NATALIA KOCZKO 3IB

ANALYSING THE CORELATIONS BETWEEN THE LEAVES FROM

SUN-EXPOSED AND SHADOWED SIDE OF THE THREE
DATA COLLECTION
Table 1 . Dimensions of the leaves on the sun-exposed side of the tree
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2
021
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

Width [cm] 0.1

96
85
100
95
92
91
89
115
92
80
119
91
94
110
105
95
83
100
103
90
84
110
90
85
96
107
110
105
106
105
90
118
60
84
98
99
102
92
85
117
75
110
80
98
112
90
83
105
85
107

Length [cm] 0.1

104
100
111
125
105
110
97
120
118
95
123
115
109
135
108
112
99
121
108
100
112
145
116
110
114
120
123
140
128
117
127
135
90
106
130
110
132
113
120
135
96
132
110
121
135
112
130
114
97
122

Table 2. Dimensions of the leaves on the shadowed side of the tree

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

Width [cm] 0.1

50
72
67
70
100
100
42
52
60
91
70
65
68
100
43
92
54
83
61
58
31
86
45
57
75
62
47
94
82
91
75
74
55
65
57
77
54
73
72
80
81
76
77
94
83
67
75
73
53
86

Length [cm] 0.1

73
93
100
104
130
123
56
110
80
116
93
92
97
124
60
137
73
116
83
78
42
116
62
88
102
96
53
130
115
122
103
93
88
94
75
105
64
84
80
100
87
91
102
101
90
83
102
87
65
90

DATA PROCESSING
2

Student t-test

Is a statistical test that allows determination of marginal differences between the

examined sets of data. Test can be applied is the test statistic follow a normal
distribution. In this particular case it will be used to check if there is a significant
difference between the width or the length of the leaves on the sun-exposed and
shadowed side.
H0: there is no significant difference between the width of the leaves on the sunexposed and shadowed side of the tree
H1: The dimensions of the leaves on the sun-exposed side are greater than those
of the shadowed side
Table 3. Checking for normal distribution for width of the leaves on the sunexposed side of the tree

Class
60 69
70 79
80 89
90 99
100 109
110 119

Frequency
I
I
IIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIII
IIIII

The distribution is slightly skewed but can be still referred to as to

normal

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Sum:

Width [cm]
0.1 (X1)
96
85
100
95
92
91
89
115
92
80
119
91
94
110
105
95
83
100
103
90
84
110
90
85
96
107
110
105
106
105
90
118
60
84
98
99
102
92
85
117
75
110
80
98
112
90
83
105
85
107
4813

Width [cm]
0.1 (X1 )
9216
7225
10000
9025
8464
8281
7921
13225
8464
6400
14161
8281
8836
12100
11025
9025
6889
10000
10609
8100
7056
12100
8100
7225
9216
11449
12100
11025
11236
11025
8100
13924
3600
7056
9604
9801
10404
8464
7225
13689
5625
12100
6400
9604
12544
8100
6889
11025
7225
11449
470607

Table 4. Calculating standard

deviation for the leaves on the sunexposed side of the tree
Calculations

S=

S=

[( x)

n1

470607 48132 50
49

S = 12.21

Calculating the mean

x1 =

number of

4813
=
= 96.26
samples 50

S = 12.21 constitutes less than 33% of

the mean (96.22) what means that it
is a is a small standard deviation

70 % off the data (35 leaves) falls

within one standard deviation and
98% of the data (49 leaves) falls
within two standard deviations

Table 5 . Sorting the widths of the leaves on the sun-exposed side of the
tree
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

Width [cm] 0.1 (X1)

96
85
100
95
92
91
89
115
92
80
119
91
94
110
105
95
83
100
103
90
84
110
90
85
96
107
110
105
106
105
90
118
60
84
98
99
102
92
85
117
75
110
80
98
112
90
83
105
85

Sorted value
60
75
80
80
83
83
84
84
85
85
85
85
89
90
90
90
90
91
91
92
92
92
94
95
95
96
96
98
98
99
100
100
102
103
105
105
105
105
106
107
107
110
110
110
110
112
115
117
118

Class
30 39
50
40 49
50 59
60 69
70 79
80 89
90 99
100 109

Frequency
I
107
IIII
IIIIIIIII
IIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIII
IIIII
III

119

Table 6. Checking for normal distribution for width of the leaves on the
shadowed side of the tree

