and up Lo 8s 2 lakh flne for false or frlvolous complalnL ubllc
servanL wlll also be able Lo seek compensaLlon from Lhe complalnL
1he blll provldes for mandaLory declaraLlon of asseLs by all publlc servanLs and Lhelr famlly members once a year
and Lo be placed on publlc domaln

Abbrev|at|ons
AvLS AcuLe vlral LncephallLlc Syndrome
8C11 8ank Cash 1ransacLlon 1ex
8CS8l 8anklng Codes and SLandard 8oard Cf lndla
ClC CenLral lnformaLlon Commlsslon
CS1C CollecLlve SecurlLy 1reaLy CrganlsaLlon
CnLu Chanakya naLlonal Law unlverslLy
ull uomesLlc lnsLlLuLlonal lnvesLor
u1P ulrecL 1o Pome
LCCC LxporL CredlL CuaranLee CorporaLlon
lul lorelgn ulrecL lnvesLmenL
lll lorelgn lnsLlLuLlonal lnvesLor
CuAM Ceorgla ukralne Azebal[an and Moldova
CACAn CS Alded CeoAugmenLed navlgaLlon
lMC lnsLanL Money Crder
l8SA lndla 8razll SouLh Afrlca
M8C Mars 8ecconnalssance CrblLer
nAu1 naLlonal AuLhorlLy Cn urugs and 1herapeuLlcs
nCCL naLlonal Councll for Cllnnlcal LsLabllshmenLs
nLlA naLlonal LxporL lnsurance AccounL
nMu naLlonal MarlLlme uevelopmenL rogramme
n8LCA naLlonal 8ural LmploymenL CuaranLee AcL
n!C naLlonal !udlclal Councll
CCl Cverseas ClLlzen of lndla
7

u8A rovldlng urban AmenlLles ln 8ural Areas
Pll ubllc PealLh loundaLlon of lndla
8LuA 8allway Land uevelopmenL AuLhorlLy
SC8AM!L1 Supersonlc CombusLlon 8am[eL
SlM Subscrlber ldenLlflcaLlon Module
l1Cl lllCC 1oklo Ceneral lnsurance
ll1l lndla lnLernaLlonal 1rade lalr
lALA lnLernaLlonal ALomlc Lnergy Agency
PAl Plghly aLhogenlc Avlan lnfluenza
nCP naLlonal Consumer lnfluenze
SA Seven arLy Alllance
vA1 value Added 1ex
Cl8 Cuallfled lnsLlLuLlonal 8uyer
Cl Cuallfled lnsLlLuLlonal lacemenL
81A 8allway 1errlLorlal Army
81C 8ound 1able Conference
81C 8adlolsoLope 1hermoelecLrlc CeneraLor
SWll1 SocleLy for Worldwlde lnLernaLlonal llnanclal 1ransacLlons
SWC1 SLrengLh Weakness CpporLunlLles 1hreaLs
S?L SuLle[ ?amuna Llnk (Canal)
?WCA ?oung Women's ChrlsLlan AssoclaLlon
ZSl Zoologlcal Survey of lndla
ZuC Zlmbabwe unlLed eople's CrganlsaLlon
LSC Lmployee SLock CpLlon
8 erformance 8elaLed aymenL
lCA lrrlgaLed Crop Area
lLMA lorelgn Lxchange ManagemenL AcL
8llu 8adlo lrequency ldenLlflcaLlon
L8uA enslon lund 8egulaLory and uevelopmenL AuLhorlLy
8Lu 8esulL lramework uocumenL
1L8M 1elecom LnforcemenL 8esource and MonlLorlng
CCL Cpen Ceneral Llcence
lM8 lnLernaLlonal MarlLlme 8ureau
Computer Abbrev|at|ons
CuAC CenLre for uevelopmenL of Advanced arallel CompuLlng
CuC1 CenLer for uevelopmenL of 1elemaLrlcs
P11 Pyper 1exL 1ransfer roLocol
8CM 8ead Cnly Memory
8AM 8andom Access Memory
8lCS 8aslc lnpuL CuLpuL SysLem
MCuLM ModulaLlon uemodulaLlon
CAu CompuLer Alded ueslgn
S1n ubllc SwlLched ubllc uaLa neLwork
Sun ockeL SwlLched ubllc
8A8An 8emoLe Area 8uslness Message neLwork
LAn Local Area neLwork
WAn Wlde Area neLwork
MAn MeLropollLan Area neLwork
8

CuMA Code ulvlslon MulLlple Access
CAlS CaLeway lnLerneL Access Servlce
LMall LlecLronlc Mall
Cu CompacL ulsc
Luu Llquld ulsplay unlL
Cu CenLral rocesslng unlL
CAM CompuLer Alded ManufacLurlng
CA1Scan CompuLerlzed Axlal 1omography Scan
CC8CL Common 8uslness CrlenLed Language
CCMAL Common AlgorlLhmlc Language
uCS ulsk CperaLlng SysLem
u1S uesk 1op SysLem
u1 uesk 1op ubllshlng
LCommerce LlecLronlc Commerce
LnlAC LlecLronlc numerlcal lnLegraLor And CalculaLor
lAx lar Away xerox
lLCS lloaLlng CperaLlons er Second
lC818An lormula 1ranslaLlon
PLL Plgh Level Language
P1ML Pyper 1exL Markup Language
l8M lnLernaLlonal 8uslness Machlne
lC lnLegraLed ClrculL
lSP lnLernaLlonal Super Plghway
LlS LlsL rocesslng
LLL Low Level Language
MlC8 MagneLlc lnk CharacLer 8ecognlzer
MlS Mllllons of lnsLrucLlons er Second
MCS Mllllons of CperaLlons er Second
Mu Mlcro rocessor unlL
nlCnL1 naLlonal lnformaLlon CenLer neLwork
CM8 CpLlcal Mark 8eader
CuC1 ersonal CompuLer ulsk CperaLlon SysLem
8CM rogrammable 8ead Cnly Memory
SnC8CL SLrlng CrlenLed Symbollc Language
uS unlnLerpreLable ower Supply
vuu vlsual ulsplay unlL
vLSl very Large Scale lnLegraLed
WWW World Wlde Web
Some others abbrev|at|ons suggested by Mohammed kaf|
WLAn Wlreless Local Area neLwork
Wlfl Wlreless lldellLy
1lll 1agged lmage llle lormaL
eSA1A LxLernal Serlal Advanced 1echnology ALLachmenL
WlMAx Worldwlde lnLeroperablllLy for Mlcrowave Access
!LC !olnL hoLographlc LxperLs Croup
Cll Craphlcs lnLerchange lormaL
A1x Advanced 1echnology LxLended
uA1x ulLra Advanced 1echnology LxLended
9

