Present Perfect 1 The Present Perfect is used to connect the past and the present.

It's core purpose is to show the present relevancy of a past action or situation. For example: - John has gone home. John went home in the past, but our real interest is where he is now. This sentence gives past information to inform a present situation. Form The Present Perfect is made with have/has (the auxiliary verb "to have") and the past participle. For example: - I have worked in London. - She has worked in a bank. Regular past participles are made by adding -ed to the verb, for example work - worked, play played. There are however many irregular past participles which you can see at the Irregular Verb Page. Here are the Present Perfect forms of the verb to work. Singular Affirmative I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked It has worked Negative I haven't worked (haven't = have not) You haven't worked He hasn't worked She hasn't worked It hasn't worked Interrogative Have I worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? Usage Here are some of the many usages of the Present Perfect. Bear in mind that for all these individual cases the main purpose of connecting past and present is essentially the same. A. Past informing Present 1. The Present Perfect is used to give past information that is relevant to the present. For example: - Have you been shopping? Yes, I went this morning. The question "Have you been shopping?" asks about a past fact - did you go shopping or not. However this question is asked because of a present need - If you have been shopping, we don't need to go now - If you haven't been shopping we need to go now. This question is about a present need, not a past fact. Plural We have worked You have worked They have worked

We haven't worked You haven't worked They haven't worked

Have I worked? Have you worked? Have they worked?

2. The Present Perfect is used to relate past experience. For example: - Have you been to Italy? - No, I haven't been there. Again the question "Have you been to Italy?" asks about a past fact, but the past time or circumstances are not so important. Instead we want this information for a present need - perhaps we are having a conversation about travel abroad, or maybe I'm interested in Italy. We can't tell from just one sentence, but the focus here is on a present need, not a past fact. 3. The Present Perfect is used for achievements. For example: - James has won first prize for math. James won the prize in the past, but the focus is on his present achievement. B. Past Time - Present Time 1. The Present Perfect is used to show change from the past to the present. - John's English wasn't very good, but he's got much better. Between a past time and the present, John's English has improved. The focus is less on how poor John was in the past, but rather how much better he is now. 2. The Present Perfect is used for a situation or action that started in the past and continues to the present. It's common to use for and since in these situations.For example: - John's lived in Boston for 5 years. John came to Boston 5 years ago, and he still lives there. - He's been a lawyer for 12 years. 3. The Present Perfect is used for repeated actions that started in the past and continue to the present. For example: - We've been to England 4 times. We went to England several times the past, and it's possible we could go there again in the future. 4. The Present Perfect is used for a period of time that started in the past but still continues in the present. - I've studied at the library every day this week. This week started in the past, but it's still going on, it isn't finished yet. Indefinite and Definite Time One convenient rule about the Present Perfect is it cannot be used with definite time. For example: - I've been on vacation. OK - I went on vacation last month. OK - I've been on vacation last month. Incorrect. We cannot use definite time with the Present Perfect. By definition the Present Perfect uses past information to focus on the present time, so introducing a past time as well is non-sensical. As a general rule: If the exact past time is important use the Present Simple - If the exact past time is not important use the Present Perfect. For example: - I went to Paris last year. - Focus is on the past time. - I've been to Paris. - Focus is how our past experience affects the present. The Present Perfect can be used with time adverbs. For example: - I haven't had a vacation recently.

Note the Present Perfect can be used with time periods that haven't finished yet. For example: I haven't had a vacation this year. OK - This year isn't finished yet, so the Present Perfect is used for a time that continues from past to present. I haven't had a vacation last year. Incorrect ----Grammar Unit 56 Determiners - each / every Each and every are used to refer to individual thngs and groups of things. Each Each is used to refer to individual items of a group. The emphasis is on the individual aspect of each item. For example: - Give each student some candy. (Give to each individual person) - Make each day better than its yesterday, and each tomorrow better than today. Each is often used for members of a smaller group. For example: - Our team won and we each got a prize. The position of each can be at the front, middle, or at the end of a sentence. For example: - Each of these shirts are only $20. - These shirts are only $20 each. - These shirts each cost $20. (This structure is slightly more unusual.) Each one Each can be used with the indefinite pronun one. For example: - Twins can look the same, but each one has their own personality. However using one is often not necessary: - Twins can look the same, but each has their own personality. Each of... Each of... is used for a selection of individual items. For example: - Each of these books is interesting. - Each of the top five employees will receive a bonus. - We've won each of our last four games. Every Every is used to refer to a group of individual items. The emphasis is on the group. For example: - Learn something new every day. - Every student got a candy. (Everyone in the group got some candy.) Every is used for how often something happens. For example: - He plays soccer every saturday. - They go abroad every year. - I don't want to work here anymore. (I wanted to work here, but no I don't like working here.) Every one / Every one of Every can be used with the indefinite pronoun one. For example: - Did you eat the strawberries? Yes, I ate every one.

- Did you finish these questions? Yes, I got every one right. Note that every one refers to things, but everyone is a completely different word used for people. Every can't be used alone. For example: - Did you finish these questions? Yes, I got every right. - This is incorrect. - Did you finish these questions? Yes, I got every one right. - This is incorrect. Every one of can be used when we want to specify what group we are referring to. For example: - You must read every one of these books by next week. - Did you finish these questions? Yes, I got every one of them right. ----Grammar Unit 57 - Question Tags Question tags are small questions "tagged" on to the end of a sentence to make a question. For example: Sentence:- She speaks English. Question:- Does she speak English? Question Tag:- She speaks English, doesn't she? Form Question tags are made from an auxiliary verb and the subject. If the sentence is affirmative, we usually use a negative tag, for eaxmple: - That's a great song, isn't it? - She's a lawyer, isn't she? If the sentence is negative, the tag is positive. For example: - You're not busy, are you? - This way isn't right, is it? The auxiliary verb and subject in the question tag match those in the main sentence. Only the positive and negative past changes. For example: - He can play the trumpet, can't he? - You haven't finished yet, have you? Here the subject is in blue, and the auxiliary verb in green. It's just whether each part of the question is positive or negative that changes. Function Question tags have two main purposes: to confirm expected information and to question unexpected information. You can tell which function is being used by the voice - when the voice goes down it's checking expected information - when the voice goes up it's really asking a question. For example: - Intonation going down - You haven't finished yet, have you? I expect you haven't finished, I'm just checking. - Intonation going up - You haven't finished yet, have you? I'm really asking if you're finished or not. If you are finished it's earlier than I expected, so I'm surprised. - You're really busy now, aren't you? - Yes, I've got to finish this by Monday. I'm confirming you're busy now, possibly showing sympathy as well. - Why are you watching TV? You're really busy now, aren't you? - Not really, I did most of it last night. I think you're busy but I'm surprised, you should be working not watching TV, so I'm asking about an unexpected situation.

Negative sentences with positive tags are often used for requests, for example: - You don't have a pencil, do you? - You couldn't change a $5 bill, could you? Imperative questions tags usually use will, for example: - Open the door for me, wil you? - Hang on a minute, will you? Unless used with informal language, question tags with imperatives can often sound impatient. Question tags are an important part of natural speech and are particularly useful in small talk, as they help to confirm and affirm key information in a sympathetic way. ----Click below for exercises using question tags. Grammar Unit 58 - Passive Voice There are two voices in English, the active and the passive. The active tells us what the subject does, for example: - The secretary wrote a letter. The passive tells us what is done to the subject. For example: - The letter was written by the secretary. Form The passive is made with the verb "to be" and the past participle. Here are the main English tenses used in the passive voice. Tense Simple present: Present continuous: Simple past: Past continuous: Present perfect: Past perfect: Future: Future continuous: Present conditional: Past conditional: Subject Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Verb "to be" are are being were were being have been had been will be will be being would be would have been Past Participle planted every year planted now. planted last year planted last summer. planted here for 10 years. planted until last year. planted next year. planted during the summer. planted if we had seeds. planted if we had had seeds.

By

To state what the cause of a passive action is, you can use by. For example: - This photo was taken by my friend. - I was given this by my brother. It is often not necessary to statethe cause of a passive action, especially when clearly understood or irrelevant. For example: - The meeting was cancelled. (The meeting's cancellation is what is important, not who cancelled it.) - These boots were made in Italy. (The fact they were made in Italy is what's important, not who made them.) Born When talking abut the birth of specific people of things we use the passive form "to be born". For example: - I was born in Iran. - The twins were born just last year. Get Get can be used instead of to be in situations where something happens. For example: - Our flight got cancelled = Our flight was cancelled. - I got paid today = I was paid today. Get can't be used with general situations and state verbs (verbs that express a state, not an action). For example: - He is liked by a lot of people. - OK - He gets liked by a lot of people. - Incorrect.

- She is known to be a hard-working employee. - OK - She gets known to be a hard-working employee.- Incorrect Get is used more often in informal English. Unit 59 - Reported Speech 1 Sometimes we need to say what another person said. There are two ways to do this in English, direct speech and reported speech. Direct Speech Direct speech restates exactly what another person said. For example: - Jane said, "I'm so happy today". - The president said, "I need a vacation". Reported Speech Reported speech reports indirectly what another person said. For example: - Jane said she was so happy today. - The president said he needed a vacation. Reported speech usually uses the past form of direct speech. So if the direct speech is in the present, the reported speech is in the past. For example: Direct Speech - I said, "She is in her office." Reported Speech - I said she was in her office. Also if the direct speech is in the past, the reported speech uses the past perfect. Direct Speech - I said, "She was in her office at lunchtime." Reported Speech - I said she had been in her office at lunchtime. OR - I said she was in her office at lunchtime. In modern English the past perfect is often not necessary for past reported speech, you can simply use the past simple instead.

Here are some common verb forms in direct and reported speech. Tense Simple present: Present continuous: Simple past: Direct / Reported Speech I said, "She is busy". - I said she was busy. I said, "I am working now". - I said I was working now I said, "She was here this morning". - I said she was here this morning. OR I said she had been here this morning. I said "She was studying all yesterday" - I said she was studying all yesterday. OR I said she had been studying all yesterday I said, "She has worked here for 5 years." - I said she had worked here for 5 years. I said, "She had worked here for 5 years." - I said she had worked here for 5 years. I said, "She will work here from July." - I said she would work here from July. I said, "We'll be living here for 6 months." - I said we would be living here for 6 months. I said, "She can play the piano well." - I said she could play the piano well.

Past continuous:

Present perfect: Past perfect: Future: Future continuous:

Can: That

Reported speech is often given as part of a that-clause, especially in written or more formal language. For example: - He said that he would arrive at 10.00. - He said he would arrive at 10.00. These two mean the same thing, and that can be omitted without any change in meaning. ----Click below for exercises using reported speech Grammar Unit 60 - Used to Used to is used for a past habit that doesn't happen anymore. For example: - I used to play soccer at weekends. (But not now) - He used to get up at 5.30, but now he gets up at 8.00. Used to is also used for past situations and facts. For example: - People used to think the world was square. - He used to be a film director. Used to is used only in the past simple. For example: - We used to work together. OK - We use to work together. Incorrect Used to can be used in questions and negatives like any other verb. For example: - I didn't use to exercise regularly. - Did you use to work here?

