Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

8 More about Trigonometry (I)

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Activity
2. (a) (−x, y)
(b) 180° − θ
Activity 8.1 (p. 116)
y
Angle θ lies in 3. sin ∠AOQ = y, cos ∠AOQ = −x, tan ∠AOQ = −
x
Quadrant I Quadrant II Quadrant III Quadrant IV
4. sin (180° – θ) = sin θ
Sign of x positive negative negative positive
Sign of y positive positive negative negative
Sign of r positive positive positive positive 5. cos (180° – θ) = −cos θ, tan (180° – θ) = −tan θ
Sign of sin θ positive positive negative negative
Sign of cos θ positive negative negative positive Follow-up Exercise
Sign of tan θ positive negative positive negative

1. I and II 2. I and IV 3. I and III p. 112

(a)
Activity 8.2 (p. 122)

1. θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°

sin θ 0.000 0.500 0.875 1.000 0.875 0.500 0.000

θ 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°

sin θ –0.500 –0.875 –1.000 –0.875 –0.500 0.000
θ lies in quadrant III.
2.
(b)

θ lies in quadrant II.

(c)

θ lies in quadrant IV.

3. 1. The graph of y = sin θ for 180° ≤ θ ≤ 360° can
be obtained by inverting the graph of y = sin θ (d)
for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180° .
2. The maximum value of sin θ = 1; the minimum
value of sin θ = −1.

Activity 8.3 (p. 142)

y
1. sin θ = y, cos θ = x, tan θ =
x

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 8 More about Trigonometry (I)

θ lies in quadrant II.

2
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

(e) By definition, we have

y 21
sin θ = = −
r 29
∴ x 20
cos θ = =−
r 29
y 21
tan θ = =
x 20

θ lies in quadrant III. 4. ∵ x = 1, y = −2

r = OP
(f) ∴
= 12 + (−2) 2
= 5
By definition, we have
y 2  
sin θ = =−  or − 2 5 
r 5  5 

∴ x 1  5 
cos θ = =  or
r 5  5 
θ lies in quadrant I. 
y
p. 114 tan θ = = −2
x
1. ∵ x = 5, y = 12
r = OP p. 119
∴
= 5 + 12
2 2 1. (a) ∵ 200° lies in quadrant III and the sine ratio is
negative in this quadrant.
= 13
∴ sin 200° is negative.
By definition, we have
(b) ∵ 340° lies in quadrant IV and the tangent
y 12
sin θ = = ratio is negative in this quadrant.
r 13
∴ tan 340° is negative.
∴ x 5 (c) ∵ 380° lies in quadrant I and the cosine ratio
cos θ = =
r 13 is positive in this quadrant.
y 12 ∴ cos 380° is positive.
tan θ = = (d) ∵ 150° lies in quadrant II and the cosine ratio
x 5
is negative in this quadrant.
∴ cos 150° is negative.
2. ∵ x = −1, y = 3 (e) ∵ 240° lies in quadrant III and the cosine ratio
r = OP is negative in this quadrant.
∴ ∴ cos 240° is negative.
= ( −1) 2 + 32
(f) ∵ 500° lies in quadrant II and the tangent
= 10 ratio is negative in this quadrant.
By definition, we have ∴ tan 500° is negative.negative (b)
y 3  3 10  negative
sin θ = =  or
r  10  (c) positive (d) negative
10  (e) negative (f) negative
∴ x 1  
cos θ = =−  or − 10  2. 2. (a) ∵ sin θ < 0
r 10  10 
 ∴ θ lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.III and
y IV
tan θ = = −3
x (b) ∵ cos θ > 0
∴ θ lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.
3. ∵ x = −20, y = −21 (c) ∵ tan θ < 0
r = OP ∴ θ lies in quadrant II or quadrant IV.
∴ (d) ∵ sin θ > 0
= ( −20) 2 + ( −21) 2
∴ θ lies in quadrant I or quadrant II.
= 29 (e) ∵ cos θ < 0
∴ θ lies in quadrant II or quadrant III.
∵ tan θ > 0
∴ θ lies in quadrant I or quadrant III.
∴ θ must lie in quadrant III.

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 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

(b) I and IV ∴ Yes, the period of y = −cos 2x is a periodic

(c) II and IV (d) I and II function with period s 180°.
(e) III
3. (a) ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
8 y = 3(1)
3. ∵ tan θ = >0 ∴ The maximum value of
15
=3
∴ θ lies in quadrant I or quandrant III.
∵ sin θ < 0 y = 3( −1)
The minimum value of
∴ θ lies in quadrant III or quandrant IV. = −3
∴ Combining the above results, θ must lies in
quadrant III.

8
∵ tan θ =
15
∴ P(−15, −8) is a point on the terminal side of θ.
OP = r
= (−15) 2 + ( −8) 2
= 17
8 15
∴ sin θ = − , cos θ = −
17 17

p. 130
1. (a) From the graph, the maximum and minimum
values of y = 2 y are 2 and –2 respectively.

, the minimum value of y = −2

(b) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 120°.

∴ TFrom the graph, the period of the function

y = f(x) is 120°.

2. (a)

(b) From the graph, the maximum and minimum

values of y are 1 and –1 respectively.

the minimum value of y = −1

(c) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 180°.

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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

(b) ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
∴ y = 2(1) − 1
The maximum value of
=1
y = 2( −1) − 1
The minimum value of
= −3

(c) ∵ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
1
y=
∴ The maximum value of 4(−1) + 5
=1
1
y=
The minimum value of 4(1) + 5
1
=
9

p. 133
(a) (iii) (b) (i)
(c) (iv) (d) (ii)

p. 139
1.

(a) The corresponding pair of simultaneous

1
equations for solving cos x = − are
2
 y = cos x

 1 .
y = − 2

1
Draw the straight line y = − on the graph of y
2
= cos x.
1
From the graph, the solutions of cos x = − for
2
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 120° or 240°.

(b) The corresponding pair of simultaneous

 y = cos x
equations for solving cos x = −1 are  .
 y = −1
Draw the straight line y = −1 on the graph of
y = cos x.
From the graph, the solution of
cos x = −1 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° is x = 180°.

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 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

2. tan 135° = tan (180° − 45°)

2. (a) = − tan 45°
= −1

sin 405° = sin (360° + 45°)

= sin 45°
(b)
2
=
2

The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for

cos 300° = cos (360° − 60°)
 y = tan x
1  (c) = cos 60°
solving tan x = are  1 .
2 y = 2 =
1

2
1
Draw the straight line y = on the graph of
2
cos (360° − θ )
y = tan x. 3. (a) ⋅ tan (180° − θ )
1 sin (180° + θ )
From the graph, the solutions of tan x = for cos θ
2 = ⋅ (− tan θ )
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 27° or 207°. − sin θ
cos θ sin θ
= ⋅
3. sin θ cos θ
=1

sin (360° − θ ) ⋅ tan θ + cos (180° − θ ) ⋅

(b) 1
tan (180° + θ )
sin θ  −cos θ 
= −sin θ ⋅ + 
cos θ  tan θ 
sin 2θ cos 2θ
The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for =− −
cos θ sin θ
 y = sin 3 x
solving sin 3x = sin x are  .
 y = sin x p. 149
Draw the graph of y = sin x on the graph of y = sin 3x. sin θ = −sin 20°
1.
<0
From the graph, the solutions of sin 3x = sin x for
∴ θ = 180° + 20° or 360° − 20°
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 0°, 45°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 315°
θ = 200° or 340°
or 360°.

p. 146 2. tan θ = tan 38°

tan 220° = tan (180° + 40°) >0
1. (a)
= tan 40° ∴ θ = 38° or 180° + 38°
θ = 38° or 218°
cos 110° = cos (180° − 70°)
(b)
= − cos 70° 3. cos θ = −cos 62°
<0
∴ θ = 180° − 62° or 180° + 62°
sin 320° = sin (360° − 40°) θ = 118° or 242°
(c)
= − sin 40°
2
4. ∵ sin θ = −
sin 500° = sin (360° + 140°) 2
= sin 140° sin θ = −sin 45°
(d) ∴
= sin (180° − 40°) θ = 180° + 45° or 360° − 45°
∴ θ = 225° or 315°
= sin 40°

6
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

1 2 sin 2 x − cos x = −1
5. ∵ tan θ =
3 2(1 − cos 2 x) − cos x = −1
tan θ = tan 30° 3.
2 − 2 cos 2 x − cos x = −1
∴ θ = 30° or 180° + 30°
2 cos 2 x + cos x − 3 = 0
∴ θ = 30° or 210°
(cos x − 1)(2 cos x + 3) = 0
3
1 cos x = 1 or cos x = − (rejected)
6. ∵ cos θ =− 2
3 When cos x = 1,
cos θ = −cos 70.5° x = 0° or 360°
∴ θ = 180° − 70.5° or 180° + 70.5°
∴ θ = 109.5° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or 250.5° (cor. to 1 d.p.) 2 cos 2 x = 3 sin x
4. 2(1 − sin 2 x) = 3 sin x
cos θ = −cos 70.5° 2 sin 2 x + 3 sin x − 2 = 0
θ = 180° − 70.5° or 180° + 70.5° ( 2 sin x − 1)(sin x + 2) = 0
θ = 109.5° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or 250.5° (cor. to 1 d.p.) 1
∴ sin x = or sin x = −2 (rejected)
2

p. 151
3 sin x + 2 cos x = sin x + 3 cos x
2 sin x = cos x
1
1. tan x =
2
tan x = tan 26.6°
x = 26.6° or 180° + 26.6°
∴
x = 26.6° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or 206.6° (cor. to 1 d.p.)
or 180° + 26.6°

or 206.6° (cor. to 1 d.p.)