lA1x llex Advanced 1echnology LxLended
MA1x Mlcro Advanced 1echnology LxLended
LLA1x Lnhanced LxLended Advanced 1echnology LxLended
uu8 Su8AM uoubleuaLa8aLe Synchronous uynamlc 8andom Access Memory
uu8 8AM uoubleuaLa8aLe 8andom Access Memory
Cul Craphlcal user lnLerfaces Cul Command user lnLerfaces
Name of Agency Lstd In neadquarters urpose
1lnLernaLlonal Labour CrganlzaLlon (lLC) 1919 Ceneva 1o lmprove condlLlons and
llvlng sLandard of workers
2World PealLh CrganlzaLlon (WPC) 1948 Ceneva ALLalnmenL of hlghesL posslble
level of heaLh by all people
3unlLed naLlons LducaLlonal SclenLlflc
and CulLural CrganlzaLlon (unLSCC) 1946 arls 1o romoLe collaboraLlon among
naLlons Lhrough educaLlon sclence and culLure
4lnLernaLlonal ALomlc Lnergy Agency (lALA) 1937 vlenna 1o promoLe peaceful uses of
aLomlc energy
3unlLed naLlons lnLernaLlonal Chlldren's
Lmergency lund (unlCLl) 1946 new ?ork 1o promoLe chlldren's welfare all
over Lhe world
6unlLed naLlons Plgh Commlssloner
for 8efugees (unPC8) 1930 Ceneva 1o provlde proLecLlon Lo refugees
7unlLed naLlons lund for opulaLlon
AcLlvlLles (unlA) 1967 new ?ork lor formulaLlng populaLlon pollcles
8lnLernaLlonal lund for AgrlculLural
uevelopmenL 1977 8ome lor flnanclng agrlculLural pro[ecLs
ln Lhe world Lo ralse Lhe economlc growLh
9unlLed naLlons Conference on 1rade and
uevelopmenL (unC1Au) 1964 Ceneva romoLes lnLernaLlonal Lrade Lo
acceleraLe economlc growLh of developlng counLrles
10lnLernaLlonal Clvll AvlaLlon CrganlzaLlon (lCAC)1947 MonLreal romoLes safeLy of lnLernaLlonal avlaLlon
11lnLernaLlonal MoneLary lund (lMl) 1943 WashlngLon uC romoLes lnLernaLlonal moneLary
cooperaLlon
12lnLernaLlonal llnance CorporaLlon (llC) 1936 WashlngLon uC romoLes economlc developmenL by
encouraglng prlvaLe enLerprlse ln lLs member counLrles
13unlversal osLal unlon (uu) 1947 8erne lmprove varlous posLal servlces ln Lhe world
14unlLed naLlons LnvlronmenLal
rogramme (unL) 1972 nalrobl romoLes lnLernaLlonal cooperaLlon ln
human envlronmenL
13unlLed naLlons lndusLrlal uevelopmenL
CrganlzaLlon (unluC) 1967 Ceneva SeLs lnLernaLlonal regulaLlons for radlo
Lelegraph and Lelephone and space radlo communlcaLlon
16lood and AgrlculLural CrganlzaLlon (lAC) 1943 8ome 1o lmprove llvlng condlLlon of rural populaLlon
17lnLernaLlonal 8ank for 8econsLrucLlon
and uevelopmenL (l88u) 1943 WashlngLon uC uevelopmenL of economlc of
members by faclllLaLlng lnvesLmenL of caplLals by provldlng loans
18World MeLeorologlcal CrganlzaLlon (WMC) 1930 Ceneva romoLe lnLernaLlonal exchange of weaLher
reporLs
19World 1rade CrganlzaLlon (W1C) 1993 Ceneva SeLLlng rules for world Lrade Lo reduce Larlffs
10

20unlLed naLlons uevelopmenL rogramme (unu) new ?ork Pelp developlng counLrles lncrease Lhe wealLh
produclng capablllLles o Lhelr naLural and human resources
21lnLer CovernmenL marlLlme ConsulLaLlve
CrganlzaLlon (lMCC) 1938 London romoLes cooperaLlon on Lechnlcal maLLers
of marlLlme safeLy navlgaLlon and encourages anLlpolluLlon measures
22lnLernaLlonal uevelopmenL AssoclaLlon (luA) 1960 WashlngLon uC An afflllaLe of Lhe World 8ank alms Lo
help underdeveloped counLrles ralse llvlng sLandards
23lnLernaLlonal 1elecommunlcaLlon unlon (l1u) 1947 Ceneva SeLs lnLernaLlonal regulaLlons for radlo
Lelegraph Lelephone and space radlo communlcaLlons
24unlLed naLlons lnsLlLuLe for 1ralnlng and
8esearch (unl1A8) 1963 new ?ork rovldes Lralnlng and research Lo help
faclllLaLe un ob[ecLlves of world peace and securlLy and of economlc and soclal progress
23unlLed naLlons 8ellef and Work for
alesLlne 8efugees (un8WA) 1949 new ?ork rovldes baslc amenlLles and educaLlon for
Lhe vlcLlms of Arablsrael War
26unlLed naLlons lund for opulaLlon
AcLlvlLles (unlA) 1967 new ?ork SLudylng populaLlon dynamlcs collecLlng
populaLlon daLa formulaLlng and evolvlng populaLlon pollcles famlly plannlng and relaLed programmes

ma[or agr|cu|tura| products and the|r producer countr|es
8lce Chlna lndla lndonesla 8angladesh
WheaL Chlna lndla uSA 8ussla
Malze uSA Chlna 8razll Mexlco
1ea lndla Chlna Srl Lanka
CoLLon Chlna uSA lndla aklsLan
8ubber lndonesla 1halland Malaysla lndla
Coffee 8razll Columbla
Cereals 1oLal Chlna uSA lndla 8razll
ulses 1oLal 8razll lndla Chlna

nere are the ||st of some of the |mportant and famous books wr|tten by Ind|an authors
Wr|ter]Author 8ooks
1 L vlshnu Sharma anchaLanra
2 vlshakhadaLLa Mudra 8akshas
3 8askhan rem vaLlka
4 anlnl AshLadhyayl
3 Shudrak MrlchhakaLlkam
6 kalldasa 8aghuvansham kumarsambhavam MeghdooLam AbhugyanshakunLalam
7 vlgyaneshwar MlLakshara
8 Mallanga vLsyyana kama SuLra
9 !eemooLwahan uaybhag
10 kalhana 8a[Laranglnl
11 llnl naLural PlsLory
12 kauLllya ArLhashasLra
13 uandl AvanLl Sundarl uashkumaracharlLam
14 ved vyas 8hagwaL ClLa MahabharaLa
13 Ashwaghosh 8uddha CharlLam
16 !ayadev CeeL Covlnd
11