Note that the use of did and the base verb use (without a "d" at the end) is the same as normal question and negative formation. Used to / be used to Used to is a completely different structure from be used to. Used to is for past habit, be used to means to get accustomed to something. ----Click below for exercises using "used to". Grammar Unit 61 - Get / Be used to Be used to Be used to is used to show previous experience and familiarity with a certain situation. For example: - I am used to living abroad. - I have previous experience living abroad, so it's not difficult for me. - Jane isn't used to living abroad. - She doesn't have much experience living abroad, or if she does it is still difficult for her. - Paul is used to learning languages. - Paul has learnt languages before, so he's good at it. - Carol has never studied a foreign language, so she's not used to it. - Carol doesn't have previous experience learning a foreign language. Get used to Get used to is used for the process of acquiring experience and ability. In the beginning we are less experienced, then we get used to something - we go through a process of gaining experience. For example: - I wasn't used to living abroad, but I got used to it. - I didn't have expeirence living abroad, but I grew in experience until I was happy living abroad. - I didn't like banans, but I got used to them. - In the beginning I didn't like bananas, but after a while I learnt to like them. To In the structure be / get used to, to is a preposition, not part of the to-infinitive. For example: - I'm used to cooking for myself. OK - I'm used to cook for myself. Incorrect - "to cook" is a to-infinitive and can't be used here. Used to - be/get used to Used to is a completely different structure from be / get used to. Used to is for past habit, be used to means to get accustomed to something. ----Click below for exercises using be / get used to.

Grammar Unit 62 - Wish Wish Although wish is generally associated with hope, it is actually used mainly for regrets. For example: - I wish I had a better job. (I don't have the job I want now) - I wish my kids could have a better education. Wish is used with unreal situations, so like all unreal situations in English the sentence goes one tense back in time. If the sentence is about the present then, we use wish with the Past Pimple. For example: - I want more time now => I wish I had more time. - It's too hot now => I wish it wasn't so hot. And if the sentence is about the past, we use wish with the Past Perfect. For example: - I wanted more time => I wish I had had more time. - It's too hot now => I wish it hadn't been so hot. Wish ... would Wish ... would is used to complain about a present situation. For example: - I wish he would speak louder.. - Don't you wish countries could stop fighting? - I wish it would stop raining. Wish .. would is used only for actions, not states or situations. For example: - I wish I would be at home. - Incirrect. - I wish I was at home / I wish I were at home. - OK Subjunctive The subjunctive is a little used mood now found mainly in a few stock English phrases. Simply put it means that with if and wish, you can use were with I/he/she/it. It's particularly common with the pronoun "I", for example: - I wish I was a rich man. OK - I wish I were a rich man. OK - If I was a rich man... OK - If I were a rich man... OK As with most older English, this is found mainly in British English Grammar Unit 63 - Preposition and Conjunctions - like / as Like Like can be used as a preposition, it means something is similar to or resembles something else. For example: - She looks like my friend Mona. (She looks similar to Mona) - She sings like a bird. (Her voice reminds me of a bird) As As can be used as a conjunction to show similarity, it means to do something in the same way as something else. For example: - Do as your teacher says. (Do the same as what your teacher says.) - I called John as you asked. (I called John, which is the same as what you asked me to do.)

As can also be used as a preposition, it is used to refer to a particular event or situation. For example: - I used to work as a teacher. - He's younger than his friends, but they treat him as an equal. - He started as a one-man business, but now he employs over 200 people. Like or As? Like and as (conjunction) can have similar meanings. Here's where you use each one: Like is used with any kind of noun, for example: - She's like an angel. - My brother is like me. - Reading a book is like having a conversation with the world's greatest thinkers. As (conjunction) comes before a subject + verb, for example: - Don't change anything, I like it as it is. - Do as you like. - We left early as you suggested. ----Grammar

Unit 64 - Adverbs - Comparative

Adverbs have comparative forms similar to adjectives. For example: - She runs more quickly than me.

For adverbs ending in -ly, add more in front of the adverb. For example: - Jake works slowly >> Jake works more slowly than Mark, but he doesn't make many mistakes. - He understands easily. >> He understands more easily than before.

he sed as a preposition, it means something is similar to or resembles something else. For example: - She looks like my friend Mona. (She looks similar to Mona) - She sings like a bird. (Her voice reminds me of a bird)

Irregular Adverbs

Irregular adjectives and adjectives usually have the same comparative form. Here's some common adjectives and adverbs with the same comparative form. Grammar Unit 65 - Relative Clauses 1 Relative clauses give information to help define something. For example: - I work for a company. >> I work for a company that sells computer software. The clause "that sells computer software" gives extra information about the company. - She likes people. >> She likes people who are kind and generous. The first sentence is too general, wheras the second sentence gives more information about who she likes. Who Who clauses give information about people. For example: - There are many people who want to learn English. - A doctor is a person who helps sick people. Sometimes you can use that as well as who. For example: - I like the man that lives next to us. - I like the man who lives next to us. This is possible in Essential Relative Clauses, but not in Non-essential Relative Clauses. For more information see later units on Relative Clauses. Which Which clauses give information about things. For example: - Where's the pencil which was on my desk? - He's moved to an apartment which has a nice view. That can be used instead of which especially in informal speech. For example: - I'd like a job that has a higher salary. - OK - I'd like a job which has a higher salary. - OK - This is the book that I borrowed from Lisa. - OK - This is the book which I borrowed from Lisa. - OK As above, which and that can both be used in Essential Relative Clauses, but only which can be in Non-essential Relative Clauses. For more informaiton see later Units on Relative Clauses. ----Click below for exercises using relative clauses. Grammar Unit 66 - Indirect Questions Indirect questions are polite, longer forms of normal questions. For example: - Where's the department store? - Direct question - Could you tell me where the department store is, please? - Indirect question - What's his name? - Direct question - Do you know what his name is? - Indirect question

Form Indirect questions are formed of two parts: a polite expression, and a question which has no subject/verb inversion like a normal question . For example: - What's his name? >> - Do you know what his name is? - Indirect question Here the polite expression is "Do you know...", and the question part is "...what his name is?". Note that the subject and verb have not changed place in the question part. So if you said "Do you know what is his name?", this would be incorrect. Another example: - What's the time? >> - Do you have any idea what the time is? - Indirect question The polite expression is "Do you have any idea...?", and the question is "...what the time is?". The question is not "...what is the time?" - you don't invert the subject and verb kike a normal question. Auxiliary Verb "To do" The auxiliary verb "to do"is used in questions when there is no other auxiliary verb. For example: - You like Chinese food. >> - Do you like Chinese food? Indirect questions do not use the auxiliary verb "to do" in the main question. For example: - When does the next train arrive? - Direct question - Do you know when the next train arrives? - Indirect question - Do you know when does the next train arrive? - Incorrect Another example: - When does the restaurant close? - Direct question - Could you tell me when the restaurant closes? - Indirect question - Could you tell me when does the restaurant close? - Incorrect There are infinite ways to make indirect questions. Not all indirect questions are questions at all, rather they are polite statements which encourage some kind of response. Some common polite expressions include: - I wonder if/whether...? - I can't remember if/whether...? - Could you tell me if/whether...? - Would you mind telling me if/whether...? - Would it be possible for you to...? - Is there any chance you could...? - I don't suppose you could... - I'd like to know if/whether... - I can't remember... ----Grammar Unit 67 - Past Perfect The Past Perfect is used to connect two past times: a previous past time with a later one. In practice it is used to talk about events that happened bafore a certain past time. For example: - When I arrived, the plane had left. - Before I left (past time), the plane left (previous past time) - Before I went to Canada, I hadn't been abroad. - I went to France (past time), and before that time I never went abroad (previous past time). Form

The Past Perfect is made with had and the past participle. For example: - I had eaten - She had played - They had flown and so on. Usage As mentioned the Past Perfect connects two past times: a past situation and another one before it. There are few rules, so here are some examples to help you see how it's used. - I wasn't busy yesterday. I had already finished my work. I wasn't busy in one past time, because previously I had finished my work. - I ate a small lunch, because I'd already eaten a big breakfast. I ate lunch at one past time, and I ate breakfast at a previous past time. - When I arrived, the concert had just started. I arrived in the past, and the concert started sometime before. Past Perfect - Present Perfect The Present Perfecrt connects the past and the present, for example: - I haven't eaten today, so I want some food. The Past Perfect connects two past times, for example: - I hadn't eaten yesterday, so I wanted some food. Similarly: - We don't need an umbrella because the rain has stopped. - We didn't need an umbrella, because the rain had stopped. ----Click below for exercises using the Past Perfect.

Grammar Unit 68 - Future Continuous The Future Continuous is used for an activity that happens in a future period of time. For example: - This week I'm working in Boston, but next week I'll be working in Los Angeles. - Where will you be staying? I'll be staying at the Warwick Hotel. Form The Future Continuous is made with the will + the verb "to be" + the -ing form. For example: - I will be arriving at 4.00. - They will be staying for a few days. - She will be going to America. Negatives add not, for example: - I won't be arriving at 4.00. - We won't be staying for a few days. - She won't be going to America. - Will you be studying late tonight?

Questions invert will and the subject, for example: - Will you be arriving at 4.00? - Will they be staying for a few days? - Will she be going to America? Usage The Future Continuous is used for an activity that happens during a future period of time. For example: - I'll be having a meeting from 3.00 to 4.00 - She'll be eating dinner with her friends this evening. The Future Continuous is also used for an activity that happens around a certain time. For example: - I'll be arriving at 7.00. (I'll be arriving around the time of 7.00) - I'll be seeing you at Mike's birthday party. - What time will you be leaving? I'll be leaving at 10.00. (I can't leave at exactly 10.00, but the process of leaving happens around 10.00.) The Future Continuous is sometimes used for formal offers, for example: - "Will you be needing a cab home, sir?" The Future Continuous is often used to check information, for example: - Will you be be having lunch with us? Compare with the Future Simple, which sounds more like an offer, for example: - Will you have lunch with us? The Future Continuous is also used to make sympathetic predictions about people's feelings, for example: - You'll be feeling hungry after a hard day's work. - You'll be needing some rest before you go. ----Click below for exercises using the Future Continuous. Grammar Unit 69 - Future Perfect The Future Perfect is used to show the time by which something finishes. For example: - I will have finished by 4.00. - By 4.00 I will finish a certain activity. Form The Future Continuous is made with will + have + the past participle. For example: - I will have arrived by 4.00. - They will have left by next week. - He will have gone to America by the end of the month. Negatives add not, for example: - I won't have arrived by 4.00. - They won't have left by next week. - He won't have gone to America until next month. Questions invert will and the subject, for example: - Will you have arrived by 4.00? - Will they have left by next week? - Will he have gone to America by next month?

Usage The Future Perfect shows the time before which something will finish. For example: - Next Friday, I'll have worked here for 5 years. When next Friday comes, it will be 5 years since I started working here. We often use by to show the time before which something is completed, for example: - Can I borrow you book? - You can have it tomorrow; I'll have read it by then. - I'll have left by the time you arrive. ----Click below for exercises using the Future Perfect. Grammar Unit 70 - Causative Verbs Causative verbs show that somebody/something is indirectly responsible for an action. The subject doesn't perform the action itself, but causes someone/something else to do it instead. For example: - Yesterday I had my hair cut. I didn't cut my own hair, but I made someone else do it for me instead - I "caused" them to cut my hair. Have Have is a common causative verb. Instead of doing something ourselves, we "have" someone else do it instead. It has the following form: The verb "to have" + object + past participle. For example: - I had my jacket cleaned yesterday. - Did you have your computer fixed? Sometimes we use have as a causative verb when we intend to perform the action ourselves. For example: - When will the report be ready? I'll do it by tomorrow morning. >> - When will the report be ready? I'll have it done by tomorrow morning. By using the causative the second sentence takes attention away from the doer of the action, and gives more attention to the action being done. It sounds polite and professional. Get Get is often used instead of have. For example: - I got my computer fixed - I had my computer fixed. These two sentences mean the same thing. - I got my jacket cleane. - I had my jacket cleaned. These two sentences mean the same thing. Causative verbs are often used with negative experiences. In these situations it's more common to use have. For example: - I had my wallet stolen. (I didn't actually cause my wallet to be stolen - someone stole my wallet from me) - She had her window smashed.