2. 2 sin 2 x + sin x = 0
sin x(2 sin x + 1) = 0
1
sin x = 0 or sin x = −
2
When sin x = 0,
x = 0°, 180° or 360°
1
sin x = − ,
2
When sin x = −sin 30°
x = 180° + 30° or 360° − 30°
x = 210° or 330°
∴ x = 0°, 180°, 210°, 330° or 360°

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 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

1 AD
When sin x = , tan ∠DBA =
2 AB
sin x = sin 30° 10 m
tan 30° =
x = 30° or 180° − 30° a
x = 30° or 150° 10
(b) a= m
tan 30°
10
= m
1
Exercise 3
= 10 3 m
Exercise 8A (p. 107)
Level 1 BD = AD 2 + AB 2
2
(Pyth. theorem)
AC
cos θ = BD = 10 2 + (10 3 ) 2 m
AB
1. (a) 4 = 20 m
= BD
5 cos ∠CBD =
θ = 36.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) BC
20 m
cos 45° =
b
AC
sin ∠B = 20
AB b= m
cos 45°
(b) x
sin 50° = 20
6 cm = m
1
x = 6 sin 50° cm
2
= 4.60 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 20 2 m
BC
tan ∠A =
AC
9m 3. ∵ sin 2θ + cos 2θ = 1
(c) tan 74° =
y cos θ = 1 − sin 2θ
9 2
y= m 4
tan 74° = 1−  
= 2.58 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 5
16
= 1−
AC 25
sin ∠B =
AB 9
=
x 25
sin 30° =
2. (a) 8m ∴ 3
=
x = 8 sin 30° m 5
 1 sin θ
= 8×  m tan θ =
 2 cos θ
=4m 4

tan ∠D =
AC = 5
3
AD
5
x
tan 60° = 4
y =
3
4m
=
y
4
y= m
tan 60°
4  4 3 
= m  or m
3  3 
 

8
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

4. ∵ sin 2θ + cos 2θ = 1 7 tan 2 (90° − θ ) 7

=
sin θ = 1 − cos 2θ cos 2θ tan 2θ cos 2 θ
7
2
7. (a) =
 3 sin θ
2
= 1−   ⋅ cos 2θ
7 cos 2θ
40 7
= =
49 sin 2θ

2 10
=  tan θ sin θ 
∴ 7 (b) cos θ  − 
sin θ  sin θ tan θ 
tan θ =
cos θ  sin θ 1 cos θ 
= cos θ  × − sin θ × 
2 10  cos θ sin θ sin θ 
 1 
= 7 = cos θ  − cos θ 
3  cos θ 
7 = 1 − cos 2θ
2 10 = sin 2θ
=
3

cos 2 63° + cos 2 27° = cos 2 63° + sin 2 (90° − 27°)

1 8. (a)
5. ∵ tan θ = = cos 2 63° + sin 2 63°
11
sin θ 1 =1
=
cos θ 11
sin θ = 11 cos θ 8
(b) 1−
∴ sin θ = (11 cos θ )
2 2 tan 314° tan 3 76°
8
sin 2θ = 121 cos 2θ = 1−
tan 3 (90° − 76°) tan 3 76°
1 − cos 2θ = 121 cos 2θ
8
1 = 1−
cos 2θ = tan 3 76°
122
tan 3 76°
1  
∴ cos θ =  or 122  = −7
122   122 

∵ sin θ = 11 cos θ Level 2
1 9.
sin θ = 11×
∴ 122
11  11 122 
=  or 
122  122 
 

cos (θ − 46°) = sin 56°

6. (a) cos (θ − 46°) = sin (90° − 34°)
cos (θ − 46°) = cos 34°
∴ θ − 46° = 34°
θ = 80° Construct the traingle ABC as shown.
AB
tan ∠C =
tan 25° tan (32° + θ ) = 1 BC
1 AB
tan (32° + θ ) = tan 60° =
tan 25° 12 cm
(b) tan (32° + θ ) = tan (90° − 25°) AB = 12 tan 60° cm
tan (32° + θ ) = tan 65° = 12 3 cm
∴ 32° + θ = 65° 1
=
× BC × AB
θ = 33° 2
∴ Area of △ABC  1 
=  ×12 ×12 3  cm 2
 2 
= 72 3 cm 2

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 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

1
=
× BC × AM
x 2
sin 30° =
50 cm 1 20  2
x = 50 sin 30° cm ∴ Area of △ABC =  × 40 ×  cm
10. (a) 2 3 
 1
=  50 ×  cm 400  400 3 
 2 = cm 2  or cm 2 
3  3 
= 25 cm  

x x
y= + BC
tan 30° tan 45° 12. sin ∠A =
AB
 
  4 ×13
 25 25  sin θ =
= +  cm 104
1 1
  1
 3  =
2
= 25(1 + 3 ) cm ∴ θ = 30°

6 cm α + β = 90°
cos 60° = 13. ∵
p ∴ β = 90° − α
6 sin 2 β (sin α cos β + sin β cos α )
p= cm
(b) cos 60° 1 − sin 2α
6 sin (90° − α )[sin α cos (90° − α ) + sin (90° − α ) cos α ]
2
= cm =
1 1 − sin 2α
2 cos α (sin α + cos α )
2 2 2

= 12 cm =
cos 2α
q + 6 cm =1
sin 60° =
p
q + 6 cm = 12 sin 60° cm  1 
14. (a) sin 2θ 1 + 2 
− cos2θ
  3   tan θ 
q = 12  − 6 cm
  2   = sin 2θ + sin 2θ ×
cos 2θ
− cos 2θ
sin 2θ
= 6( 3 − 1) cm
= sin 2θ

11.
(b) tan 2 (90° − θ )(cos θ + 1)(cos θ − 1)
cos 2θ − 1
=
tan 2θ
cos 2θ
= −sin 2θ ⋅
sin 2θ
= − cos θ
2

Draw AM ⊥ BC.
Obviously, △ABM ≅ △ACM.
∴ BM = MC = 20 cm (corr. sides, ≅ △s) sin 2θ + cos 2θ = 1
AM ∴ sin θ = 1 − cos 2θ
tan ∠B =
BM 2
15. (a) ∵ 7
AM = 1−  
tan 30° =
BM 9
AM = 20 tan 30° cm 4 2
=
20 9
= cm
3

10
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

sin θ y 5
tan θ = sin θ = =−
cos θ r 13
4 2 x 12
cos θ = =−
= 9 r 13
7
y −5 5
9 tan θ = = =
x − 12 12
4 2
=
7
4. ∵ x = 2, y = −6
r = OP
63 (cos 2θ − sin 2θ )
(b) ∴ = 2 2 + ( −6) 2
16 tan 2 (90° − θ )
= 40
63 (cos 2θ − sin 2θ ) tan 2θ
= = 2 10
16
 2
 2 By definition, we have
63  7   4 2    4 2 
2