17 8ana 8haLL kadambarl
188havabhuLl MalLl Madhav
19 Amar Slngh Amar Slngh
20 8harLlharl nlLlShaLak Shrlngar ShaLak valragya ShaLak
21 llrdausl Shahnama
22 Abul lazal AlnlAkbarl Akabarnama
23 Surdas SahlLyalahrl Sursagar
24 kablrdas 8l[ak 8amayanl Sabar
23 Culbadan 8eghum Pumanyunama
26 Al8erunl klLabulPlnd
27 Mallk Mohammed !ayasl admavaL
28 Mulk 8a[ Anand Coolle Confesslon of a lover 1wo leaves and a bud
29 nlrad C Chaudhury Plndulsm AuLoblography of an unknown lndlan A assage Lo Lngland
CulLure ln Lhe vanlLy 8ag ConLlnenL of Crlme
30 8ablndra naLh 1agore ChlLrangada ClLan[all Cora Chandallka vlsar[ana Pungry SLones
31 kuldlp nayyar 1he !udgmenL ulsLanL nelghbours lndla 1he CrlLlcal ?ears ln !all lndal
afLer nehru 8eLween Lhe Llnes
32 SumlLranandan anL !yoLsana ?ugwanl Chldambara
33 Srl Auroblndo Chosh Llfe ulvlne Lssays on ClLa
34 Swaml Shlvanand ulvlne Llfe
33 AmrlLa rlLam ueaLh of a ClLy kagaz Le Canvas lorLy nlne uays
36 Munsl remChand Codan Caban karmabhuml 8angbhuml
37 khushwanL Slngh lndlra Candhl 8eLurns lndlra Candhl 8adhaLe kadam 1he Company of
woman
38 8M kaul unLold SLory ConfronaLlon wlLh aklsLan
39 vl[ay 1endulkar Sakharam 8lnder
40 8k narayanan 1he uarkroom Malgudl uays Culde My uays Swaml and lrlends
41 ur S 8adhakrlshnan lndlan hllosophy
42 Saro[lnl naldu Colden 1hreshold 8roken wlngs
43 SuryaknL 1rlpaLhl nlrala Anamlka arlmal Cun[an !usl kl kall
44 ?ashpal !hooLha Sach
43 !al Shankar rasad kamayanl Aansoo Skandagupa A[aLshaLru
46 kazl nazrul lslam Agnl veena
47MalnLhlllsharm CupL 8haraL 8haraLl
48 8amdharl Slngh ulnkar kurukshera urvashl
49 Mrs lndlra Chandhl LLernal lndla
30 SP vaLsyayan'Agyeya' klLnl nawon Meln klLenee 8ar Aangan ke paar uwar Shekhar Lk !lvanl
nadl ke uweep
31Mahadevl verma ?ama nlharlka neera[a
32 AmrlL Lal nagar AmrlL Aur vlsh
33 nayanLara Sehgal A volce of lreedom
34 vS nalpal Area of uarkness A Pouse for Mr8lswas A Mllllon MulLlnles now A 8end ln
Lhe 8lver
33 uevklnandan khaLrl ChandrakanLa SanLaLl
36 SharaL Chandra ChaLLopadhyay uevdas CharlLraheen ShrlkanL arlneeLa
37 vrlndavanal verma !hansl kl 8anl
38 !alnendra kumar SunlLa 1yagpaLra
39 8hagwaLl Charan verma ChlLralekha
12

60 hanlshwar naLh '8enu' Malla Aanchal Mare Caye Culfam
61 Ca[anan Madhav 'MukLlbodh' Chand ka Munh 1edha Pal
62 8harLendu Parlschandra 8haraL uurdasha SaLya Parlschandra

Indian states that are attached with the International Boundaries.
Borderind Pakistan Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat.
Borderind China Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal,
Sikkim, Arunchal Pradesh.
Borderind Nepal Bihar, Uttarakhand, Up, Sikkim, West Bengal.
Borderind Bangladesh West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripua, Assam.
Borderind Bhutan West Bengal Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam.
Borderind Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
Borderind AIghanistan Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-occupied area.)

ur Main Indian National Awards:
1. Bharat Ratna- This is the highest civilian award in India and is given Ior exceptional work Ior the
advancement oI art, literature, science and in recognition oI public services oI the highest order.
2. !adma Vibhushan-This is the second highest award and is given Ior exceptional and distinguished
services in any Iield inclusive oI service rendered by government a servants.
3. !adma Bhushan-It is awarded Ior distinguished service oI a high order in any Iield, including
government services.
4. !adma Shri-It is given Ior distinguished services in any Iield including service rendered by
government servants.
Gallantry Awards: These are given to those who display valour and conspicuous bravery in the presence oI
enemy.
1. !aram Vir Chakra- The highest decoration Ior valour, it is awarded Ior the most conspicuous
bravery or some daring or prominent act oI valour, whether on land, at sea or in the air.
2. Maha Vir Chakra- It is awarded Ior ants oI exemplary gallantry in the presence oI enemy whether
at sea, on land or in the air.
3. Vir Chakra- It is the third in the order oI gallantry awards and is given Ior ants oI gallantry in the
presence oI the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air.
4. Ashoka Chakra- It is awarded Ior bravery or some daring or prominent act oI valour or selI-
sacriIice, at sea, in the air or on land.
5. irti Chakra- It is a decoration award Ior gallantry.
6. Shaurya Chakra-This is also a gallantry award.
7. eevan Raksha Awards-These medals are awarded Ior meritorious ants or a series oI ants oI a
human nature displayed in saving a person Irom drowning, Iire and rescue operations in mines etc.
8. Sarvottam eevan Raksha !adak-The medal is awarded Ior conspicuous courage under
circumstances oI very great danger to the liIe oI the rescuer.
9. &ttam eevan Ralksha !adak- The medal is awarded Ior courage and promptitude under
circumstances oI great danger to the liIe oI rescuer.

