PRESENT SIMPLE

Este folosit pentru a vorbi despre: Informaii personale: I live in London. Adevruri general valabile: The sun sets in the west. Aciuni obinuite, repetate: They visit me every day. Instruciuni: You take the bus to London.

Este folosit cu adverbele: usually, often, sometimes, never, always.

Este folosit cu expresiile: every day/month/year, once a week/month/year, twice a day

AFFIRMATIVE: (SB + VB)

I go to school every day. She always visits her grandmother. He/She/It + VB ending in ss /sh / ch / x / o + es He/She/It + VB ending in consonant + y ies e.g. He goes to school / washes the dishes / watches TV / every day. She tries to play tennis every evening.

NEGATIVE: (SB + DONT / DOESNT + VB)

They dont go to the cinema every week. He / she doesnt like chocolate.

INTERROGATIVE: (DO / DOES + SB +VB)

Do you like English? Does he / she go there every day?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Este folosit pentru a vorbi despre: Aciuni care se desfoar n momentul vorbirii: I am doing my homework now. Aciuni viitoare planificate n prezent: Im meeting her in 10 minutes. Este folosit cu adverbele: now, in this moment, at the moment, etc. Anumite verbe nu sunt folosite cu present continuous: Verbs of thinking and opinion: e.g. agree, believe, forget, imagine, know, prefer, remember, understand Verbs of emotion and feeling: e.g. feel, hate, hope, like, love, want, wish Verbs of the senses: e.g. hear, look, seem, smell, taste Other verbs: e.g. cost, depend, matter

AFFIRMATIVE: (SB + TO BE-present + VB + -ING)

I am eating a cake now. She is doing her homework at the moment.

NEGATIVE: (SB + TO BE-present + NOT + VB + -ING)

They are not singing in the bathroom now. She is not reading a book at the moment.

INTERROGATIVE: (TO BE-present + SB + VB + -ING)

Is she reading book now? Are they watching TV in this moment?

PAST SIMPLE
(Perfect compus)

Este folosit pentru a vorbi despre: Evenimente sau aciuni terminate n trecut: We saw the Zoo for the first time. Evenimente care au avut loc ntr-un moment din trecut: They arrived three days ago.

Este folosit cu adverbele: ago,yesterday, last week/month/year, in 1998

AFFIRMATIVE: SB + VB - REG (-ed) - IRREG ( II nd form)

Somebody knocked at the door. They saw me in front of the school.

NEGATIVE: (SB + DIDNT + VB -infinitive)

They didnt see the cat in front of the house. She didnt watch the film at home.

INTERROGATIVE: (DID + SB + VB -infinitive)

Did you go there after lunch? Did she eat fresh food?

PAST CONTINUOUS
(Imperfect)

Este folosit pentru a vorbi despre: Evenimente care s-au petrecut pe o perioad de timp din trecut: He was watching the game on TV. Evenimente ntrerupte din trecut: The phone rang while I was doing my homework.

Este folosit cu elementele de legtur: while, when, as

AFFIRMATIVE: (SB + WAS/WERE + VB + -ING)

She was doing her homework when I came in. They were singing along with her.

NEGATIVE: (SB + WAS/WERE + NOT + VB + -ING)

I was not reading the book when she came. Their parents were not sleeping when she entered the room.

INTERROGATIVE: (WAS/WERE + SB + VB + -ING)

Were you writing your homework? What was she doing at home?

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

We use the PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: To talk about duration of events and actions that started in the past and are still going on, with FOR (a period of time) or SINCE (a point in time): I have lived here since 1997 / for 10 years. To talk about events that have recently occurred: They have just had breakfast. To talk about a recent past event that is of present interest : She has broken her arm. With a superlative to talk about experience: Its the best film I have ever seen. We use the PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE with phrases, which are linked to the present, e.g. yet (in interrogative and negative sentences), already, just, ever, never, so far, recently

AFFIRMATIVE: (SB + HAVE/HAS + VB - IIIRD FORM) I have just met her. She has never worked there. NEGATIVE: (SB + HAVE/HAS + NOT + VB - IIIRD FORM)
They have not seen her for 8 years. She hasnt been here since 1987.

INTERROGATIVE: (HAVE/HAS + SB + VB - IIIRD FORM)

Have you already finished the book? Have you heard from her since 2003?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

We use the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: To emphasize the duration of an event that started in the past and is still continuing, with FOR and SINCE: Ive been working in London for a month. To describe an action in the past that has contributed to a situation in the present: She is tired. She has been filming non-stop.

AFFIRMATIVE: (SB + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VB + -ING)

I have been listening to music for 3 hours. He has been reading that book for weeks.

NEGATIVE: (SB + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + VB +-ING)

They havent been playing football for a long time. She hasnt been living here for 2 years.