Present Perfect 2 - Ever / Never / Have you ever...? Have you ever...? Have you ever...? is a common structure used to ask about past experience. For example: - Have you ever met a famous person? This roughly means: Do you have a past experience of meeting a famous person / Did you meet a

famous person at any time in the past? - Have you ever flown in a plane? - Have you ever won a competition? - Haven't you ever done this before? Ever Ever means "at any time", the specific time is unknown or unnecessary. Ever is used in questions, see "Have you ever..?" above. Ever is also used with nothing, nobody and so on for things that haven't happened before. For example: - Nobody has ever travelled through time. - That window's been broken for months, but nothing has ever been done about it. Ever is also used with "the first time" for first experiences. For example: - This is the first time I've been abroad. - Is this your first time on a plane? - This is the first time I've ever eaten dog soup. Ever can be used in afirmative sentences though it is more unusual and often old-fashioned. For more info you can check out: http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ever Never Never is originally a contraction of "not ever". Used with the Present Perfect it means the subject hasn't had a certain experience before. For example: - Have you ever been abroad? No, I've never been abroad. I've never had that experience before. - Have you ever been on a plane before? No, I've never been on a plane. Negative questions are also possible. For example: - Have you never eaten this before? This shows surprise that you've never had a certain experience before. - Have you never played soccer? Adverbs of Time - ago / already / anymore / just / yet / still These adverbs give additional information about when something happens. Ago Ago simply means in the past. For example: - I graduated university 3 years ago. - We moved to Canada just 2 months ago. Already Already is used when something happens before it is expected. For example: - He's only 13, but he already speaks three languages.

- Can you finish this by tomorrow? Sure, it's already finished. - You don't need to feed the dog, I've already done it. Anymore Anymore is used when something has has changed from what we expect. For example: - I want to email her, but her address isn't working anymore. (It worked before, but not now) - My friend used to live here, but she doesn't live here anymore. - I don't want to work here anymore. (I wanted to work here, but no I don't like working here.) Just Just is used for something that happened very recently. For example: - I just found out my test score, I got an A! - What was that noise? - Sorry, I just broke a glass. You can also use jJust about for something that will happen very soon. - Are you finished? - Yes, I'm just about to go home. - I'm hungry. - If you wait 5 minutes, I'm just about to make some lunch. Still Still is used when something happens for longer than expected. For example: - Did you get a new job? No, I'm still working at my old one. - She's 65 years old, but she still exercises 3 times a week. Still is also used to confirm that an activity or situation is continuing and that nothing has changed. For example: - Are you still studying English? Yep, I still study a little every day. - Do you still want to go abroad? Of course, I'd love to! Yet Yet is used when something hasn't happened that is expected. It is used negative sentences and questions. For example: - Are you finished? No, I'm not finished yet. - Has the mail come yet? No, it's not here yet. Still can be used with a similar meaning. For example: - My parents haven't arrived yet. - My parents still haven't arrived. Still in negative sentences and questions often shows impatience or that something is unexpected. Note that yet is usually at the end of the sentence, wheras still comes before the negative form. ----Click below for exercises using adverbs of time. Adjectives: -ed / -ing Forms

Many adjectives can end in -ed or -ing. For example: - I'm excited about tomorrow. - This is an exciting book. When the adjective ends in -ed, it describes the feeling of something. For example: - I'm interested in modern art. (This is my personal feeling) - I was really bored yesterday. When the adjective ends in -ing, it describes the feeling given by something. For example: - Modern art is interesting. ("Modern art" can't feel, but it makes me feel interested.). - The news was shocking. (The "news" gives us a shocking feeling) Compare: - He's bored. - He has nothing to do, he's not enjoying himself. This describes his feeling. - He's boring. - He's not an interesting person. This describes the feeling he gives to other people. Below are some common adjective pairs using -ed/-ing. Note that the adjective doesn't change with number. -ed Adjective annoy - I don't get annoyed easily. amazed - I'm amazed by hers artistic talent. confused - I asked the teacher, but we were still confused. disappointed - They were disappointed the weather was not good. surprised - I was surprised to see you. amused thrilled -ing Adjective annoying - Noisy mobile phones can be annoying. amazing - The concert last might was amazing. confusing - This textbook is really confusing. disappointing - Yesterday's weather was disappointing. surprising - I heard some surprising news. amusing thrilling

Comparatives - As...As The structure "as...as" is used to compare things that are equal. For example: - Jennifer is 163cm and Tony is 163cm. Jennifer is as tall as Tony. - This house is 40 years old, that house is also 40 years old. This house is as old as that house. - Bach's music is as good as Mozart's. - Spring is as warm as fall. "as...as" can also be used in negatives and questions. For example: The Amazon isn't as long as the Nile. The second movie wasn't as good as the first. Is Japan as expensive as England? "as...as" can also be used to show an extreme amount. - "Eat as much as you want." The amount you eat is "equal" to the amount you want. - Hurry! Run as fast as you can! - Study as hard as possible. Multiple quantities are expressed with "as...as". For example: - I'm 22. My friend is twice as old as me. She's 44 years old.

- My aunt is three times as old as me. She's 66. - And my grandmother is four times as old as me. She's 88 years old. - Jenny is also 22 years old. She's the same as me. ----Comparatives: Quantity Quantifiers, or adjectives that show quantity, also have comparative and superlative forms. Quantifier much/many/a lot of I have a lot of apples. I don't have many apples. I don't have much time. few - They have a few potatoes. little - We've got a little rice. Comparative more I have more apples than you. I don't have more apples than you. I don't have more time than you. fewer - We've got fewer potatoes. less - They've got less rice. Superlative most He has the most apples. I don't have the most apples. I don't have the most time. fewest You've got the least potatoes. least - I've got the least rice. Remember that: - many and few are used with countable nouns. - much and less are used with uncountable nouns. - a lot of / lots of can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. You can also use the "as...as" structure to show equality. For example: - We have as many candies as you. - There are as few people in this town as that one. - She's got as much water as we do. - I've got as little time as you do. ----Click below for exercises on comparisons of quantity. Gerunds and Infinitives: Verb+Gerund / Verb+ Infinitive A gerund is a verb that functions as noun. For example: - I enjoy playing tennis. I enjoy play tennis" is incorrect. - We practice speaking English every day. - They just bought a new swimming pool.

In English the infinitive is made of to and the verb. For example: - I want to learn a new language. - You forgot to close the door. Verbs are often followed by infinitives or gerunds and choosing which to use has few fixed rules, it depends mainly on the individual verb. Verb + Gerund Here are some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds, but not infinitives. admit - He admitted taking the money. celebrate - We celebrated winning the competition. deny - The government denied spending too little on education. dislike - I dislike complaining. enjoy - She enjoys meeting her friends. finish - I finished working there last month. imagine - I imagine being a waitress is a difficult job. keep - Where are my keys? I keep losing them. mind - I don't mind waiting, we've got time. miss - I miss talking with my sisters. remember - Do you remember going to Italy? risk - Jeff's always late. He risks losing his job. stop - Don't stop singing, it's really nice. suggest - I suggest having lunch first. Gerunds are also used after some phrasal verbs. For example: - If you keep on doing the same thing, you'll get the same results. - She wants to give up drinking coffee. Verb + Infinitive Below are some common verbs that can be followed by infinitives, but not usually gerunds. aim - I'm aiming to finish this book by the end of March. afford - I can't afford to buy new clothes. agree - My boss agreed to give me a reference. decide - We decided to have a baby. deserve - You deserve to have a better score. forget - Don't forget to lock the door. hope - I hope to go to Harvard Business School. learn - I learnt to read when I was 3 years old. mean - I'm sorry, I didn't mean to make you angry. need - You don't need to study a lot, you need to study a little for a long time. offer - He offered to help me carry these bags. plan - They plan to go abroad next year. pretend - He's pretending to be sick. promise - She promised to be here on time. refuse - Why do they always refuse to listen? seem - She seems to be really intelligent Gerunds and Infinitives: Verb + Gerund or Infinitive

Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund. These verbs in turn can be subdivided into two groups, verbs with little difference in meaning, and verbs with a distinct change in meaning. Verb + Gerund or Infinitive: Little difference in meaning. Here are some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds or infinitives with little change in meaning. A change of meaning may still exist however, as there are almost limitless combinations of verbs and gerunds/infinitives. begin - She began to sing. - He began working here last year. bother - Don't bother to wash the dishes. I'll do it. - Don't bother washing the dishes. I'll do it. continue - You can continue to live here for 6 months. - You can continue living here for 6 months. start - I started to learn the clarinet when I was 8. I started learning the clarinet when I was 8. love / like / hate /prefer These four verbs use the gerund for situations or actions in progress. The infinitive is used for factual information. hate - I hate working at my new job (I'm workng there now.) - I hate to work on Sundays. (specific time and situation) like - I like playing the piano. (I like the process andfeeling of playing the piano.) - I like to play the piano. (It's a fact I like to play the piano.) love - I love living in the country. (I'm probably living there now.) - I love to live in the country. (Generally speaking I like the country, maybe I'm not living there now.) prefer - I prefer to study by myself. (Sounds factual) - I prefer studying by myself. (Sounds more personal, perhaps I'm studying now.) These verbs are also often used with would and the infinitive, and refer to specific situations. For example: - I would love to go to China. - We would prefer to meet at 7.00. Allow / permit Allow and permit have one pattern for gerunds and another for infinitives. allow + gerund - My teacher doesn't allow eating in class. allow + object + infinitive - My teacher doesn't allow us to eat in class. permit + gerund - My teacher doesn't permit eating in class. permit + object + infinitive - My teacher doesn't permit us to eat in class. ----Click below for exercises on gerunds and infinitives. Gerunds and Infinitives: Distinct difference in meaning

These verbs can be followed by gerunds or infinitives but with a change in meaning. forget / regret / remember When these verbs are used with a gerund they refer to something that happened before a certain time. When they are used with an infinitive they refer to something that happens at or after a certain time. forget Forget with the gerund is often used with never for a memorable previous action. - I'll never forget going to Japan. Forget with the infinitive means something happens at or after a certain time. - Don't forget to meet me at 5.00. regret Regret with the gerund refers to a previous action. - I don't regret leaving my job. Regret with the infinitive is used to give bad news in a formal, polite way. It's often used with the verbs to say, to announce, to tell you and to inform you. - We regret to inform you the interview is cancelled. remember Remember with the gerund refers to a previous action. - I remember meeting you last year. (I met you before now). Remember with the infinitive is used for something that happens at or after a certain time. - Please remember to close the door. (in the future please close the door.) go on Go on with the gerund means to continue an action in progress. For example: - I want to go on studying here. Go on with the infinitive means to do something new. For example: - After university, he went on to study law. mean mean with the gerund shows negative consequence. For example: - You can buy a new car, but it means spending a lot of money. mean with the infinitive shows intention. - He means to leave his job next month. - I didn't mean to make you angry. try