Stadium Sports !lace
Indraprastha Stadium Indoor Games Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Athletics Delhi
Ferozeshah Kotla Ground Cricket Delhi
Ambedkar Stadium Football Delhi
Shivaji Stadium Hockey Delhi
National Stadium Hockey Delhi
National Stadium Hockey & others Mumbai
Wankhede Stadium Cricket Mumbai
Brabourne Stadium Cricket Mumbai
13

den Garden Cricket Kolkata
Green Park Stadium Cricket Kanpur
Keenan Stadium Cricket Jamshedpur
Nehru ( Chepak) Stadium Cricket Chennai
Varabati Stadium Cricket Cuttack
Aintree , Doncaster , psom Horse racing ngland(U.K)
Flemington Horse racing Melbourn
(Australia)
Headingley manchester Cricket ngland( U.K)
Lords,Ovel,Leeds Cricket ngland( U.K)
Black Heath Rugby Football London(U.K)
Wimbledon Lawn Tennis London(U.K)
Wembley Stadium Football London(U.K)
Brookland Football ngland (U.K)
Twickenham Rugby Iootball ngland (U.K)
Putney Mart Lake Boat race ngland (U.K)
Trent Bridge Cricket ngland (U.K)
White City Dog race ngland (U.K)
Hurlington Polo ngland (U.K)
Henlay Regata ngland
Brisbane, Melbourne, Cricket Australia
Perth, Sydney
Yankee Stadium Boxing New York (USA)
Brookalyn Baseball New York (USA)
Forest Hill Tennis (USA)
Sendy Lodge GolI Scotland
ist of important Indian towns on the river banks
Town/City Name of River
Allahabad At the conIluence oI the Ganga and Yamuna
Patna Ganga
Varanasi Ganga
Kanpur Ganga
Hardwar Ganga
Badrinath Alaknanda
Agra Yamuna
Delhi Yamuna
Mathura Yamuna
Ferozpur Satluj
Ludhiana Satluj
srinagar Jhelum
Lucknow Gomti
Jaunpur Gomti
Ayodhya Saryu
Bareilly Ram Ganga
Ahmedabad Sabarmati
Kota Chambal
Jabalpur Narmada
Panji Mandavi
14

Ujjain Kshipra
Surat Tapti
Jamshedpur Swarnarekha
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra
Guwahati Brahmaputra
Kolkata Hooghly
Sambalpur Mahanadi
Cuttack Mahanadi
Serirangapatam Cauvery
Hyderabad Musi
Nasik Godavari
Vijayvada Krishna
Curnool Tungabhadra
tiruchurapalli Cauvery

ere is the list of Important Indian !laces:
Nick Name !lace
Golden city Amritsar
Manchester oI India Ahmedabad
City oI seven islands Mumbai
Queen oI Arabian sea Cochin
Space city Bangalore
Garden City oI India Bangalore
Siliccn vallaey oI India Bangalore
lectronic city oI India Bangalore
Pink city Jaipur
Gateway oI India Mumbai
Twin city Hyderabad Sikandarabad
City oI Iestivals Madurai
Deccan Queen Pune
City oI buildings Kolkata
Dakshin Queen Godavari
Old Ganga Godavari
gg bowls oI India Andhra Pradesh
Soya region Madhaya Pradesh
Manchester oI the South Coimbator
City oI Nawabs Lucknow
Venice oI the east Cochin
Sorrow oI Bengal Damodar river
Sorrow oI Bihar Kosi river
Blue Mountains Nilgiri
Queen oI the Mountains Mussoorie (Uttarakhand)
Sacred river Ganga
Hollywood oI India Mumbai
City oI Castles Kolkata
State oI Iive rivers Punjab
City oI weavers Panipat
City oI lakes Srinagar
Steel city oI India Jamshedpur (Called Tatanagar)
City oI temples Varanasi
Manchester oI the north Kanpur
City oI Rallies New Delhi
Heaven oI India Jammu & Kashmir
13

Boston oI India Ahmedabad
Garden oI spices oI India Kerala
Switzerland oI India Kashmir
Abode oI the God Prayag (Allahabad)
Pittsburg oI India Jamshedpur

The name of town and its country and associated industry name.
Town (Country) Associated Industry
Baku (Azerbaijan) Petroleum
Bangkok (Thailand) Ship building
BelIast (Ireland) Ship building
Buenos Aires (Azerbaijan) Meat
Cadiz (Portugal) Cork
Chicago (U.S.A) Agricultural implements, Meat
Cologne (Germany) Cotton and woolen industries
Dhaka (Bangladesh) Jute
Detroit (U.S.A) Motor cars
Dresden (Germany) Optical and photographic apparatus
Glasgow (Great Britain) Machinery
Havana (Cuba) Tobacco, Cigars
Hollywood (U.S.A) Film industry
Johannesburg (S. AIrica) Gold mines
Kimberley (S. AIrica) Diamond mining
Leeds (ngland) Woolen goods
Lyons (France) Silk industries
Manchester (ngland) Cotton industry
Mauritius (Indian Ocean) Fishing, Shipping, Sugar
Milan (Italy) Silk
Morocco (North AIrica) Leather
Munich (Germany) Lenses
New Orleans (U.S.A) Cotton industry
Osaka (Japan) Cotton Iabrics
Pittsburg (U.S.A) Iron and steel
Plymouth (ngland) Ship-building
SheIIield (ngland) Cutlery
Venice (Italy) Glass manuIacturing
Vienna (Austria) Glass manuIacturing
Wellington (New Zealand) Dairy Product

The list of biggest, highest, largest and longest things in the world.
Animal, Tallest GiraIIe
Archipelago, Largest Indonesia
Bird, Fastest SwiIt
Bird, Largest Ostrich
Bird, Smallest Humming Bird
Bridge, Longest Railway Huey P. Long Bridge, Louisiana (U.S.A.)
Building, Tallest in the World Burj, Dubai (UA)
Canal, Longest Irrigational The Kalakumsky Canal
Canal, Longest Suez Canal
Capital, Highest La Paz (Boliva)
City, Biggest in Area Mount Isa Australia
City, Largest in Population Tokyo
City, Costliest Tokyo
16