INTERROGATIVE: (HAVE/HAS + SB + BEEN + VB + -ING)

Have you been waiting for long? Has he been working since 5 oclock?

PAST PERFECT
(Mai mult ca perfect)

We use the PAST PERFECT TENSE: To talk about past events which happened before other events in the past: She came back. She had forgotten her jacket. In if clauses of the third conditional sentences: If he had worn trainers, he would have won the race. To express regrets about the past after I wish and If only: I wish / If only I had worn something warmer. To report statements and questions: He said he had been to Scotland twice before.

AFFIRMATIVE: (SB + HAD + VB - IIIRD FORM)

She had known Tom before she went to Las Vegas. They went to London after they had visited their grandmother.

NEGATIVE: (SB + HAD + NOT +VB - IIIRD FORM)

They had not seen her until after she came into the hotel. He came here for the first time. She hadnt seen him before.

INTERROGATIVE: (HAD + SB + VB IIIRD FORM)

Had he been there before me?

Had she listened to the conversation?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

We use the PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS: To show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now (the present moment) The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in the past before another action in the past: e.g. John was very tired. He had been running. OR I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking. To report Present Perfect Continuous: I have been living here for 10 years. She said that she had been living there for 10 years.

AFFIRMATIVE: (SB + HAD + BEEN + VB +-ING)

I had been listening to music for 3 hours. He had been reading that book for weeks.

NEGATIVE: (SB + HAD + NOT + BEEN + VB +-ING)

They hadnt been playing football for a long time. She hadnt been living here for 2 years.

INTERROGATIVE: (HAD + SB + BEEN + VB + -ING)

Had you been waiting for long? Had he been working since 5 oclock?

WILL FUTURE

We use the WILL FUTURE: To make predictions: There will be a lot of people at the party. To make a decision or choice: Ill have the chicken, please! To make promises: Ill be very quiet. In first conditional clauses: I will not (wont) go there if I dont have money. To confirm in short answers: OK, I will. / Dont worry, I wont.

AFFIRMATIVE:
He will go to his grandparents later. We will visit our cousin next week.

NEGATIVE:
They will not go there if they dont have time. She will not buy the dress if it is too expensive.

INTERROGATIVE:
Will you be there on time? Will he write the letter by tomorrow?

GOING TO FUTURE
1) Planned actions in the future (aciuni planificate n viitor);

We are going to sing at the party.

2) You are certain that something is going to happen in the future. (cnd eti sigur c ceva se va ntmpla n viitor) Look at this car! It is going to crash into the yellow one. Look at the clouds! It is going to rain! Este folosit cu adverbele: tomorrow, the next day, next week / month / year, etc.

AFFIRMATIVE: (SB + TO BE-present + GOING TO + VB infinitive)

I am going to eat a cake. She is going to do her homework.

NEGATIVE: (SB + TO BE-present + NOT + GOING TO + VB infinitive)

They are not going to do the washing-up. She isnt going to play football.

INTERROGATIVE: (TO BE-present + SB + GOING TO + VB infinitive)

Is she going to read a book?

Are they going to watch TV?

REPORTED SPEECH

1. REPORTED STATEMENTS
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Verb tense changes Present simple Past simple I live in London. She said she lived in London. Present continuous Past continuous I am listening to music. She said she was listening to music. Past simple Past perfect I wrote a letter to Joe. He said he had written a letter to Joe. Present perfect simple Past perfect I havent seen anyone there. He said he hadnt seen anyone there. Will Would He will not come. She said he would not come. Can Could I cant read this letter. He said he couldnt read that letter. May Might I may be right. She said she might be right. Must / Have to Had to I must / have to make a decision. He said he had to make a decision. Time phrase changes Today / tonight That day / that night I will do it today. He said he would do it that day. This morning That morning He arrived this morning. He said he had arrived that morning. Tomorrow The next day I may be late tomorrow. She said she might be late the next day. Yesterday The day before I wasnt at school yesterday. He said he hadnt been at school the day before. Last (week) The (week) before They went away last week. He said they had gone away the week before. Next (week) The following (week) She is coming back next week. He said she was coming back the following week. Place changes Here There I put it here on the table. He said he had put it there on the table This The / That

I know this place well.

He said he knew the / that place well.

2. REPORTED QUESTIONS
E.g. Wheres my bike? He asked us Wanted to know Wondered Didnt know where his bike was.

When we report questions, we can use reporting verbs like: ask, want to know, wonder, not know, etc. In reported questions we use almost the same word order. E.g. Wheres the cinema? He wanted to know where the cinema was. Yes / No reported questions are introduced by if or whether. E.g. Are you hungry? She wanted to know if / whether we were hungry. Tense changes in reported questions are the same as for reported statements.