= ×   − ×  y −6 3
sin θ = = =−  
16  9   9    7 
 r 2 10 10  or − 3 10 
   10 
 
34 x 2 1
= cos θ = = =  
63 r 2 10 10  or 10 
 10 
y −6 
Exercise 8B (p. 120) tan θ = = = −3
x 2
Level 1
1. ∵ x = 6, y = 8
sin 180° + cos 180° + tan 180° = 0 + (−1) + 0
r = OP 5.
∴ = −1
= 62 + 82
= 10
3
By definition, we have 6. − tan 270° − sin 60° + cos 180° = − tan 270° − −1
y 8 4 2
sin θ = = = ∵ tan 270° is undefined.
r 10 5
∴ The whole expression is undefined.
x 6 3
cos θ = = =
r 10 5 cos 2 270° − sin 2 270° = 0 2 − ( −1) 2
7.
y 8 4 = −1
tan θ = = =
x 6 3 2
cos 90° 0  2 
− sin 2 45° = −
2. ∵ x = −2, y = 3 8. sin 270° − 1  2 
r = OP 1
=−
∴ 2
= ( −2) 2 + 32
= 13
9.
By definition, we have
y 3  3 13 
sin θ = =  or 
r 13  13 
 
x 2  
cos θ = =−  or − 2 13 
r 13  13 

y 3
tan θ = =− 11
x 2 ∵ tan θ = and θ lies in quadrant III.
60
∴ P(−60, −11) is a point on the terminal side of θ.
3. ∵ x = −12, y = −5
OP = r
r = OP
∴ = ( −60) 2 + ( −11) 2
= ( −12) 2 + ( −5) 2
= 61
= 13
11 60
By definition, we have ∴ sin θ = − , cos θ = −
61 61

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 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

10. x = − r2 − y2
∴
= − 32 − (−2) 2
=− 5
5 −2 2  2 5
∴ cos θ = − , tan θ = =  or 
3 − 5 5  5 


112 13.
∵ tan θ = − and θ lies in quadrant II.
15
∴ P(−15, 112) is a point on the terminal side of θ.
OP = r
= ( −15) 2 + 112 2
= 113
112 15
∴ sin θ = , cos θ = −
113 113
1
∵ cos θ = and 270° < θ < 360°
11. 4
∴ θ lies in quadrant IV.
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ and
OP = r.
From the definition of the cosine ratio, we may let
r = 4 and x = 1.
Since θ lies in quadrant IV, y < 0.
y = − r 2 − x2
12 ∴
∵ sin θ = and θ lies in quadrant II. = − 42 − 12
13
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ and = − 15
OP = r. 15
From the definition of the sine ratio, we may let ∴ sin θ = − , tan θ = − 15
r = 13 and y = 12. 4
Since θ lies in quadrant II, x < 0.
x = − r2 − y2 14. ∵ cos θ tan θ < 0
∴ ∴ cos θ > 0 and tan θ < 0 or cos θ < 0 and
= − 132 − 12 2 tan θ > 0
= −5 For cos θ > 0 and tan θ < 0, θ lies in quadrant IV.
5 12 For cos θ < 0 and tan θ > 0, θ lies in quadrant III.
∴ cos θ = − , tan θ = −
13 5 ∴ θ lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.

sin θ + cos θ = 1
12.
15. (sin θ + cos θ ) 2 = 12
sin 2θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2θ = 1
2 sin θ cos θ = 0
∴ sin θ = 0 or cos θ = 0
∴ θ = 90°, 270°, 
θ = 0°, 180°, 360°,  or
When θ = 0°,
sin θ + cos θ = sin 0° + cos 0°
2 = 0 +1
∵ sin θ = − and 180° < θ < 270°
3
=1
∴ θ lies in quadrant III.
When θ = 90°,
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ and sin θ + cos θ = sin 90° + cos 90°
OP = r.
From the definition of the sine ratio, we may let = 1+ 0
r = 3 and y = −2. =1
Since θ lies in quadrant III, x < 0. When θ = 180°,
sin θ + cos θ = sin 180° + cos 180°
= 0 + ( −1)
= −1

12
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

When θ = 270°,
sin θ + cos θ = sin 270° + cos 270°
= −1 + 0
= −1
When θ = 360°,
sin θ + cos θ = sin 360° + cos 360°
= 0 +1
=1
∴ θ = 0°, 90°, 360°, … are solutions of sin θ +
cos θ = 1.

Level 2
sin 90° sin 270° cos 180° = 1 × ( −1) × ( −1)
16.
=1

sin 2 90° + cos 270° 12 + 0

17. =
sin 3 270° ( −1)3
= −1

18. ( tan 180° + sin 90°) 2 ⋅ (sin 270° − cos 0°)

= (0 + 1) 2 ⋅ ( −1 − 1)
= −2

19. (cos 270° − sin 2 270°)3 ⋅ ( tan 45° − cos3 180°)3

= [0 − ( −1) 2 ]3 ⋅ [1 − (−1)3 ]3
= ( −1) ⋅ 8
= −8

20.

8
∵ sin θ = − and tan θ < 0
17
∴ θ lies in quadrant IV.
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ and
OP = r.
From the definition of the sine ratio, we may let
r = 17 and y = −8.
Since θ lies in quadrant IV, x > 0.
x = r 2 − y2
∴
= 17 2 − (−8) 2
= 15
15 8
∴ cos θ = , tan θ = −
17 15

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 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

21.
4
∵ sin θ = and cos θ < 0
5
∴ θ lies in quadrant II.
Let P(x, y) is a point on the terminal side of θ and
OP = r.
From the definition of the sine ratio, we may let
r = 5 and y = 4.
12 Since θ lies in quadrant II, x < 0.
∵ cos θ = − and tan θ > 0
37 x = − r 2 − y2
∴
∴ θ lies in quadrant III.
= − 52 − 4 2
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ and
OP = r. = −3
From the definition of the cosine ratio, we may let 3 4
cos θ = − , tan θ = −
r = 37 and x = −12. 5 3
Since θ lies in quadrant III, y < 0. 4  3
tan θ + 2 cos θ = − + 2 − 
y=− r −x 2 2
∴ 3  5
∴ 38
= − 37 2 − ( −12) 2 =−
15
= −35
35 −35 35
∴ sin θ = − , tan θ = = 24.
37 − 12 12

22.

5
∵ tan θ = −
3
55 ∴ θ lies in quadrant II or quadrant IV.
∵ tan θ = >0 ∵ cos θ > 0
48
∴ θ lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.
∴ θ lies in quadrant I or quadrant III.
∴ θ must lie in quadrant IV.
∵ sin θ < 0
5
∴ θ lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV. ∵ tan θ = −
∴ θ must lie in quadrant III. 3
55 ∴ P(3, −5) is a point on the terminal side of θ .
∵ tan θ = OP = r
48
∴ P(−48, −55) is a point on the terminal side of θ. = 32 + (−5) 2
OP =r
= 34
= ( −48) 2 + (−55) 2 5 3
sin θ = − , cos θ =
= 73 34 34
55 48 5 3
sin θ = − , cos θ = − sin θ + cos θ = − +
73 73 34 34
∴
 55  48   
2 sin θ cos θ = 2 −  −  2  or − 34 
 73  73  =−
∴ 34  17 

5280
=
5329
1
25. ∵ cos θ =
4
23.
∴ θ lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ and
OP = r.
From the definition of the cosine ratio, we may let
r = 4 and x = 1.

14
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

Case 1: θ lies in quadrant I y = r 2 − x2

Since θ lies in quadrant I, y > 0. ∴
= ( 13 ) 2 − 32
=2
2
∴ tan θ =
3

Case 2: θ lies in quadrant IV

Since θ lies in quadrant IV, y < 0.

y = r 2 − x2
∴
= 4 2 − 12
= 15
15
∴ sin θ =
4

Case 2: θ lies in quadrant IV y = − r 2 − x2

∴
Since θ lies in quadrant IV, y < 0.
= − ( 13 ) 2 − 32
= −2

2
∴ tan θ = −
3

3
27. ∵ sin θ =
y =− r −x2 2 8
∴ ∴ θ lies in quadrant I or quadrant II.
= − 4 2 − 12
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ and
= − 15 OP = r.
From the definition of the sine ratio, we may let
r = 8 and y = 3.
Case 1: θ lies in quadrant I
15 Since θ lies in quadrant I, x > 0.
∴ sin θ = −
4

3
26. ∵ cos θ =
13
∴ θ lies in quadrant I or quadrant IV.
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ and
OP = r.
From the definition of the cosine ratio, we may let
r = 13 and x = 3. x = r 2 − y2
∴
Case 1: θ lies in quadrant I = 82 − 32
Since θ lies in quadrant I, y > 0.
= 55
55
∴ cos θ =
8

Case 2: θ lies in quadrant II

Since θ lies in quadrant II, x < 0.

15
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

x = − r 2 − y2
∴
= − 82 − 32
= − 55

55
∴ cos θ = −
8

Exercise 8C (p. 134)

Level 1
1.

2.

3. ∵ The graph repeats itself every 60°.

∴ The period of the function is 60°.

4. ∵ The graph repeats itself every 180°.

∴ The period of the function is 180°.