City, Highest Van Chuan (China)
Continent, Largest Asia
Continent, Smallest Australia
Country, Biggest (Area) Russia
Country, Largest (Population) China
Country, Largest (lectorate) India
Creature, Largest Blue Whale
Delta, Largest Sunderban (Bangladesh & India)
Desert, Largest (World) Sahara (AIrica)
Desert, Largest (Asia) Gobi
Dam, Largest Grand Coulee Dam (U.S.A.)
Dam, Highest Hoover Dam (U.S.A.)
Diamond, Largest The Cullinan
Dome, Largest Astrodome, in Housten (U.S.A.)
pic, Largest Mahabharat
Irrigation Scheme, Largest Lloyd Barrage, Sukkur (Pakistan)
Island, Largest Greenland
Sea, Largest Mediterranean sea
Longest Sea Bridge Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, China (42.5 km)
Lake, Deepest Baikal (Siberia)
Lake, Largest (ArtiIicial) Lake Mead (Boulder Dam)
Lake, Highest Titicaca (Bolivia)
Lake, Largest (Fresh water) Superior
Lake, Largest (Salt water) Caspian
Library, Largest United State Library oI Congress, Washington
D.C.
Mountain Peak, Highest verest (Nepal)
Mountain Range, Longest Andes (S. America)
Museum, Largest British Museum, London
Ocean, Largest PaciIic
Palace, Biggest Vatican (Italy)
Park, Largest Yellow Stone National Park (U.S.A.)
Peninsula, Largest Arabia
Place, Coldest (Habitated) Verkhoyank (Siberia)
Place, Dryest Iqique (In Atacama Desert, Chile)
Place, Hottest Azizia (Libya, AIrica)
Place, Rainiest Mausinram (Meghalaya, India)
Planet, Biggest Jupiter
Planet, Brightest Venus
Planet, Smallest Mercury
Plateau, Highest Pamir (Tibet)
PlatIorm, Longest Kharagpur (India)
Railway, Longest Trans-Siberian railway
Railway Station, Longest Grand Central Terminal, Chicago (U.S.A.)
River, Longest Nile (AIrica)
River, Largest Amazon (S. America)
Sea-bird, Largest Albatross
Star, Brightest Sirius
Statue, Tallest Statue oI Motherland, Volgagrad (Russia)
Telescope, Largest Radio New Mexico (U.S.A.)
Tramway, World`s Iirst New York
Tunnel, Longest (Railway) Tanna (Japan)
Tunnel, Longest (Road) Mont Blanc Tunnel between France and Italy
17

Volcano, Highest Ojos del Salado (Andes, cuador)
Volcano, Most Active Maunaloa (Hawail-U.S.A.)
Wall, Longest Great wall oI China
WaterIall, Highest Angel (Venezuela)
Water, Lowest body Dead Sea
Zoo, Largest Kruger National Park, South AIrica
Glossary of computer and Internet terms with simple definitions and mini explanations
Byte is a combination oI ight bits.
O A standard keyboard has a total oI or keys.
O Combination oI Iour bits is Nibble
O A Command is a kind oI coded message.
O Word is the combination oI two or more than two bytes.
O Binary code is a term which describes a way oI counting.
O A, Binary digit, or bit Ior short is a number. It is either or.
O Data is a plural word which means Iacts or inIormation.
O A Floppy disk is a part oI a computer and it stores data and programes.
O A Hard disk stores inIormation inside some kinds oI computer.
O Input is inIormation which Ilows into a computer.
O A mouse is a part oI Computer
O A random access memory (RAM) is a part oI a Computer
O A read-only memory, or ROM Ior short, is a part oI a Computer
O SoItware, programs and data that are used by Computers
O A general collection oI data shared by a variety oI users is Database
O Firmware is deIined as soItware embedded into the hardware.
O A Keyboard is a part oI a computer; it has rows oI buttons, called keys.
O Logic is a set oI rules which controls the way in which computers work.
O A Laser is a device which produces a beam oI very bright and powerIul light.
O A Byte is a number, it carries instructions or inIormation inside computers.
O A MainIrame computer is the largest and most powerIul kind oI computer.
O A Megabyte is a unit oI measurement which measures an amount oI data or the size oI the memory
in a computer.
O A Modem is a part oI computers which connects a computer to a telephone line.
O A postprocessor is a Computer which uses a special kind oI program. Words are typed on a keyboard
and they appear on the screen oI a visual display unit.
O A programme which converts assembly language programme into Machine language programme.
O Zero and one in their endless combination constitute binary I system on which Computers are based.
O Bit is the basic unit oI Inverters. It can have two values one and zero only.
O Boolean algebra was developed to deal with binary numbers. Under the binary system all ordinary
Arithmetical operations are reduced to their simplest Iorm.
O Compiler is a programme which translates a high-level language programme into Machine language.
O The term given to the machinery itselI and to me various individual pieces oI equipment is
Hardware.
O A set oI instructions given to the computer in a particular sequence Ior solving a given problem is
Programme.
O A collection oI programmes writ- ten to bring the hardware oI a computer system into operation is
SoItware.
O The Operating system is an organised collection oI routines and procedures Ior operating a computer.
O Time Sharing is the concurrent use oI a single computer system by Many independent users.
O A central processing (pit (CPU), is a part oI a Computer, it uses a program to change data that pass
through it.
O A Computer is an electronic machine which can solve problems very quickly.
O Hard copy is the inIormation which is printed onto paper. The inIormation usually comes Irom a
computer or Irom a Iax machine.
18

O A Kilobyte is a unit oI measurement which measures an amount oI data or the size oI the memory in
a computer.

main 7 Continent on Earth
Name of Continents Area (Sq. m.)
Asia 41667920
AIrica 29800540
North America 24320000
South America 17599050
Antarctica 14245000
urope 9699550
Australia 7687120


he 2010 Commonwealth Games which began on October 3,2010 came to a close on October 14, 2010 in
New Delhi Around 7000 athletes Irom 71 Commonwealth nation and dependencies competed in 21 sports
and 272 events. The opening and closing ceremonies were held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium the main
stadium oI the event. The Iinal medal tally was led by Australia by grabbing 177 medals. The Host nation
India gave its strongest and most splendid ever perIormance to emerge second in medal tally Iollowed by
ngland which was placed third in the tally. India eventually more than doubled its medals tally oI the
previous Games in Melbourne. India had Iinished Iourth in 2002 and
2006.
Medal Winners Countrie:
Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
India 38 27 36 101

India`s Final Medal Tally Category-wise:
S.No Sports Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Shooter 14 11 5 30
2 Wrestling 10 5 4 19
3 Archer 3 1 4 8
4 WeightliIting 2 2 4 8
5 Tennis 1 l 2 4
6 Athletics 2 3 7 12
7 Gymnastics 1 1 2
8 Table Tennis 1 1 3 5
9 Badminton 1 1 2
10 Boxing 3 4 7
11 Para-swimming 1 1
12 Hockey m 1 1
13 Badminton 1 1