Try with the gerund is used for suggestions. - "I need to lose weight." "Try exercising and eating healthy food". - "I'm really hot." "Try sitting here, it's much cooler." Try with the infinitive means to attempt something. - I tried to lift it but I can't. - I'll try to finish this by tomorrow morning.

stop stop with the gerund means to end an action. - I stopped eating fast food last year. - I can't stop loving you. - Stop being so annoying! stop with the infinitive means to interrupt an action. - I was walking to the subway station, and I stopped to say "Hi" to my friends. - I was working at home, and I stopped to answer the 'phone. come come with the gerund means movement with a sense of surprise or excitement. - The ball came flying toward me - it almosty hit me on the head! - Don't come running to me! (this means don't expect sympathy) come with the infinitive means a change in perception. - I thought he wasn't smart, but I came to realize he's very talented. - I didn't like teaching, but I came to like it. come with the infinitive can also mean just reason. - Why did you come? - I came to watch a movie. help help is often used with an infinitive. - I helped to make dinner. help is also used without to, especially in American conversational English. - I helped make the dinner. help is also used with with and the gerund. - I helped with making the dinner. These three usages have similar meanings. Help with the gerund is also used with can't to mean a reaction beyond the subject's control. - I can't help laughing. - Those kids are noisy, but I can't help liking them. ----Click below for exercises on verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives. Conditionals

English conditional statements are grouped into four main types - zero, first, second, and third conditional. Zero Conditional Zero conditional is used for statements and facts which are perceived to be true. Zero conditional has the form if + present simple + present simple. For example: - If you need any help just call me. - If you run fast you get tired. All conditionals have two clauses, the if clause - "If you have time, ..." and the main clause - "...come and visit us". Either of these two clauses can come first: - "If it rains take an umbrella" - or also: - "Take an umbrella if it rains." The zero conditional is often used with imperatives. For example: - If you feel sick, see a doctor. - If you can't take the heat, stay out of the kitchen. First Conditional First conditional is used for statements and facts which will be true, if a certain condition is met. First conditional has the form if + present simple + will + base verb. For example: - If it's sunny, we'll go to the beach. - If I have time, I'll meet you at work. - If we don't go now, we'll be late. As with all conditionals the first conditonal has two clauses, the if clause - "If you help us, ..." and the main clause - "...we'll help you.". Either of these two clauses can come first: - "If he gets a new job we'll move to London." - or also: - "We'll move to London if he gets a new job." In the first conditional will is a modal verb expressing certainty. Other modal verbs can also be used to show various degrees of certainty. For example: - If you like Asian food, you'll love this restaurant. (There is a 100% chance you'll love the restaurant.) - If you like Asian food, you should like this restaurant. (80%) - If you like Asian food, you might like this restaurant. (50%) - If you like Asian food, you probably won't like this restaurant. (20%) - If you like Asian food, you won't like this restaurant. (0 Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns replace specific things with general, non-specific concepts. For example: - I want to live abroad in Italy.

- I want to live abroad somewhere. This unit covers indefinite pronouns made with some, any, no, and every. Some / any Some and any can be combined with "-thing" to refer to an undefined object. For example: - There's someone outside the door. - There isn't anyone in the office. Some and any can be combined with "-where" to refer to an undefined location. For example: - I'm looking for somewhere to live. - We don't want to live anywhere near here. Some and any can be combined with "-body" or "-one" to refer to an undefined person. There is very little difference in meaning between "-body" and "-one". For example: - If you have a problem, someone/somebody will help you. - Do you know anyone/anybody who can help? These compound nouns follow the same rules as some and any, that is some is used in affirmative statements, and any is used in negative statements and questions. For example: - I need something from the supermarket. - I don't need anything from the supermarket. - Do you need anything from the supermarket? No No can be combined with various nouns to mean an absence of something. For example: - "Did you find your wallet? No, there's nothing here." - "Did anything happen?" "No, nothing happened." - This job is going nowhere. (It's not getting better.) - Nowhere is as good as here. (I like here the best.) - Is anybody here? No, there's nobody here. - I waited for an hour but nobody came. Sometimes words with no- can have more emphasis than words with any. For example: - I didn't tell anyone what happened. - I told nobody what happened. Every Every can be used to mean a group or total of individual things. For example: - Everything in this house is simple and useful. - Jane was sick last night, but everything is OK now. - Everyone was at Michael's birthday party last night. - Baseball caps come from America, but people wear them everywhere Must and Have to - Necessity

Must and have to are modal verbs often used to convey necessity. - I have to go home now. - I must arrive by 12.00. Have to is used for general necessity. For example: - I have to finish this before 12.00. (I have a general obligation to finish this by 12.00) Must is used for necessity which we feel personally. - I must finish this before 12.00. (I have a sense of strong personal responsibility to finish this.) Must does not have a past form, we have to use have to for the past. - I had to get up early this morning. - I must got up early this morning. This is incorrect. Note that have to inflects like a normal verb, it can have different tenses and uses auxiliary verbs for questions and negatives. For example: - Do we have to go out tonight? - You don't have to come with us. Must doesn't use auxiliary verbs or different tenses. - Must we go out tonight? (This sounds rather British, I really don't want to go out tonight.) - We mustn't forget the tickets. (No auxiliary verb "to do", just add not.) Negative Forms Don't have to means that something is not necessary, but possible. - You don't have to come, but you can if you want to. - We don't have to leave today. Must not is strong and means that something is prohibited. - You must not push the red button. - We mustn't be late. Must and have to - Certainty Must and have to can also express certainty. - This must be the right way. - This has to be the right way. Should / Ought to Should is a modal verb used to give advice and recommendation. - You should see a doctor. - You should keep your promises. - Should we buy her a present? Should can also be used for obligation. For example: - I should call my Mum tomorrow. - He should apologize to Mary. Should is also used for when something is expected. - Tony should arrive here at 12.00. - It's 12.30, and Tony should be here. - This book is wrong, tha answer should be "A".

Note that have to inflects like a normal verb, it can have different tenses and uses auxiliary verbs for questions and negatives. For example: - Do we have to go out tonight? - You don't have to come with us. Must doesn't use auxiliary verbs or different tenses. - Must we go out tonight? (This sounds rather British, I really don't want to go out tonight.) - We mustn't forget the tickets. (No auxiliary verb "to do", just add not.) Ought to Ought to can be used instead of should. It is less common than should and sounds rather British. - You ought to say thankyou for the present. (You should say thankyou for the present) Negatives and questions are less common and even more British. - We ought not to be late for the meeting. Questions are often made with "Do you think.." - Do you think I ought to get up earlier? Questions with just ought to are rare. - Ought I to get up earlier? ----Click below for exercises using should and ought to. Would Would is a modal verb expressing some kind of imaginary or hypothetical situation. Would is often contracted to 'd, for example - I would love to learn Spanish. - I'd love to learn Spanish. Offers and Requests Would is used to make offers and show willingness. For example: - Would you like a cookie with your coffee? - Would you like to go out this evening? - Would you like some help? Would can also be used to make requests. - Would you open the door for me? This has a slightly commanding tone, perhaps like a teacher to a student. Could is less assertive. - Could you open the door please? Hypothetical Situations Would is used to show hypothetical situations. For example: - I would love to go abroad. (But I'm not abroad now.) - You would be a great lawyer. (You're not a lawyer now - being a lawyer is an imaginary situation)

Would is often used in the main clause of conditional statements. - If I had time, I would visit my family. - I'd go to the beach if it was sunny. For more information see the units on Conditionals. Will - Past form Would is used as the past form of will, it's used for future predictions made in the past. For example: - He'll call you tomorrow. (A future prediction made now.) - He said he'd call you tomorrow. (A prediction made in the past) - They'll arrive at 7.00. (prediction made now) - They told me they would arrive at 7.00. (prediction made in the past) Past Habit Would can be used for a past habit, an action that happened regularly in the past. For example: - I would often play soccer when I was young. - My grandfather would always give us candy. Note that would cannot be used for a past state, for example: - "He would be handsome when he was younger." Incorrect - "He was handsome when he was younger." Correct Would is used only for past habits - something that happened many times. For past states you can use "used to": - He used to be handsome when he was younger. For more information see the Unit on "Used to". Would 2 Would is a modal verb expressing some kind of imaginary or hypothetical situation. Here are some more uses of would continuing from the previous unit. Wish ... Would Wish...would is used when the speaker wants a present situation to be different. The speaker is dissatisfied with the situation and believes that the thing wished for is unlikely to actually happen. For example: - I wish Jane would call me. - I wish they would stop fighting. - I wish the dog would stop barking. - I wish the dog wouldn't keep barking. Because wish...would is often used to complain, it's unusual to use this structure to talk about yourself. For example: - "I wish I'd study more." This is unusual though not incorrect. Wish...would is used for actions, but not normally for states. - I wish I had more time. To "have" something is a state not an action, so we use the past tense "had". - I wish I would have more time. Incorrect - I wish I knew the answer. - I wish I would know the answer. Incorrect

Would rather Would rather + verb (base form) is used to express a preference. It often implies that we don't like other available choices. For example: - "Let's go shopping this evening". "Oh, I'd rather go tomorrow." (And I don't want to go this evening) - "Which book would you rather buy?" "I'd rather buy this one. That one isn't so good." Would rather is also used with the past simple when giving a strong request, usually with some authority. - Can I meet John after lunch, Mom?" "Yes, but I'd rather you did your homework first". - "I'd rather you didn't tell anyone about the party. It's going to be a surprise." All structures with would rather are more often found in British English. Would mind Would mind is used to make a polite request. For example: - "Would you mind closing the window?" - "Would you mind waiting a few minutes? I need to buy some stamps." - "Would you mind if we didn't come tonight? We're just really tired, that's all." ----Click below for exercises using would Prepositions and Conjunctions of Time - for / during / while / when For For shows how long something happened. It is used to refer to a period of time. For example: - We're ging to live in Malta for 6 months. - She's in New York for a few days. - We went to Saudi Arabia for a week. See also the related unit on the Present Perfect and since. While / During Both during and while refer to a period of time in which something happens. For example: - My phone rang while I was in a meeting. - My phone rang during the meeting. During is used with a noun or noun phrase. For example: - We were busy during the weekend. - During the night the cat woke me up. - The Athenians suffered heavy losses during the battle of Salamis. While is used with a subject and verb. For example: - We went shopping while you were sleeping. - You shouldn't eat while you are in the library. - While I was working I got an email from Tamara.