5. ∵ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
y = 2 + (1)
∴ The maximum value of
=3
y = 2 + ( −1)
The minimum value of
=1

6. ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
y = 5 − (−1)
∴ The maximum value of
=6
y = 5 − (1)
The minimum value of
=4

16
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

7. ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
1
y = 3+ (1)
∴ The maximum value of 4
1
=3
4
1
y = 3+ ( −1)
The minimum value of 4
3
=2
4

8. ∵ −1 ≤ sin 2 x ≤ 1
y = 3(1)
∴ The maximum value of
=3
y = 3( −1)
The minimum value of
= −3

9.

(or any other reasonable sketch)

5 3
10. Take y = cos x + .
2 2
∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
5 3
∴ The maximum value of y = 2 (1) + 2
=4
5 3
The minimum value of y = 2 ( −1) + 2
=1
5 3
∴ The function y = cos x + has its maximum
2 2
and minimum values equal to 4 and −1
respectively.
(or any other reasonable answers)

17
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

Level 2
(b) From the graph, the maximum and minimum
11. 1 3
values of the function are − and −
2 2
respectively.

(c) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 180°.

1
∴ y = cos 2 x − 1 is a periodic function
2
with period 180°.

15. (a)

12.

(b) From the graph, the maximum and minimum

values of the function are 3 and 1 respectively.

(c) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 720°.

13. (a) x
∴ y = sin + 2 is a periodic function with
2
period 720°.

16. ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
3
y=
∴ 2( −1) + 7
The maximum value of
3
=
5
3
y=
The minimum value of 2(1) + 7
1
=
3

17. ∵ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
(b) From the graph, the maximum and minimum 2
values of the function are 2 and –2 respectively. y=
∴ The maximum value of 3( −1) + 4
(c) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 120°. =2
∴ y = 2 cos 3 x is a periodic function with 2
y=
period 120°. 3(1) + 4
The minimum value of
2
14. (a) =
7

18. ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
∴  0 ≤ cos 2 x ≤ 1

18
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

2 2.
y= (1)
∴ The maximum value of 3
2
=
3
2
y= (0)
The minimum value of 3
=0

19. ∵ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
∴   0 ≤ sin 2 x ≤ 1
1
y=
∴ The maximum value of 2 + 3(0)
(a) The corresponding pair of simultaneous
1 equations for solving cos 2 x = 0.5 are
=
2
 y = cos 2 x
1  .
y=  y = 0.5
The minimum value of 2 + 3(1) Draw the straight line y = 0.5 on the graph of
1 y = cos 2 x .
=
5 From the graph, the solutions of cos 2 x = 0.5 for
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 30° , 150° , 210° or
Exercise 8D (p. 140) 330° .
Level 1
(b) The corresponding pair of simultaneous
1. The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for
equations for solving cos 2 x = −1 are
 y = tan x
solving tan x = 1 are  .  y = cos 2 x
y = 1  .
 y = −1
Draw the straight line y = 1 on the graph of y = tan x
Draw the straight line y = −1 on the graph of
.
y = cos 2 x .
From the graph, the solutions of cos 2 x = −1 for
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 90° or 270° .

2 sin 2 x + 1 = 0
3.
1
sin 2 x = −
2
∴ The corresponding pair of simultaneous
1
equations for solving sin 2 x = − are
2
 y = sin 2 x
 .
 y = −0.5
Draw the straight line y = −0.5 on the graph of
y = sin 2 x .

From the graph, the solutions of tan x = 1 for

0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 45° or 225° .

From the graph, the solutions of 2 sin 2 x + 1 = 0 for

0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 105° , 165° , 285° or 345° .

19
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

sin x + 3 cos x − 1 = 0
4.
sin x + 3 cos x = 1
∴ The corresponding pair of simultaneous
equations for solving sin x + 3 cos x = 1 are
 y = sin x + 3 cos x
 .
 y = 1
Draw the straight line y = 1 on the graph of
y = sin x + 3 cos x .

1
From the graph, the solutions of cos ( x + 20°) = −
2
for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 100° or 220° .

7. The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for

 y = tan ( 2 x + 15°)
solving tan (2 x + 15°) = −1 are  .
 y = −1
Draw the graph of y = tan ( 2 x + 15°) and y = −1 on
the same rectangular coordinate plane for
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° .

From the graph, the solutions of

sin x + 3 cos x − 1 = 0 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are
x = 90° or 330° .

5.

From the graph, the solutions of tan (2 x + 15°) = −1

for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 60° , 150° , 240° or 330° .
From the graph, the solutions of sin x = cos x for
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 45° or 225° . 8. The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for
 y = sin x
Level 2 solving sin x − cos x = 1 are  .
 y = cos x + 1
6. The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for Draw the graph of y = sin x and y = cos x + 1 on the
 y = cos ( x + 20°) same rectangular coordinate plane for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° .
1 
solving cos ( x + 20°) = − are  1 .
2 y = − 2

1
Draw the graph of y = cos ( x + 20°) and y = − on
2
the same rectangular coordinate plane for
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° .

20
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

(iii) By substituting x = 0° , y = 2 and

x = 90° , y = 1 into y = a sin x
+ b cos x , we have
2 = a sin 0° + b cos 0° ......(1)

 1 = a sin 90 ° + b cos 90 ° ......( 2)
From (1), we have
2 = a (0) + b(1)
b=2
From (2), we have
1 = a (1) + b(0)
a =1
(c) The corresponding pair of simultaneous
equations for solving a sin x + b cos x = 0.5 are
From the graph, the solutions of sin x − cos x = 1 for  y = a sin x + b cos x
 .
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 90° or 180° .  y = 0.5
Draw the straight line y = 0.5 on the graph of
9. The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for y = a sin x + b cos x .
 y = cos 3 x From the graph, the solutions of
solving cos 3x = cos x are  .
 y = cos x a sin x + b cos x = 0.5 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are
Draw the graph of y = cos 3 x and y = cos x on the x = 102° or 312° .
same rectangular coordinate plane for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° .
Exercise 8E (p. 146)
Level 1

sin 110° = sin (180° − 70°)

1. (a)
= sin 70°

sin 230° = sin (180° + 50°)

(b)
= − sin 50°

sin 325° = sin (360° − 35°)

(c)
= − sin 35°
From the graph, the solutions of cos 3x = cos x for
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 0° , 90° , 180° , 270° or 360° sin 280° = sin (360° − 80°)
(d)
. = − sin 80°

10.

cos 100° = cos (180° − 80°)

2. (a)
= − cos 80°

cos 220° = cos (180° + 40°)

(b)
= − cos 40°

cos 255° = cos (180° + 75°)

(c)
= − cos 75°

(a) From the graph, the maximum and minimum cos 285° = cos (360° − 75°)
(d)
values of y are 2.2 and −2.2 respectively. = cos 75°
(b) (i) From the graph, when x = 0° , y = 2
when x = 90° , y = 1 tan 120° = tan (180° − 60°)
3. (a)
(ii) = − tan 60°

21
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

tan 230° = tan (180° + 50°)

(b)
= tan 50° sin 150° cos 240°
cos 180° + tan 135°
tan 290° = tan (360° − 70°) sin (180° − 30°) cos (180° + 60°)
(c) =
− 1 + tan (180° − 45°)
= − tan 70°
sin 30° ( − cos 60°)
(b) =
− 1 + (− tan 45°)
tan 140° = tan (180° − 40°)
(d) 1 1
= − tan 40° − 
2 2
= 
− 1 + ( −1)
cos 144° = cos (180° − 36°)
4. (a) 1
= − cos 36° =
8

tan 254° = tan (180° + 74°)

(b) sin 2 170° + cos 2 350°
= tan 74°
sin 2 270° − tan 135°
sin 2 (180° − 10°) + cos 2 (360° − 10°)
cos 325° = cos (360° − 35°) =
(c) (−1) 2 − tan (180° − 45°)
= cos 35°
(c) sin 2 10° + cos 2 10°
=
1 − (− tan 45°)
sin 295° = sin (360° − 65°) 1
(d)
= − sin 65° =
1+1
1
=
sin 450° = sin (360° + 90°) 2
5. (a) = sin 90°
=1 sin 2 400° + cos 2 220° + tan 2 315°
= sin 2 (360° + 40°) + cos 2 (180° + 40°) +
cos 315° = cos (360° − 45°)
tan 2 (360° − 45°)
= cos 45° (d)
(b) = sin 2 40° + (− cos 40°) 2 + (− tan 45°) 2
2
= = sin 2 40° + cos 2 40° + tan 2 45°
2
= 1 + 12
cos 150° = cos (180° − 30°) =2
= − cos 30°
(c) sin 330° tan 225° − sin 315° cos 210° tan 120°
3
=− = sin (360° − 30°) tan (180° + 45°) −
2
sin (360° − 45°) cos (180° + 30°)
tan (180° − 60°)
tan 240° = tan (180° + 60°)
= ( − sin 30°) tan 45° − (− sin 45°) ( − cos 30°)
(d) = tan 60°
(e) ( − tan 60°)
= 3
= − sin 30° tan 45° + sin 45° cos 30° tan 60°
1 2 3
Level 2 = − ×1 + × × 3
sin 390° cos 315° 2 2 2
tan 225° 3 2 −2
=
sin (360° + 30°) cos (360° − 45°) 4
=
tan (180° + 45°)
sin 30° cos 45° cos (360° + θ )
= ⋅ sin (360° − θ )
6. (a) tan 45° sin (180° + θ )
7. (a) cos θ
1 2 = ⋅ (− sin θ )
⋅ − sin θ
= 2 2 = cos θ
1
2
=
4