Total 38 26 35 101

ere are some brief of name of battles, happened in year (period) and involved countries:
Name of the Battle ear Countries involved
Battle oI Marathon 490 BC Athenians and Persians. King Darius oI Persia deIeated.
Battle oI Thermoplaye 480 BC Spartans led by Leonidas and Persians led by Xerexes. Greeks
deIeated.
Battle oI Salamis 480 BC Athenian Ileet and Persian Ileet in bay oI Salamis; Persian Ileet
deIeated.
19

Battle oI Platae 479 BC Greek and Persians Iorces deIeated.
Battle oI Mycale 479 BC Greek and Persian Ileets; Persian Ileet deIeated.
Spartan War I
(Peloponesian War)
459 BC Sparta and Athens, lasted Ior 30 years.
Spartan War II 431 BC-421 Sparta and Athens; Spartans victorious.
Battle oI Arabia 331 BC Greek and Persian Iorces; Greeks victorious.
Battle oI Magnesia 190 BC Syrian and Roman Iorces; Syrian Iorces deIeated (North-west
Lydia).
Battle oI Pharasalus 48 AD Caesar deIeated Pompey.
Battle oI Hastings 1066 William, the Duck oI Normandy deIeated Harold, the king oI
ngland. ngland came under the control oI Normans.
Hundred- year War 1338-
1453
Fought between France and ngland .
The cause oI the war was the succession was claimed to the throne
oI France which was claimed by dward III oI ngland. The war
was resume by Henry V and was brought to an end by the Heroism
oI Joan oI Arc A Country girl who overthrew the power oI
ngland . John oI Arc was burnt alive at the stakes in 1431.
War oI the Roses 1455-
1485
Civil War in ngland; The Cause oI the
War was a struggle Ior the throne o ngland between the two royal
houses oI Lancaster and York.
Anglo-Spanish War
(Spanish armada War)
1588 Spanish and ngland Ileets Iought in the ngland Channel; The
nglish Ileet under lord Howard DeIeated oI the Spanish Armada.
Battle oI Gibraltar Way 1607 The Dutch deIeated the Spanish and Portuguese.
Thirty-year War 1618-
1648
Stated as religious-cum-political war
Between the Lutherans and Catholics in
Germany and developed into an international war.
Civil War in ngland 1642-
1649
Between Cavaliers (King Charles I supporters)and Iorces oI
Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell, king Charles I executed .
Battle oI Blenheim 1704 ngland and Austria headed by Marlborough deIended France and
Russia.
War oI Austrian
Succession
1740-
1748
Queen oI Austria, Maria Theresa
(daughter oI Charles VII ) was Challenged by king Frederick II oI
Prussia. ngland Supported the Queen and Frederick II was helped
by France. nded with a Treaty Which recognized the Queen`s
right to the throne aIter the death oI king Frederick.
Seven -Year War
(Anglo-French War III)
1756-
1763
Britain and France against Austria and
Prussia; the British alliance won.
Battle oI the Nile 1798 British and French Ileets, Britain victorious.
Battle oI TraIolgar 1805 British Ileet deIeated Ileets oI France and Spain. British Ileets were
commanded by Admiral Nelson, who was killed during the Battle.
Battle oI Austerliz 1805 Britain , Austria ,Russia and Prussia .On side and France on the
other. Napoleon (France) deIeated Austria and Russia.
Battle oI Borodino 1812 Between France and Russia. Napolean invaded Russia at Borodino,
and nearly deIeated the Russians. However on reaching Moscow,
his army suIIered heavy losses and was Iorced to retreat.
Napolean`s ill-Iated attack on Russia market the beginning oI the
downIall oI the French mpire.
Battle oI Leipzing 1813 Germany and combined Iorce oI Austria, Prussia and Russia,
DeIeated Napolean.
Battle oI Waterloo 1815 British Iorces and by Duke oI Wellington (sir Arthur Wellesly)
deIeated French Iorces led by Napolean. Napolean was Captured
20

and exiled to St. Helena where he died in 1821.
First Opium War 1840 China and Britain; Chinese yielded opium. It was a trade war.
Crimean War 1854-
1856
The Combined Iorces oI the British,
French and Turks deIeated Russia.
American Civil War 1861-
1865
Northern states oI America under
Abraham Lincon deIeated the Southern states and abolished the
slavery.
Sino- Japanese War 1894-
1895
Japan DeIeated China and occupied
Formosa and Korea.
Battle oI Omdurman 1898 The British and gyptian Iorces deIeated
The Iorces oI KhaliIa (Mehdits).
Bear War 1899-
1901
The revolt oI Transvaal Boers was
Suppressed by the British Iorces. Boers belonged to Dutch
Protestant stock who opposed Britishers because oI abolition oI
slavery by Britain.
Russo- Japanese War
(Battle oI Port Arthur&
Battle oI Yalu)
1904-
1905
Russia and Japan in the sea oI Japan.
Russia deIeated; It led the wave oI the idea oI Asian Resurgence.
Balkan War I 1912 Turkey and Balkan countries (Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and
Greece), Turkey deIeated.
Balkan War II 1913 Invasion oI Serbia and Greece by Bulgaria. Bulgaria was DeIeated
by Combined Iorces oI Serbia, Greece. Rumania, Montengro who
stripped Turkey oI most oI its uropean territories.
World War I 1914-
1918
Central Power (Germany and its allies)
Against the Allied Power (Britain and its allies); Central power
were deeated. Famous Battles (1). First battle oI Marne (1914)-
France deIeated Germany.
(2). Battle o Jutland(1916)- Naval battle between ngland and
Germany. ngland deIeated Germany. (3). Battle oI Verdun
(1916)- Fought between France & Germany . (4). Second battle oI
Marne(1918) France deIeated Germany.
World War II 1939-
1945
Axis Powers (Germany and its allies)
Against the Allied Power (Britain and its allies); Axis Power were
deIeated. Famous Battle Battle oI I Alamein (1942)-The Allies
victory during the World War II and retreat oI General Rommel`s
Iorces.