When / While When and while can both be used when two things happen at the same time. When two continuous actions happen at the same time, we usually use while. For example: - "While you were studying I went out shopping." Studying and shopping are actions. When two short events happen at the same time, we use when. For example: - "When I saw you I didn't recognize you." I saw you and I didn't recognize you are individual events. - I heard you when you opened the door. In this situation while is incorrect. For example: "While I saw you I didn't recognize you." When one continuous background situation occurs and one shorter event occurs at the same time, when and while can both be used. For example: - "When I was in Rome I met my wife." - "While I was in Rome I met my wife." - "I cut myself while I was cooking dinner." - "I cut myself when I was cooking dinner." The position of while and when clauses is interchangeable with usually little difference in meaning. - Don't forget to lock the door when you go out. - When you go out don't forget to lock the door. - We're still growing while other businesses are losing clients. - While other businesses are losing clients, we're still growing. ----Click below for exercises using for / during / while / when. Prepositions and Conjunctions of Time 2 - by / from / until By By shows a time limit for something to happen - an event must occur before a certain time is reached. For example: - You need to finish this report by Monday. - I'll be back by six o'clock. - Our business will be making a profit by next March. There are three common phrases used with by: By the time I want to be a successful businessman by the time I'm 30. By the time we arrive at the station, the train will be gone. By then They have four months to prepare for the soccer game, so by then they should be a strong team. The deadline for giving your essay is next Monday at 4.00. If I don't receive your essay by then, it won't be marked. By that time We finished work at 9.00, but by that time it was too late to go out. I hope to go abroad next year, and by that time I'll have enough money.

Until Until means an action or situation continues up to a certain time. For example: - We were working last night until 2.30. - You can stay at home until you feel better. - Can you wait until I'm ready? Compare until and by: - "I'll work here until September." This means I keep working here to September, then I stop. - "I'll work here by September." This means that I'm not working here now, but sometime between now and September I will start. Till Till is another form of until, the meaning is generally the same although until is usually used at the beginning of a sentence. From ... to/until From ... to/until is used to mark the beginning and end of a period of time. For example: - Western people often work from Monday to Friday, but Oriental people often work from Monday to Saturday. - I'm staying in Saudi Arabia from the beginning of March until the end of August. From ... to is slightly more informal than from ... until. ----Click below for exercises using by / until / till / from...to/until. Prepositions and Conjunctions of Time 3 - before / after / as / as soon as Before Before is used for something that occurs before a certain time. For example: - We should finish this exercise before 4.00. - I need to buy a present before James comes. - Before starting any business, it's a good idea to write a business plan. Note that when a preposition is followed by a verb, the verb ends in ing. So for example: - Where did you live before coming to America? Correct - Where did you live before to come to America? Incorrect After After is used for something that occurs after a certain time. For example: - I'll see you after work. - Camilla won't be home until after midnight. - David got promoted after just two years with the company. As - Time

As is used when two shorter actions happen together. For example: - I dropped my keys as I left my apartment. As is also used when two longer actions happen together. For example: - His health improved as he exercised more. - As time went by his English got better. As is also used when an action happens during a background situation. - I woke up as the sun was rising. - She arrived as you were leaving. As - Reason As is often used to show one thing is the cause of another, like the word "because". For example: - I'm going to bed early as I have to get up early tomorrow. - As we're not busy, let's meet this afternoon for lunch. As soon as As soon as is used when something happens immediately after something else. For example: - I'll give you a call as soon as I'm finished. - As soon as they go out let's eat lunch. - We'll send payment as soon as you fax the signed contract. Adverbs of Degree Adverbs of degree show how much or to what degreee something happened. For example: - Mike is a very good student. - I'm quite excited about my interview tomorrow. There are many adverbs of degree. Some common ones include: almost, completely, enough, extremely, hardly, just, nearly, pretty, quite, too, scarcely, so, such, very. Adverbs of degree usually go before the adjective, adverb, or noun being modified. For example: - That test was extremely difficult. - You did pretty well in that test. - I almost got an 'A' in our test. Enough Enough means a satisfactory amount or degree. For example: - I'm so busy, I haven't got enough time. - Do you have enough potatoes? Enough comes after adjectives and adverbs: - This jacket isn't big enough for me. - She speaks English well enough to go to an American university. Enough usually comes before nouns: - We have enough money to buy our own apartment.

We often use enough...for, especially with people and things. For example: - This job isn't good enough for her. - We have enough time for a quick lunch. Enough...to infinitive is also a common structure. For example: - She's old enough to drive a car. - We have enough time to eat some lunch. Too Too means more than enough, an excessive amount or degree. For example: - This room is too hot. - He eats too quickly. Too is also used with for: For example: - This book is too simple for me - Our apartment is too small for us. Too...to infinitive is also a common structure. For example: - This book is too easy to study. - Our apartment is too small to live in. Too and Very Very means something is done to a high degree, it is usually factual. For example: - He finishes his work very quickly. Too means something is done to an excessive degree, it is often a criticism. - He finishes his work too quickly. Very is a common word, so if you'd like to use something different to spice up your vocabulary try one of these: absolutely, acutely, amply, astonishingly, awfully, certainly, considerably, cruel, dearly, decidedly, deeply, eminently, emphatically, exaggeratedly, exceedingly, excessively, extensively, extraordinarily, extremely, greatly, highly, incredibly, indispensably, largely, notably, noticeably, particularly, positively, powerfully, pressingly, pretty, prodigiously, profoundly, really, remarkably, substantially, superlatively, surpassingly, surprisingly, terribly, truly, uncommonly, unusually, vastly, wonderfully. (Quoted from Roget's New Millennium Thesaurus, First Edition)
Grammar 1. Have - have got "Have" and "have got" are both used to show possession. For example: "I have a pen", and "I have got a pen" have the same meaning. Here are the main points when choosing which one to use. Have The Simple Present forms of have are as follows. Singular Plural

Affirmative I have a pen You have a pen She has a pen He has a pen It has a pen Negative I do not have a pen = I don't have a pen You do not have a pen = You don't have a pen She does not have a pen = She doesn't have a pen He does not have a pen = He doesn't have a pen It does not have a pen = It doesn't have a pen Questions Do I have a pen? Do you have a pen? Does she has a pen? Does he has a pen? Does it have a pen?

Affirmative We have a pen You have a pen They have a pen

Negative We do not have a pen = We don't have a pen You do not have a pen = You don't have a pen They do not have a pen = They don't have a pen

Questions Do we have a pen? Do you have a pen? Do they have a pen?

You make questions with have as normal by using the auxiliary verb "to do". For example: - Statement: You have a pen. - Question: Do you have a pen? - Have you a pen? This is generally incorrect, although occasionally found in British English. The verb have is often contracted in English, but when have is used for possession you cannot use a contraction, you should use have got instead (see below). For example: - I've a pen, He's a pen. These are incorrect. Do not and does not can of course still be contracted to don't and doesn't. For example: - He doesn't have a pen = He does not have a pen. The Simple Present forms of have got are as follows. Have got Singular Affirmative I have got a pen = I've got a pen You have got a pen = You've got a pen She has got a pen = She's got a pen He has got a pen = He's got a pen It has got a pen = It's got a pen Negative I have not got a pen = I haven't got a pen You have not got a pen = You haven't got a pen She has not got a pen = She hasn't got a pen He has not got a pen = He hasn't got a pen We have not got a pen = We haven't got a pen You have not got a pen = You haven't got a pen They have not got a pen = They haven't got a pen We have got a pen = We've got a pen You have got a pen = You've got a pen They have got a pen = They've got a pen Plural

It has not got a pen = It hasn't got a pen Questions Have I got a pen? Have you got a pen? Has he got a pen? Has she got a pen? Has it got a pen? Affirmative statements can contract have got, for example: - I have got some food = I've got some food. - He has got some food = He's got some food. Negatives contract as follows: - I haven't got any food = I have not got any food. - She hasn't got any food = She has not got any food. ----Have got is a slightly unusual form because it is a perfect tense form, something which we haven't learnt yet and which will be covered later. Also, remember that the verb have is used in many ways, but the above is only for its use for possession. The lists above may seem rather laborious, but you will quickly learn to use these verbs when you apply them to some real English usage. Unit 19 Dialogues - Have / Have got Have we got a pen? Have you got a pen? Have they got a pen?

1. What have you got? I've got a new jacket. How about you? I've got a some new T-shirts. -----

2. What do your friends look like? Greg's got brown hair, glasses and he's really tall. Cindy's got blond hair, blue eyes and she's slim. Let's meet them together! -----

3. I've got a new apartment. That's great! What's it like?

Well, it's got two bedrooms, a big living room and a bathroom. Has it got a nice view? Sure, you can see the ocean from my window. That's excellent. Unit 5 Dialogues - Contractions

1. I am hungry. Me too, I'm really hungry! Let's get some food! -----

2. They are doctors. No they're not, they're teachers. Oh, you're right! -----

3. Hi Sylvia, how's it going? Oh, I'm OK, but I'm so tired. I don't want to study. Me too, these days we're very busy. Let's study tomorrow. I want to go to the movies! Oh, I don't want to miss class. Let's study! You're right, let's go to class. Then we aren't busy, we're free! That's great! Grammar 1. Contractions Many verbs have short forms which are used particularly in spoken English. For example: "I am happy today" = "I'm happy today". The short forms of the verb "to be" are as follows:

Singular I am = I'm You are = You're He is = He's She is = She's It is = It's

Plural We are = We're You are= You're They are = They're

Be careful not to confuse it's with its. It's means "it is", but its is a possessive form we'll study later. 2. Negative Contractions - Simple Present Verb "to be" There are two main short forms for the negative of the verb "to be": "You are" becomes "You're not" or "you aren't". For example: - She is not happy = She isn't happy = She's not happy. - We are not singers = We aren't singers = We're not singers The short forms for the negative verb "to be" are as follows: Singular I am not = I'm not = I amn't* You are not = You're not = You aren't He is not = He's not = He isn't She is not = She's not = She isn't It is not = It's not = It isn't * "I am" Negative Contraction You can say "I am not", and you can say "I'm not", but you can't say "I amn't". 3. Negative Contractions - Simple Present Simple Present negatives contract in two ways: "do not" becomes "don't" and "does not" becomes "doesn't". For example: - Statement: I do not like pizza = I don't like pizza. - Questions: He does not drive a car = He doesn't drive a car. And just in case you need it, here's a table of Simple Present contractions. Singular Plural Plural We are = We're not = We aren't You are= You're not = You aren't They are = They're not = They aren't

I do not = I don't You do not = You don't He does not = He doesn't She does not = She doesn't It does not = It doesn't Unit 6 Dialogues - Directions and Addresses

We do not = We don't You do not = You don't They do not = They don't

1. Excuse me, where is the post office? Go straight, and it's next to the bank. Thankyou!

2. What's your address? I live at 34, East 39th Street, New York. And what's your zip code? My zipcode is NY 10061-2134 Thankyou.

3. Hi Sylvia, where's the fruit juice? It's in the refridgerator! No, it's not. It's not there. Oh, sorry, it's in the cupboard next to the soda. Thanks. And where is the cereal? Um, on the shelf, I think. Great! Let's have some breakfast!