22
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

1 ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
cos (360° + θ ) − 8. ∵ (∠ sum of △)
cos (360° − θ ) sin ∠ B sin ∠ A + sin (∠ B + ∠ C ) sin (∠ A + ∠ C )
1 sin ∠ B cos ∠ A − cos (∠ B + ∠ C ) sin (∠ A + ∠ C )
= cos θ −
cos θ sin ∠ B sin ∠ A + sin (180° − ∠ A) sin (180° − ∠ B)
(b) =
cos 2 θ − 1 sin ∠ B cos ∠ A − cos (180° − ∠ A) sin (180° − ∠ B)
=
cos θ ∴ sin ∠ B sin ∠ A + sin ∠ A sin ∠ B
=
sin 2 θ sin ∠ B cos ∠ A + cos ∠ A sin ∠ B
=−
cos θ 2 sin ∠ A sin ∠ B
=
2 cos ∠ A sin ∠ B
tan 2 θ = tan ∠ A
1 + tan 2 θ
sin 2 θ 1 Exercise 8F (p. 151)
= × Level 1
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
1+
cos 2 θ
(c) 1. ∵ tan x = 3
sin 2 θ 1
= × tan x = tan 60°
cos 2 θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ∴
cos 2 θ x = 60° or 180° + 60°
sin θ2
cos 2 θ ∴ x = 60° or 240°
= ×
cos 2 θ cos θ + sin 2 θ
2

= sin 2 θ 1
2. ∵ cos x = −
2
∴ cos x = − cos 60°
sin 2 (90° − θ )
x = 180° − 60° or 180° + 60°
sin (180° − θ ) tan (90° − θ )
∴ x = 120° or 240°
cos 2 θ
=
1
sin θ ⋅ 2
(d) tan θ 3. ∵ sin x =
2
cos θ 2
= ∴ sin x = sin 45°
cos θ
sin θ ⋅ x = 45° or 180° − 45°
sin θ
∴ x = 45° or 135°
= cos θ

4. ∵ sin x = 0.56
1
sin (360° + θ ) ⋅ + ∴ sin x = sin 34.1°
tan (180° + θ )
x = 34.1° or 180° − 34.1°
cos θ ⋅ cos (180° − θ )
145.9°
(e) sin θ ∴ x = 34.1° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or
= + cos θ (− cos θ )
tan θ (cor. to 1 d.p.)
= cos θ − cos θ 2

5. ∵ tan x = −0.48
= cos θ (1 − cos θ )
∴ tan x = − tan 25.6°
x = 180° − 25.6° or 360° − 25.6°
sin (180° + θ ) cos ( −θ ) tan (360° + θ )
− + ∴ x = 154.4° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or 334.4°
sin (180° − θ ) sin (360° − θ ) tan (360° − θ )
(cor. to 1 d.p.)
− sin θ cos θ tan θ
= − +
sin θ − sin θ − tan θ 6. ∵ cos x = −0.84
(f)
1 cos x = − cos 32.9°
= −1 + −1 ∴
tan θ
x = 180° − 32.9° or 180° + 32.9°
1  cos θ − 2 sin θ  x = 147.1° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or 212.9°
= − 2  or  ∴
tan θ  sin θ  (cor. to 1 d.p.)

7. sin x = − sin 54°

∴ x = 180° + 54° or 360° − 54°
x = 234° or 306°

23
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

Level 2
8. cos x = cos 66°
∴ x = 66° or 360° − 66° 3 tan x + 5
=2
x = 66° or 294° 4 − tan x
3 tan x + 5 = 8 − 2 tan x
15.
9. tan x = − tan 18° 3
tan x =
∴ x = 180° − 18° or 360° − 18° 5
x = 162° or 342° tan x = tan 31.0°
x = 31.0° or 180° + 31.0°
sin x − cos x =0 ∴ x = 31.0° or 211.0°
sin x = cos x (cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)
sin x
=1 2 sin 2 x = 1
10. cos x
tan x =1 1
∴ 16. sin 2 x =
tan x = tan 45° 2
1 1
x = 45° or 180° + 45° sin x = or sin x = −
2 2
x = 45° or 225°
1
When sin x = ,
2
3 cos x − 5 sin x = − cos x + sin x
x = 45° or 180° − 45°
4 cos x = 6 sin x
i.e. x = 45° or 135°
11. 2
tan x = 1
3 When sin x = − ,
2
∴ tan x = tan 33.7°
x = 180° + 45° or 360° − 45°
x = 33.7° or 180° + 33.7°
i.e. x = 225° or 315°
x = 33.7° or 213.7°
∴ x = 45 °, 135 °, 225 ° or 315°
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)

2 tan x (tan x − 1) = 0 tan 2 x = 3

17.
tan x = 0 or tan x = 1 tan x = 3 or tan x = − 3
When tan x = 0, When tan x = 3 ,
12.
x = 0°, 180° or 360°
x = 60° or 180° + 60°
When tan x = 1,
i.e. x = 60° or 240°
x = 45° or 180° + 45°
When tan x = − 3 ,
i.e. x = 45° or 225°
x = 180° − 60° or 360° − 60°
∴ x = 0°, 45°, 180°, 225° or 360°
i.e. x = 120° or 300°

( 2 sin x + 1) (sin x − 3) = 0 ∴ x = 60°, 120°, 240° or 300°

2 sin x + 1 = 0 or sin x − 3 = 0
1 tan 2 x − tan x = 2
13. sin x = − or sin x = 3 (rejected) 18.
2 tan 2 x − tan x − 2 = 0
1 (tan x + 1) (tan x − 2) = 0
When sin x = − ,
2 tan x = −1 or tan x = 2
x = 180° + 30° or 360° − 30°
When tan x = −1 ,
∴ x = 210° or 330°
x = 180° − 45° or 360° − 45°
i.e. x = 135° or 315°
( 2 cos x + 3) (2 cos x − 1) = 0
When tan x = 2 ,
2 cos x + 3 = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
tan x = tan 63.4°
3 1
14. cos x = − (rejected) or cos x = x = 63.4° or 180° + 63.4°
2 2
1 i.e. x = 63.4° or 243.4°
When cos x = , (cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)
2
x = 60° or 360° − 60° x = 63.4° (cor. to 1 d.p.),135°,
∴
∴ x = 60° or 300° 243.4° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or 315°