Below is the list of countries and their national games:
Country Games
Argentina Pato
Bahamas Sloop
Bangladesh Kabaddi
Brazil Capoeira
Canada Ice Hockey (winter), Lacrosse (summer)
Chile Chilean rodeo
Colombia Tejo
Mexico Charreria
Korea (Rep.) Tae Kwon Do
Philippines Arnis
Puerto Rico Paso Iino
21

Sri Lanka Volleyball
Uruguay Gaucho
AIghanistan Buzkashi
Anguilla Yacht racing
Antigua and Barbuda Cricket
Barbados Cricket
Bermuda Cricket
Bhutan Archery
China Table Tennis
Colombia Association Football
Cuba Baseball
Dominican Republic Baseball
Finland Pespallo
Grenada Cricket
Guyana Cricket
India Field hockey
Ireland Gaelic games
Jamaica Cricket
Latvia Basketball (summer sport)
Latvia Ice hockey (winter sport)
Lithuania Football
New Zealand Rugby Union
Norway Cross-country Skiing
Pakistan Field Hockey
Papua New Guinea Rugby league
Peru Paleta Fronton
Slovenia Alpine Skiing
Switzerland Shooting, Gymnastics
Turkey Wrestling & Jereed
United States Baseball
Wales Rugby union

Important days/dates
anuary
1. Louis Braille Day 5th January
2. World Laughter Day 10th January
3. National Youth Day ( Birthday oI Swami Vivekanand 12th January
4. Army Day 15th January
5. International Customs and xcise Day 25th January
6. Tourism Day ( India) 25th January
7. Republic Day (India) 26th January
8. Martyrs`s Day 30th January
9. Leprosy Prevention Day 30th January
10. Sarvodaya Day 30th January
February
1. Rose Day 12th February
2. Valentine Day 14th February
3. International Mother Tongue Day 21th February
22

4. Central xcise Tex Day 24th February
5. National Science Day 28th February
March
1. National SaIety Day ( Security oI Industrial Institutions) 4th March
2. International Woman`s Day 8th march
3. World Kidney Day 9th March
4. Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Foundation day 12th march
5. World Consumer Day 14th March
6. Ordnance ManuIacturing Day 18th March
7. World Disabled Day 20th March
8. World Forestry Day 21st March
9. World Water day 22nd March
10. World Meteorological Day 23rd March
11. Ram Manohar Lohia`s Birth Day (Anniversary) 23rd March
12. Bhagat Singh , Sukhdev And Rajguru`s Martyrdam Day 23rd March
13. World TB (Tuberculosis) Day 24th March
14. Rural Postal LiIe Insurance Day 24th March
15. SacriIice Day oI Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi 25th March
16. National Day oI Bangladesh 26th March
17. Worldtheatre Day 27th March
April
1. National Maritime Day 5th April
2. Special Protection Group (SPG) Foundation Day 7th April
3. World Health Day 7th April
4. World Homeopathy Day (Birth day oI Samuel Hanimen) 10th April
5. World Aeronautics and Cosmology Day 14th April
6. Ambedkar`s Birth Anniversary 14th April
7. World Hemophilia Day 17th April
8. World Heritage Day 18th April
9. Indian Civil Service Day 21st April
10. arth Day 22nd April
11.World Books and Copyright Day 23rd April
12. Panchayat Divas 24th April
May
1. International Labour Day (Worker`s Day oI May Day) 1st May
2. World 2nd May
3. World Press Freedom Day 3rd May
4. World Red Cross Day 8th May
5. Mother`s Day 2nd May
6. World Laughter Day 7th May
7. World Thalassamia Day 8th May
8. International Pthylesemia Day 8th May
9. National Technological Day 11th May
10. International Nurses Day 12th May
11. International Family Day 15th May
12. World Telecommunication Day 17th May
13. Anti-Terrorism Day 21st May
14. World Biodiversity 23rd May
23

15. Commonwealth Day 24th May
16. Death Anniversary oI Jawahar Lal Nehru 27th May
17. World Anti-Tobacco (and No-smoking ) 31st May
une
1. World nvironment Day 5th June
2. International Olympic Association stablishment Day 6th June
3. Father`s Day 18th June
4. World ReIugee Day 20th June
5. World Diabetes Day 27th June
uly
1. Doctor`s Day ( Birthday oI Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy ) 1st July
2. State Bank oI India Foundation Day 1st July
3. World Population Day 11th July
4. Kargil Memorial Day 26th July
August
1. World Breast Feeding Day 1st August
2. World Peace Day, Hiroshima Day 6th August
3. Quit India Day, Nagasaki Day 9th August
4. World Youth Day 12th August
5. Independence Day (India) 15th August
6. National Sports Day (Birth Day OI Dhyanchand) 29th August
September
1. Teacher`s Day (Birth Day oI S.Radhakrishnan 5th September
2. World Literacy Day 8th September
3. World Fraternity and Apology Day 14th September
4. Hindi Dives ( Day) 14th September
5. ngineer`s Day 15th September
6. World Ozone Day 16th September
7. Railway Police Force (RPF) Foundation Day 20th September
8. Alzheimer`s Day 21st September
9. World DeaI Day and World Heart Day 24th September
10. World Tourism Day 27th September
ctober
1. International Oldmen`s Day 1st October
2. Mahatma Gandhi`s Birth Day (International Non- violence
Day)
2nd October
3. Birth day oI Lal Bahadur Sastri 2nd October
4. World Habitat day 3rd October
5. World Animal WelIare Day 4th October
6. World Teacher`s Day 5th October
7. World Wild animal Day 6th October
8. Indian Air Force Day 8th October
9. World Post Day 9th October
10. Birthday oI Loknayak Jay Prakash Narayan 11th October
11. UN International Day Ior Natural Disaster Reduction 13th October
12. World Standards Day 14th October
13. World Food Day 16th October
14. World Allergy Awareness Day 16th October
24

15. World Iodine Shortage Day 21st October
16. United Nation (UN) Day 24th October
17. WorldthriIt Day 30th October
18. Death Anniversary oI Indira Gandhi 31st October
November
1. World Service Day 9th November
2. Children`s Day (Birth anniversary oI Jawaharlal Nehru) 14th November
3. International Day For ndurance 16th November
4. World Students Day 17th November
5. National Journalism Day 17th November
6. World Adult Day 18th November
7. World Citizen Day 19th November
8. Universal Children`s Day 20th November
9. World Television Day 21th November
10.World Non-veg Prevention Day 25th November
11. World nvironment Protection Day 26th November
12. National Law Day 26th November
December
1. Words AIDS Day 1st December
2. International Day Iorthe Abolition oI Slavery 2nd December
3. World Disabled Day 3 rd December
4.Chemical Accidents Prevention Day 4th December
5. Navy Day 4th December
6. International Volunteers Day 5th December
7. International Civil Aviation Day 7th December
8. Armed Forces Flag Day 7th December
9. Girl Child Day (Balika Divas) (India) 9th December
10. International Human Rights Day 10th December
11. World Children`s Fund Day 11th December
12. World Asthma Day 11th December
13. National nergy Conservation Day 14th December
14. Liberation Day OI Goa 19th December
15. Kisan Dives (Birthday Charan Singh) 23 rd
December
16. X-mas Day 25th December
17. Central Reserve Police Force( CRPF) Foundation Day 26th December