4. Where do you work? I work in a bank, I'm a secretary. How about you? I'm a shop assistant. I work at the local store. Where's that? It's the yellow building on Green Street, next to the clothes store. -------Grammar 1. Prepositions of Place Prepositions show relationships between things. For example: "The lamp is on the table" contains the preposition "on". This word shows the spatial relationship between the lamp, and the table. The most common prepositions of place are: in, on, under, next to, in front of, behind, at. Look at the following pictures to learn their meaning:

In, on, under, in front of, and behind are clear from the pictures above. Example sentences are: - The dog is in the box. - The cat is under the table - The man is next to the building. At however is a more abstract concept - it is used to refer to a point in space, usually a point on a line. See below for more explanation. 2. In, On, At In is used to show somethng that surrounds or encloses us. For example: - I sleep in my bedroom. - The desk is in the room. In is also used for geographical areas such as cities and countries, for example: "I live in London" or "I live in England". On is used to show something that is on a surface. For example:

- I sleep on my bed. - The paper is on the desk. On is also used for street names, for example: "I live on Orchard Road". At is used to show something that is at a particular point, often as part of a line. For example: - He is at the bus stop. The bus stop is one point in a line of bus stops. - John is at the bank. John is at a particular place or point, the bank. The bank is part of his journey and also part of a street, both of which can be seen as lines. At is also used for complete addresses, for example: "I live at 22 Orchard Road, London, England." ----So why do we live "on a street" but "in a city"? And how can you know for sure when to use in, on, or at? It depends on the perspective of the speaker, and what is considered acceptable in English. These are questions that all English learners encounter and they cannot be completely answered through rote memorization or lists of rules. As your exposure to English grows you will gain enough experience to be able to decide for yourself which is correct. Simply keep trying to understand, and eventually you will. Now give some exercises a try! Unit 7 Dialogues - Question Words

1. Tyler, what's your telephone number? It's 724-0458. Do you have a mobile phone? Sure, it's 018 234 8679. Do you have a mobile? I don't have a mobile phone. I have an email address though. Oh, OK. What's your email address? It's sylvia@1-language.com. Excellent, thanks! -----

2. Hey Tyler, what's the time? Er, it's 12.18.

Tyler, when's your doctor's appointment? It's at 12.30. Tyler? Yes? You're late! What?... Oh no! -----

3. So firstly, what's your name? It's Sylvia Waters. How do you spell that? S-Y-L-V-I-A W-A-T-E-R-S Thank you. And where do you live? 19 Rosewood Street, Toronto. And what's your postal code? It's M1C 2P3. OK, thanks for your time, Hyun Ju. OK, bye! -------Grammar 1. Question Words Question words are used to ask what we are talking about. Questions using question words follow this order: Question word - Auxiliary verb - Subject. Here are some question words and example sentences: Question Word What Usage To ask about the nature of things and substances. Example What color do you like? What time is it?

Where Who Whose Why

To ask about location. To ask about identity Top ask about posession To ask about reason and purpose To ask about time

Where are you? Who is he? Whose pen is this? Why are you happy? When do you get up? Which one do you want? How do you make coffee?

When To ask about a set of choices. Which How How has several usages, including asking about process and method.

To make a question with question words in the Simple Present, you simply make a normal question, and then put a question word in front. For example: With the verb "to be": - Statement: His name is Tyler. - Question: Is his name Tyler? - With a Question Word: What is his name? With other verbs: - Statement: I like flowers. - Question: Do you like flowers? - With a Question Word: Why do you like flowers? ----Now try these exercises, using the correct question word and the correct auxiliary verb What's on your shopping list? 4 tomatoes, some carrots, 2 kilos of potatoes, 6 oranges, some cherries, 2 bottles of grape juice, a box of strawberries, 6 bottles of water, and some chicken. What about you? Er, 5 pizzas and some soda. Let's go to the supermarket together. You need help! -----

2. I need some new clothes. Me too, I need some trousers and shirts. I need shoes, a couple of scarves for winter, and two dresses. So let's go shopping this afternoon.

Good idea! -----

3. What do we need for tonight? We need french fries, burgers, and some soda. How about some fruit and potato chips? OK, sounds great Grammar 1. Plural Nouns -s ending - Plurals are generally made by adding -s to the noun. For example: Cat - cats, tree - trees, building - buildings. There are a number of exceptions to this rule, here are some of the most common ones. -es ending: Nouns ending with -o, -s, -x, -z, -ch, and -sh usually add -es to the noun. For example: tomatoes, dresses, foxes, quizzes, watches, stashes. - ies ending: Nouns ending with a consonant + -y usually replace the -y with -ies. For example: country - countries, party - parties. - ves ending: Some nouns ending in -f replace the -f with -ves. For example: wife - wives, knife - knives, elf - elves. As always, memorizing these rules is probably less helpful and much less interesting than exposing yourself to real English usage and learning them at the same time. Time for some more exercises Unit 8 Dialogues - Object Pronouns

1. Do you know Andy? Sure, he's in my class, I study with him. Why? Oh, nothing. I want him to help me, that's all. I have his 'phone number. Call him! Ok, thanks! -----

2. Hey Tyler, do you like lemons? Yea, I really like them. And do you like rice? Sure, I like it. And how about chicken? Yep, I like that too. Why do you ask me? I want to make lemon chicken for dinner. Sounds great! -----

3. What's that? Oh, it's a photo of my family. Look, she's my Mum. Oh yea, I know her. Who's he? He's my brother, everybody likes him. Look, that's my father. Wow, he looks like you. And look at the big dog! Yea, he's really big. He looks like you! -------Grammar 1. Object Pronouns Subjects are what a sentence is about. For example: - I like rice. In this sentence I is the subject - I is what the sentence is about. Objects are what is affected by the action of the subject. For example: - I want a table. - I am reading a book. Object pronouns are used instead of object nouns, usually because we already know what the object is. - My friend's name is Hyun Ju. I really like her. - I like this book. I read it every day. The Subject and Object Pronouns are as follows:

Singular I - Me You - You He - Him She - Her It - It

Plural We - Us You - You They - Them

Subject pronouns are not normally used on their own in short answers. We use object pronouns, for example: - Who want some candy? Me! / Not me! - Who wants some candy? I / Not I! This is very unusual. ----Unit 9 Dialogues - Countable / Uncountable Nouns Listen carefully to these examples. The first sentence is correct, and the other sentences are incorrect.

1. I have a brother and two sisters. I love my family. (Correct) I have brother and two sisters. I love my a family. (Incorrect) -----

2. She has a cheese sandwich, an apple, and some milk for lunch. (Correct) She has some cheese sandwich, a apple, and a milk for lunch. (Incorrect) -----

3. My house is in London. It has a living-room and two bedrooms. In the morning I study English, and in the afternoon I work in a store. (Correct) My house is in a London. (Incorrect) In the morning I study an English, and in the afternoon I work in store. (Incorrect) --------

Grammar 1. Countable Nouns All nouns are countable or uncountable. Countable nouns have the following properties. - They can be counted, for example 1 apple, 2 apples, ...etc. - They can be made plural. - They can take the indefinate article a/an. 2. Uncountable Nouns Uncountable nouns have the following properties. - They usually can't be counted, for example 1 money, 2 money, ...etc. - They usually can't be made plural. - They usually don't take the indefinate article a/an. Some is often used for plural nouns. For example: - I have some apples. - I have some food. This is covered later in more detail. Here are some common countable and uncountable nouns. Countable apple tree person dog kilo liter Uncountable time rice beef money information help

Countable nouns often refer to individual things, and physical things. For example: a person, a tree, a kilo. Uncountable nouns often refer to non-individual things, and abstract things. For example rice is not an individual thing, it's seen as group of hundreds of small grains. Love and sadness are abstract, not physical things. 3. Countable and Uncountable Nouns Some nouns can be countable and uncountable, depending on how they are used. For example: - Countable : A glass of milk. Here glass refers to one container made of glass. - Uncountable : You can see through glass. Here glass doesn't refer to one thing, it refers to glass as a substance. - Countable: He has many papers. Here papers refers to some of individual documents. - Uncountable: Paper is made from wood. Here paper is not an individual thing, but a general substance. ----Whether something is countable or uncountable takes time to learn and can only be achieved through longterm exposure to English. Also, what may seem logical in your own language may seem completely illogical in English! Learning a language involves learning another culture's point of view, and as always, the guidelines above should be used to help your own understanding rather than as hard and fast grammar rules. Good luck!

Unit 10 Dialogues - Articles Listen carefully to these examples. The first sentence is correct, and the other sentences are incorrect.

1. I play soccer and basketball. I like to study English but I don't like math. (Correct) I play a soccer and a basketball. I like to study a English but I don't like a math. (Incorrect) -----

2. My bedroom has a door and a window. (Correct) My bedroom has the door and the window. (Incorrect) Please open the door. (Correct) Please open door. (Incorrect) -----

3. Where do you live? I live in Chicago. (I live in a Chicago - Incorrect) And what do you do? I'm a vet. I help animals. ( I help an animals - Incorrect) -------Key Vocabulary

soccer basketball math bedroom door window please

open live Chicago vet help animal

Grammar 1. Articles Articles are a kind of adjective, they show how particular or how general a noun is. There are three kinds of article: the, a/an, and having no article, zero article. 2. A/An - Indefinite Article A is used for indefinite things. For example: - I have a book. I don't have a specific book, just any book in general. - She lives in a house. Again, the house is just a general house, not a particular house. A is also used only for singular countable nouns. For example: - A book, a chair, a person, a building, etc. An has the same meanng as a. A is used in front of words starting with a consonant sound, such as b, c, d, g, p. An is used in front of words that start with a vowel sound such as a, e, i, o, or u. For example: - a bear, a fox, a newspaper. - an apple, an egg, an umbrella. An can also be used before words starting with "h". Sometimes this is optional, for example: a hotel, or "an hotel". Here the "h" sound in hotel is pronounced. Occasionally this is not optional, for example: an honor, not a honor. The "h" sound in honor is not pronounced, so this word actually starts with the vowel sound "o". As a result, we need to use an. 2. The - Definite Article The is used for particular, definite things. For example: The is used for something already mentioned.particular, definite thing. For example: The is used for a particular, definite thing. For example: 3. Zero Article Zero article is generally for when something is seen as neither definite or indefinite, it simply exists. Zero article is used in front of plural countable nouns. For example: I like eggs. I like an eggs. Flowers are beautiful. A flowers are beautiful. Zero article is used in front of singular uncountable nouns. For example: I like milk. I like a milk. Soccer is fun. The soccer is fun. Zero article is used in front of proper nouns. For example: My name is Jeremy. My name is a Jeremy. I live in London. I live in a London. -----

These are guidelines not rules, and usage of all articles depends entirely on the current context and perspective of the speaker. Articles take a long time to master, especially if your native language does not have articles such as in Korean or Japanese. Try to understand what things are definite and what things are not from an English perspective, and as you experience more English your confidence and ability with articles will grow. Good luck!
Learn English- Online English Courses - Unit 11 Index

Unit 11 Dialogues - Plural Nouns

1. What's on your shopping list? 4 tomatoes, some carrots, 2 kilos of potatoes, 6 oranges, some cherries, 2 bottles of grape juice, a box of strawberries, 6 bottles of water, and some chicken. What about you? Er, 5 pizzas and some soda. Let's go to the supermarket together. You need help! -----

2. I need some new clothes. Me too, I need some trousers and shirts. I need shoes, a couple of scarves for winter, and two dresses. So let's go shopping this afternoon. Good idea! -----

3. What do we need for tonight? We need french fries, burgers, and some soda. How about some fruit and potato chips? OK, sounds great. --------

Grammar 1. Plural Nouns -s ending - Plurals are generally made by adding -s to the noun. For example: Cat - cats, tree - trees, building - buildings. There are a number of exceptions to this rule, here are some of the most common ones. -es ending: Nouns ending with -o, -s, -x, -z, -ch, and -sh usually add -es to the noun. For example: tomatoes, dresses, foxes, quizzes, watches, stashes. - ies ending: Nouns ending with a consonant + -y usually replace the -y with -ies. For example: country - countries, party - parties. - ves ending: Some nouns ending in -f replace the -f with -ves. For example: wife - wives, knife - knives, elf - elves. As always, memorizing these rules is probably less helpful and much less interesting than exposing yourself to real English usage and learning them at the same time. Time for some more exercises! >> - Next Page - Grammar Exercises - >> Unit 10 Dialogues - Articles Listen carefully to these examples. The first sentence is correct, and the other sentences are incorrect.