24
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

2 sin 2 x + 3 cos x − 3 = 0 22. 5 sin 2 x + 4 sin x = 0

2 (1 − cos 2 x ) + 3 cos x − 3 = 0 sin x (5 sin x + 4) = 0
2 cos 2 x − 3 cos x + 1 = 0 sin x = 0 or 5 sin x + 4 = 0
19.
( 2 cos x − 1) (cos x − 1) = 0 4
sin x = 0 or sin x = −
5
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x − 1 = 0
When sin x = 0 ,
1
cos x = or cos x = 1 x = 0°, 180° or 360°
2
1 4
When cos x = , When sin x = − ,
2 5
x = 60° or 360° − 60° sin x = − sin 53.1°
i.e. x = 60° or 300° x = 180° + 53.1° or 360° − 53.1°
i.e.
When cos x = 1 , x = 233.1° or 306.9°
x = 0° or 360° (cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)
x = 0°, 180°, 233.1° (cor. to 1 d.p.),
∴ x = 0°, 60°, 300° or 360° ∴
306.9° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or 360°
cos 2 x − sin 2 x = − sin x
1
20. (1 − sin 2 x) − sin 2 x = − sin x tan x + =2
tan x
2 sin 2 x − sin x − 1 = 0
23. (a) tan 2 x + 1
( 2 sin x + 1) (sin x − 1) = 0 =2
tan x
2 sin x + 1 = 0 or sin x − 1 = 0
tan 2 x − 2 tan x + 1 = 0
1
sin x = − or sin x = 1
2 (tan x − 1) 2 = 0
1 1
When sin x = − , tan x + =2
2 tan x
x = 180° + 30° or 360° − 30° (b)
(tan x − 1) 2 = 0 (by (a))
i.e. x = 210° or 330° tan x = 1
When sin x = 1 , x = 45° or 180° + 45°
x = 90° ∴ x = 45 ° or 225°
∴ x = 90°, 210° or 330°
1 + cos x
tan x =
3 cos 2 x − sin x − 3 = 0 2 sin x
3(1 − sin 2 x ) − sin x − 3 = 0 sin x 1 + cos x
21. =
24. (a) cos x 2 sin x
3 sin 2 x + sin x = 0
sin x (3 sin x + 1) = 0 2 sin 2 x = cos x + cos 2 x
sin x = 0 or 3 sin x + 1 = 0 2 (1 − cos 2 x ) = cos x + cos 2 x
1 3 cos 2 x + cos x − 2 = 0
sin x = 0 or sin x = −
3
When sin x = 0 , 1 + cos x
tan x =
x = 0°, 180° or 360° (b) 2 sin x
1 3 cos 2 x + cos x − 2 = 0 (by (a))
When sin x = − ,
3 (3 cos x − 2) (cos x + 1) = 0
sin x = − sin 19.5° 3 cos x − 2 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0
x = 180° + 19.5° or 360° − 19.5° 2
i.e. cos x = or cos x = −1
x = 199.5° or 340.5° 3
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.) 2
x = 0°, 180°, 199.5° (cor. to 1 d.p.), When cos x = ,
∴ 3
340.5° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or 360° cos x = cos 48.2°
x = 48.2° or 360° − 48.2°
i.e.
x = 48.2° or 311.8°
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)

25
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

When cos x = −1 , By definition, we have

x = 180° y 4 2  2 5
sin θ = = =  or 
x = 48.2° (cor. to 1 d.p.),180° or r 2 5 5 5 
∴
311.8° (cor. to 1 d.p.) x −2 1  5
cos θ = = = −  or − 
r 2 5 5 5 

25. 6 sin 2 x − sin x cos x − 2 cos 2 x = 0 y 4

tan θ = = = −2
( 2 sin x + cos x ) (3 sin x − 2 cos x) = 0 x −2
2 sin x + cos x = 0 or 3 sin x − 2 cos x = 0
2 sin x = − cos x or 3 sin x = 2 cos x sin 3 270° − cos 135° sin 315°
1 2 = ( −1)3 − cos (180° − 45°) sin (360° − 45°)
tan x = − or tan x =
2 3 = −1 − (− cos 45°)(− sin 45°)
1 
When tan x = − , 2   2 
2 2. (a) = −1 −  − −
 2  2 
tan x = − tan 26.6°   
x = 180° − 26.6° or 360° − 26.6° 1
i.e. = −1 −
x = 153.4° or 333.4° 2
3
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.) =−
2 2
When tan x = ,
3
tan x = tan 33.7° tan 225° − cos 60° sin 150°
x = 33.7° or 180° + 33.7° 1
i.e. = tan (180° + 45°) − sin (180° − 30°)
x = 33.7° or 213.7° 2
1
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.) = tan 45° − sin 30°
(b) 2
x = 33.7° (cor. to 1 d.p.),
∴ 11
153.4° (cor. to 1 d.p.), 213.7° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or = 1−  
22
333.4° (cor. to 1 d.p.) 3
=
4
Revision Exercise 8 (p. 155)
Level 1 3.
1. (a) ∵ x = 13, y = −84
r = OP
∴
= 132 + ( −84) 2
= 85
By definition, we have
y 84
sin θ = = −
r 85
15
∵ sin θ = − and θ lies in quadrant III.
x 13 17
cos θ = =
r 85 Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of
y 84 θ and OP = r .
tan θ = = − From the definition of the sine ratio, we may let
x 13
r = 17 and y = −15 .
Since θ lies in quadrant III, x < 0 .
(b) ∵ x = −2, y = 4
x = − r 2 − y2
r = OP ∴
= − 17 2 − (−15) 2
∴ = ( −2 ) 2 + 4 2
= −8
= 20
8 −15 15
= 2 5 cos θ = − , tan θ = =
∴ 17 −8 8

26
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

4. (b)

1
∵ tan θ = −
and θ lies in quadrant IV.
4
∴ P(4, −1) is a point on the terminal side of θ.
OP = r
= 4 2 + (−1) 2
(c)
= 17
1  17 
sin θ = − or −

17  17 
∴
4  4 17 
cos θ = or

17  17 

5.

7. (a) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 180°.

∴ The period of the function is 180°.

(b) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 360°.

2 ∴ The period of the function is 360°.
∵ cos θ = and 270° < θ < 360°
5 −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
8. (a) ∵
∴ θ lies in quadrant IV.
y = 3(1) + 1
∴ The maximum value of
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ and =4
OP = r . y = 3( −1) + 1
From the definition of the cosine ratio, we may let The minimum value of
= −2
r = 5 and x = 2 .
y = − r 2 − x2 (b) ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
∴ y = 4 − 2( −1)
= − ( 5 )2 − 22 ∴ The maximum value of
=6
= −1
y = 4 − 2(1)
1  5  1 The minimum value of
∴ sin θ = − or − , tan θ = − 2 =2
5  5 

5 sin x + 2 = 0
6. (a) 9.
2
sin x = −
5
The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for
 y = sin x
2 
solving sin x = − are  2 .
5 y = − 5


27
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

2
Draw the straight line y = − on the graph of
5 From the graph, the solutions of cos x − 2 sin x = 1
y = sin x . for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 0°, 230° or 360° .

sin 108° = sin (180° − 72°)

12. (a)
= sin 72°

tan 335° = tan (360° − 25°)

(b)
= − tan 25°

cos 240° = cos (180° + 60°)

(c)
= − cos 60°

cos 98° = cos (180° − 82°)

(d)
= − cos 82°

From the graph, the solutions of 5 sin x + 2 = 0 for

0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 200° or 340°. tan 120° = tan (180° − 60°)
13. (a) = − tan 60°
10. The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for =− 3
 y = tan x
solving tan x = 1.5 are  .
 y = 1.5 cos 480° = cos (360° + 120°)
Draw the straight line y = 1.5 on the graph of = cos 120°
y = tan x .
(b) = cos (180° − 60°)
= − cos 60°
1
=−
2

sin 315° = sin (360° − 45°)

= − sin 45°
(c)
2
=−
2

tan 420° = tan (360° + 60°)

From the graph, the solutions of tan x = 1.5 (d) = tan 60°
for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 60° or 240°.
= 3
11. The corresponding pair of simultaneous equations for
 y = cos x − 2 sin x 14. (a) ∵ sin x = −0.25
solving cos x − 2 sin x = 1 are  .
y = 1 ∴ sin x = − sin 14.5°
Draw the straight line y = 1 on the graph of x = 180° + 14.5° or 360° − 14.5°
y = cos x − 2 sin x . ∴ x = 194.5° or 345.5°
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)

(b) ∵ cos x = 0.6

∴ cos x = cos 53.1°
x = 53.1° or 360° − 53.1°
∴ x = 53.1° or 306.9°
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)

28
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

(c) ∵ tan x = −2.1 (c) ( 2 sin x + 1) (tan x − 1) = 0

∴ tan x = − tan 64.5° 2 sin x + 1 = 0 or tan x − 1 = 0
x = 180° − 64.5° or 360° − 64.5° 1
sin x = − or tan x = 1
∴ x = 115.5° or 295.5° 2
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.) 1
When sin x = − ,
2
(d) ∵ tan x = 1.5 x = 180° + 30° or 360° − 30°
∴ tan x = tan 56.3° i.e. x = 210° or 330°
x = 56.3° or 180° + 56.3° When tan x = 1 ,
∴ x = 56.3° or 236.3° x = 45° or 180° + 45°
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.) i.e. x = 45° or 225°

3 sin x − 2 = 0 ∴ x = 45°, 210°, 225° or 330°

15. (a)
2
sin x = (d) ( 4 sin x − 3) ( 2 + 3 sin x) = 0
3
4 sin x − 3 = 0 or 2 + 3 sin x = 0
sin x = sin 41.8°
3 2
x = 41.8° or 180° − 41.8° sin x = or sin x = −
4 3
∴ x = 41 . 8 ° or 138.2°
3
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.) When sin x = ,
4
sin x = sin 48.6°
(b) 4 cos x + 3 = 0
x = 48.6° or 180° − 48.6°
3 i.e. x = 48.6°
cos x = − or 131.4°
4
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)
cos x = − cos 41.4°
2
x = 180° − 41.4° or 180° + 41.4° When sin x = − ,
3
∴ x = 138.6° or 221.4° sin x = − sin 41.8°
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.) x = 180° + 41.8° or 360° − 41.8°
i.e. x = 221.8° or 318.2°
(c) tan x = − tan 38°
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)
∴ x = 180° − 38° or 360° − 38°
x = 142° or 322° x = 48.6° (cor. to 1 d.p.),
131.4° (cor. to 1 d.p.),
cos x = cos 46° ∴
(d)
221.8° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or
∴ x = 46° or 360° − 46°
x = 46° or 314° 318.2° (cor. to 1 d.p.)