Major akes of the World on the Earth:
Largest Lake Caspian Sea
Largest saline water lake Caspian Sea
Largest Iresh water lake Lake Superior
Highest lake Lake Titicaca
Deepest lake Lake Baikal
India`s largest lake Chika lake
ther Important akes of the World on the Earth:
ake ocation Area (Sq. m.)
Caspian Russia and CIS 371000
Superior Ca nada and USA 82414
Victoria Tanzania (AIrica) 69485
23

Huron Canada and USA 59596
Michigan USA 58016
Tanganyika AIrica 32892
Baikal Russia (CIS) 31502
Great Bear Canada 31080
Aral Russia (CIS) 30700
Great Slave Canada 28438
EART : SME IM!RTANT FACTRS
Age
4,550 Million Years
Mass
5.967 x 10 to the power 24 kg
Volume
1.083 x 10 to the power liters
Mean Density
5.518 kg/lt
Total SurIace Area
510 million sq. km
Land Area
29.2 oI the total surIace area
Water Area
70.8 oI the total surIace area
quatorial Diameter
12,755 km
Polar Diameter
12, 712 km
scape Velocity
11.2 km/sec
Highest Land Point
Mount verest (8,852 m)
Lowest Land Point
Dead Sea (396m)
Greatest Ocean Depth
Mariana Trench (11,033)
quatorial CircumIerence
40,024 km
Polar CircumIerence
40,024 km
Mean SurIace Temperature
14C
Maximum distance Irom Sun (Aphelion)
About 150 million km
Minimum distance Irom sun (Perihelion)
About 147 million km
Rotation Speed
23 hrs, 56 min, 40.91 sec
Revolution Speed
365 days, 5 hrs, 45.51 sec
Dates when days & nights are equal
Mar, 21 (Vernal quinox) Sept. 23 Autumnal quinox)
Dates oI longest days and shortest nights
June 21 (Summer Solstice) Dec, 22 (Winter Solstice)

26

world`s biggest, largest, longest and highest things,
Surname Name
Bengal`s Sorrow Damodar River
Blue Mountains Nilgiri Hills
City oI Sky-scrapers New York
City oI Seven Hills Rome
City oI Dreaming Spires OxIord
City oI palaces Kolkata
City oI Golden Gate San Francisco
City oI MagniIicent Buildings Washington D.C.
City oI ternal Springs Quito(S.America)
China`s Sorrow Hwang Ho
Cockpit oI urope Belgium
Dark Continent AIrica
merald Isle Ireland
ternal City Rome
mpire City New York
Forbidden City Lhasa (Tibet)
Garden City Chicago
Gate oI Tears Strait oI Bab-el Mandeb
Gateway oI India Mumbai
GiIt oI the Nile qypt
Granite City Aberdeen (Scotland)
Hermit Kingdom Korea
Herring Pond Atlantic Ocean
Holy Land Jerusalem
Island Continent Australia
Island oI Cloves Zanzibar
Isle oI Pearls Bahrein (Peesian GulI)
Key oI the Mediterranean Gibralter
Land oI Cakes Scotland
Land oI Golden Fleece Australia
Land oI Maple LeaI Canada
Land oI Midnight Sun Norway
Land oI the Thousand Lakes Finland
Land oI the Thunderbolt Bhutan
Land oI white lephant Thailand
Land oI Five Rivers Punjab
Land oI Thousand lephants Laos
Land oI Rising Sun Japan
Loneliest Island Tristan De Gunha (Mid-Atlantic)
Manchester oI Japan Osaka
Pillars oI Hercules Strait oI Gibraltar
Pearl oI the Antilles Cuba
Playground oI urope Switzerland
Quaker City Philadelphia
Queen oI the Adriatic Venice
RooI oI the World The Pamirs, Central Asia
Rose Pink City Jaipur
Sugar bowl oI the World Cuba
Venice oI the North Stockholm
Windy City Chicago
Whirteman`s grave Guinea Coast oI AIrica
27

Yellow River Huang Ho (China)

The table of biggest and smallest countries name:
Biggest Nation
(Area-Wise)
Biggest Nation
(!opulation-
Wise)
Smallest Nation
(Area-Wise)
Smallest Nation
(!opulation-Wise)
Russia China Vatican Vatican City
Canada India Monaco Tuvalu
China USA Nauru Nauru
USA Indonesia Tuvalu Palau
Brazil Brazil San Marino San Marino
Australia Pakistan Liechtenstein Monaco
India Russia Marshall Islands Liechtenstein
Argentina Bangladesh Saint Kitts and
Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Kazakhastan Japan Maldives Antigua andBarbados
Sudan Nigeria Malta Dominica


n island is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions, above high
tide, and isolated from other significant landmasses.(wikipedia)
O In decreasing order oI size Greenland, New Guinea, Borneo, Madagaskar, BaIIin, etc.
O Largest River Island is Majuli (Assam).
O Most populated Island is Java (Indonesia).
O Largest Island oI India is Middle Andaman.

s supposed that largest river is Amazon, although it is 222 km shorter than Nile (the longest river oI the
world). It is considered so because it is navigable by deep sea steamers and has the greatest Ilow oI water.
And III is Mississippi Missouri in &SA.
Other major rivers details like name, its origin, where it Ialls in and the length oI the river
River rigin Falls in ength (m.)
Nile Victoria lake Mediterranean Sea 6,650
Amazon Andes (Peru) Atlantic Ocean 6,428
Mississippi Missouri Itasca lake (USA) GulI oI Mexico
(USA)
6,020
Yangtze Tibetan Kin Plateau China Sea 5,494

Ob Altai Mts., Russia GulI oI Ob 5,410
Huang Ho Kunlun Mts. GulI oI Chibli 4,344
Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mts. Arctic Ocean 3,804
Conga Lualaba & Luapula
rivers
Atlantic Ocean 3,700
Niger Guinea GulI oI Guinea 4,180
Mekong Tibetan highlands South China sea 4,180
Volga Voldai Plateau, Russia Caspian Sea 3,690
St. Lawrence Lake Ontario GulI oI St. Lawrence 3,058
Brahmaputra Lake Mansarovar Bay oI Bengal 2,900
Indus Near lake Mansarovar Arabian sea 2,880