1. I play soccer and basketball. I like to study English but I don't like math. (Correct) I play a soccer and a basketball. I like to study a English but I don't like a math. (Incorrect) -----

2. My bedroom has a door and a window. (Correct) My bedroom has the door and the window. (Incorrect) Please open the door. (Correct) Please open door. (Incorrect) -----

3. Where do you live?

I live in Chicago. (I live in a Chicago - Incorrect) And what do you do? I'm a vet. I help animals. ( I help an animals - Incorrect) Grammar 1. Articles Articles are a kind of adjective, they show how particular or how general a noun is. There are three kinds of article: the, a/an, and having no article, zero article. 2. A/An - Indefinite Article A is used for indefinite things. For example: - I have a book. I don't have a specific book, just any book in general. - She lives in a house. Again, the house is just a general house, not a particular house. A is also used only for singular countable nouns. For example: - A book, a chair, a person, a building, etc. An has the same meanng as a. A is used in front of words starting with a consonant sound, such as b, c, d, g, p. An is used in front of words that start with a vowel sound such as a, e, i, o, or u. For example: - a bear, a fox, a newspaper. - an apple, an egg, an umbrella. An can also be used before words starting with "h". Sometimes this is optional, for example: a hotel, or "an hotel". Here the "h" sound in hotel is pronounced. Occasionally this is not optional, for example: an honor, not a honor. The "h" sound in honor is not pronounced, so this word actually starts with the vowel sound "o". As a result, we need to use an. 2. The - Definite Article The is used for particular, definite things. For example: The is used for something already mentioned.particular, definite thing. For example: The is used for a particular, definite thing. For example: 3. Zero Article Zero article is generally for when something is seen as neither definite or indefinite, it simply exists. Zero article is used in front of plural countable nouns. For example: I like eggs. I like an eggs. Flowers are beautiful. A flowers are beautiful.

Zero article is used in front of singular uncountable nouns. For example: I like milk. I like a milk. Soccer is fun. The soccer is fun. Zero article is used in front of proper nouns. For example: My name is Jeremy. My name is a Jeremy. I live in London. I live in a London. ----These are guidelines not rules, and usage of all articles depends entirely on the current context and perspective of the speaker. Articles take a long time to master, especially if your native language does not have articles such as in Korean or Japanese. Try to understand what things are definite and what things are not from an English perspective, and as you experience more English your confidence and ability with articles will grow. Good luck Unit 14 Dialogues - Much/Many/A Lot

1. We need to go shopping. I don't think so, we've got a lot of food here. We don't have much milk or bread, and we don't have much water. Oh, OK. Lets go shopping this evening. -----

2. How's your university? It's great. I have lots of friends and there are a lot of great professors. I don't have much money, but that's OK. Also I'm really busy these days, so I don't have much time. Are you enjoying it? Sure, it's going well. -----

3. How many students are in your class? We don't have many students, just eight. That's great! You can study a lot.

Right. And I can talk to the teacher a lot as well. That's good. Do you have many friends in your class? Yes, I go out with them a lot. -------1. Quantifiers - Much / Many / A Lot of Quantifiers are words that show how much there is of something - they show quantity. Much, many, and a lot of indicate a large quantity of something, for example "I have a lot of milk" means I have a large quantity of milk. Much Much is used with uncountable nouns, and is generally used in negative statements and questions. It's uncommon to use much in positive statements. For example: - I don't have much money. - Do you have much time? - "I have much time." This sounds unusual. Many Many is used with plural countable nouns, and is often used in negative statements and questions. It is also used in positive statements however. For example: - I don't have many apples. - Do you have many friends? - Many people come here in summer. Much and many can be used in affirmative statements, but give a more formal meaning. For example: - He has many good friends from Harvard University. Much and many often appear in short answers. For example: - Do you see your family much? - No, not much. A lot of A lot of is used with uncountable and countable nouns, and is generally used for affirmative statements. For example: - I have a lot of friends. - I have a lot of time. A lot of is also used in questions, especially when you expect a positive response. Although it is often said that much and many are used for questions, we usually use them for questions which expect a negative response. For example: - Do you want a lot of pizza? I expect you want to eat a lot. - Do you want much pizza? This sounds unusual, as though I expect you don't want to eat much. Lots of can be used in the same way as a lot of, often in informal speech. For example: - I have lots of time. - I have a lot of time. How much / many?

How much is used to ask about the price of something. For example: - How much is it? - How much is that dog in the window? How much and How many are used to ask about quantity. For example: - How much money do you have? - How many apples does he have? Unit 13 Dialogues - Some/Any

1. Do you have any coffee? No, I don't, but I've got some tea. Do you want some? Yes, please. Do you want a cookie too? Sure, I love cookies. -----

2. I'm really hungry. Let's eat. OK. I've got some chicken in the refridgerator, do you want some? Yea, that sounds great. I've also got some tacos in the cupboard, and there's an apple pie as well. Do you have any juice? Sure, it's over there. Help yourself. -----

3. It's Mum's birthday next week. Let's get her a present. OK. How about some perfume? Well, she doesn't have any. She doesn't use it. So how about some clothes or a watch?

That's a good idea, but I don't know her size. Let's just buy a gift voucher. Then she can choose her own present. Great idea! Grammar 1. Quantifiers - Some / Any Quantifiers are words that show how much there is of something - they show quantity. Numbers for example are also quantifiers. Some Some is used to show an indefinite quantity, the exact number is not important. It is used in affirmative statements, for example: - I have some books. - She wants some apples. Some is also in questions, but only when you think the answer wil be "Yes". For example: - Do you have some paper? (I hope the answer is "Yes") - Would you like some french fries? ( I expect the anwer is "Yes") Any Any is used in negative statements. For example: - I don't have any money. - There aren't any taxis near here. Any is also generally used in questions, especially when we expect the answer to be "No". for example: - Do you have any paper? (I expect the answer will probably be "No") - Is there any time to go to the doctor's? ( I think there probably isn't time). This can however look and sound awkward, so you can sometimes just use ' instead. For example with names: Thomas's book, Tess's house can also be Thomas' book, Tess' house. Some and any are often used like articles for plural nouns. A/an is used for singular countable nouns, and some/any can be used for plural noun, countable or uncountable. For example: I have a newspaper, some newspapers, and some money. "A newspaper" is a singular countable noun so uses a, "newspapers" is a plural countable nouns so uses some, and money is an uncountable noun so also uses some. ----As always it seems complicated especially the first time, but when you use grammar rather than just read about it it makes much more sense, and as you grow in experience and confidence you'll soon be learning to use English grammar well. On with the exercises! Unit 15 Dialogues - Few / Little

1. How's your job going?

It's great, now I save a little money every month. That's great. These days I can save little money, my apartment is expensive. Oh, that's too bad. -----

2. Are there any bookstores near here? Not really, there are few bookstores near here. So how do I buy books? There are a few bookstores in the center of town. Let's go together this afternoon. Thanks, that sounds great. -----

3. Do you like coffee? No, I drink little coffee, it doesn't taste very good. How about tea? Sure, I often drink a little tea. Do you want some? Yes, please! -------Grammar 1. Quantifiers - Few / Little / A Few / A Little THese quantifiers are used to show a small quantity of something, for example "I have a few books" means I have a small quantity of books. A Few A few is used with countable nouns to show a small quantity. It is used in affirmative statements, but not negatives. We generally use any or questions. For example: - I have a few books. - I don't have a few books This is incorrect. - I don't have any books

This is correct. - Do you have a few books? Sometimes this is possibe, but generally speaking we use any for questions, for example "Do you have any books?" Few There is an important difference between a few and few. Few without a is used to mean we don't have enough of something. For example: - She has few apples in the refridgerator. (She doesn't have enough apples). - She has a few apples in the refridgerator. (She has a small quantity of apples) Put another way, "a few" means "a small quantity", but "few" means "not a big quantity" For example: - A few friends came to my party. This is a positive idea, I'm happy a few people came./ - Few friends came to my party. This is a negative idea, I'm not happy because not many people came. Notice how "a few" focuses on how many people did come, but "few" focuses on how many didn't come. In sum, A few means a small quantity - few means not a big quantity A Little A little is used with uncountable nouns to show a small quantity. Again, it is generally used in affirmative statements, not negatives or questions. For example: - I have a little orange juice. Negatives and Questions use "any" as usual. - I don't have a little orange juice. This is incorrect. - I don't have any orange juice. This is correct - Do you have a little orange juice? Again, we generally use any for questions, for example "Do you have any orange juice?" Little As with few, there is also the same difference between a little and little. Little without a is used to mean we don't have enough of something. For example: - She has little for breakfast. (She doesn't eat enough for breakfast). - She has a little for breakfast. (She has a small quantity of food for breakfast). Unit 16 Dialogues - Possessives

1. Whose watch is this? Oh, it's mine. And whose pen is this? It's Tim's, I think. -----

2. Whose CDs are these? They're mine. Do you like them? Sure, I've got the same CDs at home. -----

3. Who lives in that house? Oh, that's the Jones' house. This is our house. Your house is really nice. Thanks. Is this your car? No that's not mine, it's my neighbor's. This is mine. -------Grammar 1. Possessives Possessives show who or what something belongs to - they show possession. Most nouns can be made possessive simply by adding 's. For example: - The restaurant's food is very good. - David Beckham's right foot is excellent. - You can eat an apple's skin. If the noun is plural and ends in "s", you add just '. For example: girls is plural and ends in "s" so:' - The girls' books are interesting. (The girls's books are interesting) children is plural but doesn't end in "s" so we just add 's as normal: - The children's boks are interesting. boss ends in "s" but is not plural, so again just add 's. - The boss's office is very big. This can however look and sound awkward, so you can sometimes just use ' instead. For example with names: Thomas's book, Tess's house can also be Thomas' book, Tess' house. The basic rule is; if the noun is plural and ends in "s" add ' - otherwise just add 's. 2. Possessive Adjectives Here are the possessive adjectives with example sentences. Notice that possessive adjectives come before the noun.

Possessive Adjective My Your (singular) Her His Our Your (plural) Their Its 3. Possessive Pronouns

Uncountable This is my book Your car looks great. Her watch is expensive. His house is on Chamber Street. Our dog is cute. Your friends are nice. This is their ball. The cat likes its food.

Here are the possessive pronouns with example sentences. Notice they never come before nouns. Possessive Pronoun My Your (singular) Her His Our Your (plural) Their Its Uncountable This book is mine. That car is yours. Theexpensive watch is hers. The house on Chamber Street is his. The cute dog is ours. Those friends are yours. This ball is theirs. --

There is no possessive pronoun for its, so you cannot say "The book is its". Also possessive pronouns often come at the end of sentences and are usually stressed. "This is my book" can be have a fairly factual meaning, but "This book is mine" stresses more strongly whose book it is. Now try and put it all into practice!

Unit 19 Dialogues - Have / Have got

1. What have you got? I've got a new jacket. How about you? I've got a some new T-shirts. -----

2. What do your friends look like? Greg's got brown hair, glasses and he's really tall. Cindy's got blond hair, blue eyes and she's slim.