2 sin x + 4 cos x = sin x + 3 cos x cos 120° sin 240° tan 315°
16. (a) sin x = − cos x = cos (180° − 60°) sin (180° + 60°)
tan x = −1 tan (360° − 45°)
x = 180° − 45° or 360° − 45° = ( − cos 60°) (− sin 60°) ( − tan 45°)
17. (a)
∴ x = 135° or 315°  1 3 
= −  − (−1)
 2   2 

2 cos x − 3 sin x = 3(cos x + sin x)
3
2 cos x − 3 sin x = 3 cos x + 3 sin x =−
4
(b) 6 sin x = − cos x
1
tan x = −
6
tan x = − tan 9.5°
x = 180° − 9.5° or 360° − 9.5°
∴ x = 170.5° or 350.5°
(cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)

29
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

tan 135° − sin 210° Since θ lies in quadrant IV, y < 0.

tan 240° + sin 270° y = − r 2 − x2
tan (180° − 45°) − sin (180° + 30°)
= ∴ = − 32 − 12
tan (180° + 60°) + ( −1)
− tan 45° + sin 30° =− 8
=
tan 60° − 1 = −2 2
(b) 1 2 2
−1 + sin θ = −
= 2 ∴ 3
3 −1
−1 3 +1
= × −2 2
2( 3 − 1) 3 +1 tan θ =
(b) 1
− 3 −1 = −2 2
=
4
2
 2 2
18. tan θ − sin θ = ( −2 2 ) −  −
2 2 2 
 3 
 
(c) 8
=8−
9
64
=
9

20. (a)

(a) Draw the straight line y = 2 on the graph of

y = cos 2 x .
∵ The two graphs have no intersections. 1
∵ sin θ = − and cos θ > 0
∴ There are no real solutions for cos 2 x = 2 . 10
(or any other reasonable answers) ∴ θ lies in quadrant IV.
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ
(b) Draw the straight line y = −1 on the graph of and OP = r .
y = cos 2 x . From the definition of the sine ratio, we may let
From the graph, the solutions of cos 2 x = −1 for r = 10 and y = −1 .
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 90° or 270° . Since θ lies in quadrant IV, x > 0.
∴ There are two real solutions for
cos 2 x = −1 . x = r 2 − y2
Level 2 ∴
19. (a) = ( 10 ) 2 − (−1) 2
=3
3  3 10 
cos θ = or
∴ 10  10 

1
∵ cos θ = and tan θ < 0
3
∴ θ lies in quadrant IV.
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of θ
and OP = r .
From the definition of the cosine ratio, we may
let
r = 3 and x = 1 .

30
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

 1  3 22. (a)
2 − +
2 sin θ + cosθ 10  10
= 
2 cosθ + sin θ  3   1 
2  + −
 

 10   10 
(b) 2 3
− +
10 10
=
6 1
−
10 10
1
=
5

21. (a) (b) From the graph, the maximum and minimum
values of the function are 3 and –3 respectively.

(c) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 180°.

∴ y = 3 sin 2 x is a periodic function with
period 180°.

23. (a)
3
∵ tan θ = −
4
∴ θ lies in quadrant II or quadrant IV.
∵ sin θ < 0
∴ θ lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.
∴ θ must lie in quadrant IV.
3
∵ tan θ = −
4
∴ P(4, −3) is a point on the terminal side of θ.
OP = r (b) From the graph, the maximum and minimum
values of the function are 1 and –1 respectively.
= 42 + ( −3) 2
=5 (c) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 720°.
3 x
sin θ = − ∴ y = − cos is a periodic function with
∴ 5 2
period 720°.
4 24. (a)
(b) cos θ =
5

 3  4
4 −  + 2 
4 sin θ + 2 cos θ 5 5
= 
sin θ − 3 cos θ 3 4
− − 3 
5 5
(c) 12 8
− +
= 5 5
3 12
− −
5 5
4
=
15 (b) From the graph, the maximum and minimum
values of the function are 0 and –2 respectively.

(c) ∵ The graph repeats itself every 120°.

∴ y = sin 3 x − 1 is a periodic function with
period 120°.

31
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

25. (a) ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 (b) The corresponding pair of simultaneous

y = 3(1) − 2 1
∴ The maximum value of equations for solving cos ( x + 40°) = are
=1 2
 y = cos ( x + 40°)
The minimum value of y = 3( −1) − 2 
 1 .
= −5 y = 2

1
(b) ∵ −1 ≤ sin 2 x ≤ 1 Draw the graph of y = cos ( x + 40°) and y =
2
∴ y = 3(1) + 4 on the same rectangular coordinate plane for
The maximum value of
=7 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° .

The minimum value of y = 3( −1) + 4

=1
(c) ∵ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
0 ≤ sin 2 x ≤ 1
∴
∴ y = 3(1) + 4
The maximum value of
=7

The minimum value of y = 3(0) + 4

=4

(d) ∵ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
∴ 0 ≤ cos 2 x ≤ 1 From the graph, the solutions of
1
3 cos ( x + 40°) = for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are x = 20°
y= 2
∴ The maximum value of 6 − 4(1)
or 260° .
3
=
2 sin ( −80°) = sin (360° − 80°)
27. (a)
3 = − sin 80°
y=
The minimum value of 6 − 4(0)
1 tan 400° = tan (360° + 40°)
= (b)
2 = tan 40°

26. (a) The corresponding pair of simultaneous cos (−100°) = cos (360° − 100°)
equations for solving tan ( x − 15°) = −1 are = cos 260°
(c)
 y = tan ( x − 15°) = cos (180° + 80°)
 .
 y = −1 = − cos 80°
Draw the graph of y = tan ( x − 15°) and y = −1
on the same rectangular coordinate plane for
sin 780° = sin (2 × 360° + 60°)
0° ≤ x ≤ 360° . (d)
= sin 60°

[sin θ + cos (360° − θ )]2 +

[cos θ + sin (180° + θ )]2
28. (a) = (sin θ + cos θ ) 2 + (cos θ − sin θ ) 2
= sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ + cos 2 θ −
2 sin θ cos θ + sin 2 θ
=2

From the graph, the solutions of

tan ( x − 15°) = −1 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° are
x = 150° or 330° .

32
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

sin (360° − θ ) 1 2 cos 2 x = sin x cos x

+ − cos(θ − 360°)
tan (θ − 180°) cos(360° − θ ) (c)
2 cos 2 x − sin x cos x = 0
− sin θ 1
= + − cos (360° + θ − 360°) cos x (2 cos x − sin x) = 0
tan (360° + θ − 180°) cos θ
cos x = 0 or 2 cos x − sin x = 0
− sin θ 1
= + − cos θ cos x = 0 or tan x = 2
tan (180° + θ ) cos θ
(b) When cos x = 0 ,
− sin θ 1
= + − cos θ x = 90° or 270°
tan θ cos θ
1 When tan x = 2 ,
= − cos θ + − cos θ tan x = tan 63.4°
cos θ
1 x = 63.4° or 180° + 63.4°
= − 2 cos θ +
cos θ i.e. x = 63.4° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°) or
243.4° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°)
∴ x = 63.4° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°), 90° ,
sin (180° − θ )
⋅ 243.4° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°) or 270°
cos (180° + θ ) cos (180° − θ ) +
sin ( −θ ) sin (180° + θ )
1 sin x − 2 cos 2 x + 1 = 0
tan (360° − θ ) 31. (a) sin x − 2(1 − sin 2 x) + 1 = 0
sin θ 2 sin 2 x + sin x − 1 = 0
(c) = ⋅
( − cos θ ) (− cos θ ) + sin (360° − θ ) ( − sin θ ) (2 sin x − 1) (sin x + 1) = 0
1 2 sin x − 1 = 0 or sin x + 1 = 0
( − tan θ ) 1
sin x = or sin x = −1
sin θ 2
=
− tan θ 1
When sin x = ,
= − cos θ 2
x = 30° or 180° − 30°
i.e. x = 30° or 150°
29. ∵ α + β + γ + δ = 360°
∴ α + β = 360° − (γ + δ ) When sin x = −1,
x = 270°
cos (α + β ) = cos[360° − (γ + δ )]
∴ ∴ x = 30 °, 150° or 270°
= cos (γ + δ )

3 cos 2 x + 8 sin x = 0
cos x = sin 120°
= sin (180° − 60°) (b) 3(1 − sin 2 x) + 8 sin x = 0
= sin 60° 3 sin 2 x − 8 sin x − 3 = 0
30. (a)
3 (3 sin x + 1) (sin x − 3) = 0
= 3 sin x + 1 = 0 or sin x − 3 = 0
2
= cos 30° 1
sin x = − or sin x = 3 (rejected)
x = 30° or 360° − 30° 3
∴
x = 30° or 330° 1
When sin x = − ,
3
sin x = − sin 19.5°
tan (3x + 6°) = 1
x = 180° + 19.5° or 360° − 19.5°
= tan 45° ∴
(b) x = 199.5° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°) or
3 x + 6° = 45° or 3 x + 6° = 180° + 45° or
3 x + 6° = 360° + 45° or 3 x + 6° = 540° + 45° or 340.5° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°)
3 x + 6° = 720° + 45° or 3x + 6° = 900° + 45°
3 x + 6° = 45° or 3 x + 6° = 225° or 2 sin x = tan x
3 x + 6° = 405° or 3 x + 6° = 585° or sin x
(c) 2 sin x =
3 x + 6° = 765° or 3 x + 6° = 945° cos x
∴ x = 13°, 73°, 133°, 193°, 253° or 313° 2 sin x cos x = sin x
sin x ( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
1
sin x = 0 or cos x =
2

33
 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

When sin x = 0 , 1
When cos x = ,
x = 0°, 180° or 360° 3
1 cos x = cos 54.7°
When cos x = ,
2 x = 54.7° or 360° − 54.7°
x = 60° or 360° − 60° i.e. x = 54.7° or 305.3°
i.e. x = 60° or 300° (cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)
∴ x = 0°, 60°, 180°, 300° or 360° 1
When cos x = − ,
3
2 cos x = 3 tan x cos x = − cos 54.7°
3 sin x x = 180° − 54.7° or 180° + 54.7°
2 cos x =
(d) cos x i.e. x = 125.3° or 234.7°
2 cos 2 x = 3 sin x (cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)
x = 54.7° (cor. to 1 d.p.),
2 (1 − sin 2 x ) = 3 sin x
2 sin 2 x + 3 sin x − 2 = 0 ∴ 125.3° (cor. to 1 d.p.),
( 2 sin x − 1) (sin x + 2) = 0 234.7° (cor. to 1 d.p.) or
2 sin x − 1 = 0 or sin x + 2 = 0 305.3° (cor. to 1 d.p.)
1
sin x = or sin x = −2 (rejected)
2
1 Multiple Choice Questions (p. 159)
When sin x = ,
2
1. Answer: B
x = 30° or 180° − 30°
∴ x = 30° or 150°

tan 2 x − 1 − 3 cos 2 x
sin 2 x
= − 1 − 3 cos 2 x
cos 2 x
sin 2 x − cos 2 x − 3 cos 4 x
32. (a) =
cos 2 x 12
∵ cos x = and sin x < 0
(1 − cos x) − cos 2 x − 3 cos 4 x
2
13
=
cos 2 x ∴ x lies in quadrant IV.
1 − 2 cos x − 3 cos 4 x
2
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of x and
= OP = r .
cos 2 x
From the definition of the cosine ratio, we may let
r = 13 and x = 12 .
3 cos 2 x = tan 2 x − 1 Since θ lies in quadrant IV, y < 0.
(b) tan x − 1 − 3 cos 2 x = 0
2
y = − r 2 − x2
∴
1 − 2 cos 2 x − 3 cos 4 x = − 132 − 122
=0 (by (a))
cos 2 x = −5
∴ 1 − 2 cos 2 x − 3 cos 4 x = 0 5
∴ tan x = − 12
3 cos 4 x + 2 cos 2 x − 1 = 0
(3 cos 2 x − 1) (cos 2 x + 1) = 0
2. Answer: A
3 cos 2 x − 1 = 0 or cos 2 x + 1 = 0
 1  sin 2 θ  1 − sin 2 θ 
1 tan 2 θ  − sin θ  =  
cos 2 x = cos 2 x = −1 (rejected)  
or  sin θ  cos θ  sin θ
2
3 
1 1 sin θ cos 2 θ
2

cos x = or − = ⋅
3 3 cos 2 θ sin θ
= sin θ

34
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

3. Answer: A ∵ 0° ≤ x ≤ 180°
sin (180° + θ ) cos (180° + θ ) tan (360° − θ ) x = 180° − 33.7°
= ( − sin θ ) ( − cos θ ) (− tan θ )
∴ x = 146.3° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°)
 sin θ 
= − sin θ cosθ  
 cos θ  9. Answer: B
sin x ( 2 sin x + 3) = 0
= − sin θ
2

sin x = 0 or 2 sin x + 3 = 0
3
4. Answer: A sin x = 0 or sin x = − (rejected)
sin (360° − θ ) cos (90° − θ ) 2
When sin x = 0,
tan (180° − θ )
x = 0°, 180° or 360°
( − sin θ ) (sin θ )
= ∴ The equation sin x ( 2 sin x + 3) = 0 has 3
− tan θ
solutions.
 cosθ 
= − sin 2 θ  − 
 sin θ  10. Answer: C
= sin θ cosθ 3 cos 2 x + 2 cos x − 1 = 0
(3 cos x − 1) (cos x + 1) = 0
5. Answer: C 3 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0
3 1
∵ θ is an acute angle and cos θ = . cos x = or cos x = −1
5 3
sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ 1
When cos x = ,
2
3
∴ 3 cos x = cos 70.5°
= 1−  
5 x = 70.5° or 360° − 70.5°
4 i.e. x = 70.5° or 289.5°
=
5 (cor. to 1 d.p.) (cor. to 1 d.p.)
cos (90° − θ ) + cos (180° + θ ) = sin θ − cos θ When cos x = −1 ,
4 3 x = 180°
= −
5 5 ∴ The equation 3 cos 2 x + 2 cos x − 1 = 0 has 3
1 solutions.
=
5
11. Answer: A
3
6. Answer: A sin θ + cos θ =
2 sin θ − 3 cos θ 4
= 2 tan θ − 3 2
cos θ 3
(sin θ + cos θ ) 2 =  
 1 4
= 2 −  − 3
 2 9
sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ =
= −4 16
7
2 sin θ cos θ = −
16
7. Answer: B
7
2 cos θ = − 3 sin θ cos θ = −
32
3
cos θ = −
2 12. Answer: B
θ = 180° − 30° or 180° + 30°
∴ θ = 150° or 210°

8. Answer: D
2 cos x + 3 sin x = 0
3 sin x = −2 cos x
2
tan x = − 1
3 ∵ tan θ = and 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°
tan x = − tan 33.7° k
∴ P(k, 1) is a point on the terminal side of θ.

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 9 More about Trigonometry (I)

OP = r 40
But sin C = .
= k 2 + 12 x
40 5
= k2 +1 =
∴ x2 8
1
sin θ = x 2 = 64
k2 +1
x = 8 or − 8 (rejected)
sin (180° − θ ) = sin θ
∴ 1
=
k2 +1

13. Answer: C
∵ −1 ≤ sin 2 x° ≤ 1
∴ The minimum value of y = 3( −1)
= −3
When y = −3,
−3 = 3 sin 2 x°
sin 2 x° = −1
2 x = 270
x = 135
∴ The coordinates of the minimum point are
(135, −3).

14. Answer: D

15. Answer: A
For A, when x = 0 ,
y = cos 2 (0°) + 1
=2

HKMO (p. 160)

(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )3 = 13

1. sin 6 θ + 3 sin 4 θ cos 2 θ + 3 sin 2 θ cos 4 θ + cos 6 θ = 1

0.4 + 3 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) = 1
∴ 3 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = 0.6
5 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = 1
d = 2 + 5 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
= 2 +1
=3

2.

1
sin 2 C − cos 2 C =
4
1
sin C − (1 − sin C ) =
2 2

∵ 4
1
2 sin C − 1 =
2

4
5
sin C =
2

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