Let's meet them together! -----

3. I've got a new apartment. That's great! What's it like? Well, it's got two bedrooms, a big living room and a bathroom. Has it got a nice view? Sure, you can see the ocean from my window. That's excellent. -------Grammar 1. Have - have got "Have" and "have got" are both used to show possession. For example: "I have a pen", and "I have got a pen" have the same meaning. Here are the main points when choosing which one to use. Have The Simple Present forms of have are as follows. Singular Affirmative I have a pen You have a pen She has a pen He has a pen It has a pen Negative I do not have a pen = I don't have a pen You do not have a pen = You don't have a pen She does not have a pen = She doesn't have a pen He does not have a pen = He doesn't have a pen It does not have a pen = It doesn't have a pen Questions Do I have a pen? Do you have a pen? Does she has a pen? We do not have a pen = We don't have a pen You do not have a pen = You don't have a pen They do not have a pen = They don't have a pen Plural Affirmative We have a pen You have a pen They have a pen

Negative

Questions Do we have a pen? Do you have a pen? Do they have a pen?

Does he has a pen? Does it have a pen? You make questions with have as normal by using the auxiliary verb "to do". For example: - Statement: You have a pen. - Question: Do you have a pen? - Have you a pen? This is generally incorrect, although occasionally found in British English. The verb have is often contracted in English, but when have is used for possession you cannot use a contraction, you should use have got instead (see below). For example: - I've a pen, He's a pen. These are incorrect. Do not and does not can of course still be contracted to don't and doesn't. For example: - He doesn't have a pen = He does not have a pen. The Simple Present forms of have got are as follows. Have got Singular Affirmative I have got a pen = I've got a pen You have got a pen = You've got a pen She has got a pen = She's got a pen He has got a pen = He's got a pen It has got a pen = It's got a pen Negative I have not got a pen = I haven't got a pen You have not got a pen = You haven't got a pen She has not got a pen = She hasn't got a pen He has not got a pen = He hasn't got a pen It has not got a pen = It hasn't got a pen Questions Have I got a pen? Have you got a pen? Has he got a pen? Has she got a pen? Has it got a pen? Affirmative statements can contract have got, for example: - I have got some food = I've got some food. - He has got some food = He's got some food. Negatives contract as follows: - I haven't got any food = I have not got any food. - She hasn't got any food = She has not got any food. ----Have got is a slightly unusual form because it is a perfect tense form, something which we haven't learnt yet and which will be covered later. Also, remember that the verb have is used in many ways, but the above is only for its use for We have not got a pen = We haven't got a pen You have not got a pen = You haven't got a pen They have not got a pen = They haven't got a pen We have got a pen = We've got a pen You have got a pen = You've got a pen They have got a pen = They've got a pen Plural

Have we got a pen? Have you got a pen? Have they got a pen?

possession. The lists above may seem rather laborious, but you will quickly learn to use these verbs when you apply them to some real English usage. So, on to the exercises! Grammar 1. Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that conjoin things - they connect sentences and parts of a sentence. This unit deals with five conjunctions: and, but, or, so and because. And And is oftne used to join nouns, for example: - I like spaghetti and pizza. And is also used to show time sequence, for example: - I ate spaghetti for lunch and pizza for dinner. But But is used to show an exception or conflict. For example: - I like spaghetti, but I don't like hamburgers. Or Or is used to show choice, for example: - You can eat spaghetti or pizza for dinner. So So is used to show the result of something. For example: - I like all Italian food, so I like pizza. So can also be used give additional information, for example: - I like Italian food, and so does my brother. Because Because is used to show the cause of something. For example: - I eat a lot of pizza because I like it. - I study English because I want a good job. ----There are many other specific usages of the above conjunctions, but they usually center around the main concepts outlined here. Now try using some conjunctions with the follwoing exercises. Grammar 1. Imperatives Imperatives are used to give orders or suggestions. For example: "Come here!" or "Have a cookie". Imperatives almost always have no subject, and the second person is usually implied as the subject instead. For example "Come here!" implies the subject "(you) Come here!".

Here are some of the situations you can use imperatives. Orders Close the door! - Stand up! - Sit down! - Open your books! Instructions To make a cup of coffee: - Boil some water - Put some coffee in a cup - Add some water - Drink the coffee. Directions To go to the bank Turn left at Orchard Street, and then go straight. Offers and Invitations - Have some tea - Come over to our house sometime. Let's The verb let is often used as an imperative to give strong suggestions. Let's is a contraction of let us. For example: - Let's go home! - Let's watch a movie 1. Be careful! Why? What's wrong? You're standing on my foot. Oh, sorry. -----

2. Hello everybody. Please sit down and open your books. Teacher, let's play a game! No, today we study. Open your books, and let's start! -----

3. Tyler, the kitchen is really dirty! Yea, I know. So do the dishes now! And vacuum the floor! Why don't you do it? I do it every day - now it's your turn. Oh, OK. You're right, it's my turn. Thanks. Your welcome. -------Unit 25 Dialogues - Comparatives / Superlatives

1. How's the weather in your country? The summer is much hotter than here, and the winter is also much colder. The best time is spring, it's beautiful! -----

2. Which restaurant do you like? Bella Rosa is good, they've got good food but it's expensive. McDonalds is cheaper, but it's really unhealthy. I think the Vietnamese restaurant is the best, it's the cheapest, the healthiest, and the most delicious! -----

3. How's your English going? Oh, it's much better these days. It's easier than before, and I know more words and I can speak more confidently. It's great. I'm really glad to hear it. Keep up the great work! --------

Grammar Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives show more or less of a particular attribute, they compare things. Comparatives are generally used for comparing two things, and superlatives are used for comparing three or more things. If it's clear what we are comparing to, then we can just use the comparative form on its own. For example: - I am faster. - She is older. Otherwise we use than before the thing we are comparing to. For example: I am faster than John. She is taller than me. Superlative forms don't use than and are always preceded by the definite article the. For example: - I am the tallest student in my school. Comparatives ----One-Syllable Adjectives To make a comparative from an adjective with one syllable, we add -er to the adjective, for example: - slow - slower - fast - faster - tall - taller - short - shorter To make a comparative from a one syllable adjective ending in -e, we just add -r. For example: - nice - nicer - large - larger If the one syllable adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we double the consonant. For example: - big - bigger - hot - hotter - thin - thinner Two-Syllable Adjectives If the adjective has two or more syllables, we add more before the adjective. For example: This book is more expensive than that book. This picture is more beautiful. However there are many exceptions to this one/two-sylllable rule. Some two-syllable words behave like one-syllable ones: For example: This is easier - Correct This is more easy - Incorrect. This is simpler - Correct This is more simple - Incorrect And some adjectives can use both comparatives forms: For example - clever - cleverer - more clever: These are all correct. - quiet - quieter - more quiet: These are all correct. Exceptions cannot be learnt through rules, the best way to learn them is simply to pick them up case by case. Superlatives -----

One-Syllable Adjectives To make a superlative from an adjective with one syllable, we add -est to the adjective, for example: - slow - slowest - fast - fastest - tall - tallestr - short - shortest To make a superlative from a one syllable adjective ending in -e, we just add -st. For example: - nice - nicest - large - largest If the one syllable adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we double the consonant. For example: - big - biggest - hot - hottest - thin - thinnest Two-Syllable Adjectives If the adjective has two or more syllables, we add most before the adjective. For example: This book is the most expensive book. This picture is the most beautiful picture in the museum. Irregular Forms There are a few irregular forms. Below gives the adjective, comparative, and superlative forms. good - better - best bad - worse - worst far - farther - farthest far - further - furthest little - less - least much/many - more - most For example: You are the best student in the world! I am far from home, he is further from home, but he is the furthest from home. ----Grammar Prepositions of Time Prepositions of time show the time something happens. For example: "I get up at 7.00" shows the time I get up. Some of the most common prepositions of time are: in, on, at, from, to. In In is used for morning, afternoon, and evening. For example: - I study Japanese in the afternoon. - He gets up early in the morning. In is also used for other periods of time, including months, seasons, years, centuries, and ages. For example: - My birthday is in March.

- The Portuguese came to Japan in 1542. - Flowers grow in spring. On On is almost always used for some kind of day. For example: - My birthday is on March 29th. - I go to church on Sunday. - We visit my family on New Year's Day. Compare: He gets up early in the morning. But: He gets up early on Monday morning. At At is used for a particular time. For example: - I study Spanish at 2.00. - He gets up at 7.30. - I come home at lunchtime. At is also used for used for night. Compare: I sleep in the afternoon. But: I sleep at night. From - to From and to are used to show the start and end of a defined period of time. For example: - I work from 9.00 to 5.00. - Our vacation is from January 5th to February 1st. ----Click below for exercises using prepositions of time . What are you doing at the weekend? On Saturday I'm meeting my friends at 2.00, and in the evening I'm watching a movie. On Sunday I'm not busy, so maybe we can go out together. That sounds great! -----

2. I'm so busy these days! How come? I get up at 6.30 in the morning, and I finish work at 8.00 in the evening. It's a really long day. You're so busy! I know. My boss wants our project finished in March, so we're working really hard.

I think you need a holiday. Well, in the summer I have three weeks holiday. I can't wait! -----

3. Hello, this is doctor Watson's clinic. How can I help you? Hello, this is Tyler Saunders. I'd like to make an appointment. OK, Mr. Saunders. How about on Tuesday at 3.30? I'm busy all day on Tuesday. Is Friday OK? Well, the doctor can see you in the morning at 9.30. 9.30 on Friday is fine. Very good, Mr Saunders. We look forward to seeing you. Thankyou, good bye. Goodbye. 1. What do you do at the weekend? I always go out on Saturday. Sometimes I go to a restaurant, and sometimes I watch a movie. I never go to concerts, but I often go to my friend's house. I always have a good time! -----

2. What kind of person are you? Well, I'm friendly and outgoing, and I'm usually very happy. I don't often complain, and I never shout or get really angry. How about you? I'm friendly too, and I'm a little shy. I'm always happy, but sometimes I'm very busy. I always try to have a happy face. Me too! -----

3. What are some customs in your country?

We always bow to people we meet, and we never joke about people's names. That's good. Here we never ask about people's salary, it's rude. Also we usually aren't late for meetings. That's good too! ---Grammar Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of frequency show how often something happens. For example: "I always brush my teeth" means I brush my teeth every day. Here are some common adverbs of frequency. Adverb Always - He always eats breakfast. Usually - He usually eats breakfast. Often - He often eats breakfast. Sometimes - He sometimes eats breakfast. Never - He never eats breakfast. For infrequent events we can use: Don't usually - He doesn't usually eat breakfast. 20% Affirmative/Negative Frequency Adverbs Affirmative frequency adverbs can be made negative, for example: - I don't always eat rice for breakfast. - He doesn't usually come home late. Negative frequency adverbs can't be made negative: for example: - I don't never eat rice for breakfast - This is incorrect Adverb Position Adverb position varies greatly in English. However as a general rule, adverbs of frequency come before the main verb. For example: These are correct: "sometimes" comes before the main verb "play" - We sometimes play sports. - We don't often play sports. These are incorrect: - We play sometimes sports. - We don't play often sports. Other positions are also possible, for example: - We play sports sometimes. Here the adverb is in the end position. - Sometimes we come home late. The beginning positon is possible, especially when adding emphasis Frequency 100% 80% 60% 40%-50% 0%

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