There is a good normal distribution

Table 7 . Calculating standard deviation for the leaves on the shadowed

side of the tree

Width [cm]
X2 0.1
(X2) 0.1
Calculations
1
50
2500
2
72
5184
2
3
67
4489
x2
x n
4
70
4900
S=
n1
5
100
10000
6
100
10000
7
42
1764
260521 35152 50
S
=
8
52
2704
49
9
60
3600
No.
Width [cm] (X2) 0.1
Sorted value
10
91
8281
1
50
31
11
70
4900
S = 16.55
2
72
42
12
65
4225
3
43
13
68
4624 67
4
70
45
14
100
10000
Calculating
the mean
5
100
47
15
43
1849
6
50
16
92
8464 100
x2
3515
7
52
x2 =
=
= 70.3
17
54
2916 42
number
8
53 of samples 50
18
83
6889 52
9
54
19
61
3721 60
10
91
54
20
58
3364
11
70
55
21
31
961
S
=
16.55
constitutes
less than 33% of
12
65
57
22
86
7396
the
mean
(70.03)
what
means that it
13 45
57
23
2025 68
14 57
24
3249 100
58 standard deviation
is a is a small
25
5625 43
15 75
60
26
3844 92
16 62
61
27
2209 54
17 47
62
28
8836 83
18 94
68 % off 65
the data (34 leaves) falls
29
82
6724
19
61
65
within one standard deviation and
30
8281 58
20 91
67
98% of the data (49 leaves) falls
31
5625 31
21 75
67
within two
standard deviations
32
5476 86
22 74
68
33
55
3025
23
45
70
34
4225 57
24 65
70
35
3249 75
25 57
72
36
77
5929
26
62
72
37
54
2916
27
47
73
38
73
5329
28
94
73
39
72
5184
29
82
74
40
80
6400
30
91
75
41
81
6561
31
75
75
42
76
5776
32
74
75
43
77
5929
33
55
76
44
94
8836
34 83
77
45
6889 65
35
57
77
46
67
4489
36
77
80
47
75
5625
37
54
81
48
73
5329
38
73
82
49
53
2809
39
72
83
50
86
7396
Sum
40
80
83
3515
260521
:
41
81
86
42
76
86
Table 843
. Sorting the widths of the77leaves on the shadowed side of the
91tree
44
94
91
45
83
92
46
67
94
47
75
94
7
48
73
100
49
53
100
50
86
100
No.

[(

Table 9 . Calculating mean and variance

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
mean
variabl
e

Width [cm]
0.1
Sun-exposed
side
(X1)
96
85
100
95
92
91
89
115
92
80
119
91
94
110
105
95
83
100
103
90
84
110
90
85
96
107
110
105
106
105
90
118
60
84
98
99
102
92
85
117
75
110
80
98
112
90
83
105
85
107
96.26

Width [cm]
0.1
Darkened
side
(X2)
50
72
67
70
100
100
42
52
60
91
70
65
68
100
43
92
54
83
61
58
31
86
45
57
75
62
47
94
82
91
75
74
55
65
57
77
54
73
72
80
81
76
77
94
83
67
75
73
53
86
70.3

149.14

273.81

Mean formula and calculations:

x1 =

x2 =

4813
=
= 96.26
samples 50

3515
=
= 70.3
samples 50

number of

number of

Variance formula and calculations:

Variance for X1 =
2
1

x
=

2
1

(( x1)2 / n1)
n1 1

470607
(23164969
/ 50)
= 149.14
50 1

Variance for X2 =
2
2

x
=

2
2

(( x2 )2 / n2 )
n2 1

260521
(12355225
/ 50)
= 273.81
50 1

Graph 1. Widths of the leaves on the sun-exposed and shadowed side

140

120
shadowed side
sun-exposed side
100

Size [cm]

80

60

40

20

0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Sample number

Calculating value of t:
The formula for t:

t=

x1 x2
2
1

2
2

s
s
+
n1 n2

96.26 70.30
25.96
25.96
=
=
= 8.95
149.14 273.81
2.98+ 5.48 2.90
+
50
50

Calculating degree of freedom

df = (n1 + n2 ) 2 = 98

T value of 8. 95 for 98 degrees of freedom is less than 1%, therefore the

difference between the two sets is highly significant. This implies that widtha of
the leaves are not random and that the null hypothesis can be rejected. Widths of
the leaves on the sun-exposed side are grater than those of the leaves placed on
the shadowed side.

H0: there is no significant difference between the length of the leaves on the
sun-exposed and shadowed side of the tree
H1: The lengths of the leaves on the sun-exposed side are greater than those of
the leaves placed on the shadowed side
Table 10. Checking for normal distribution for length of the leaves on the sunexposed side of the tree
Class

Frequency

90 99

IIIIII

100 109

IIIIIIII

110 119

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII

120 129

IIIIIIIIII

130 139

IIIIIIII

140 149

II

There is a good normal distribution

10

Table 11 . Calculating standard deviation for the leaves on the shadowed side
of the tree
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Sum:

Length
[cm] (X1)
0.1
104
100
111
125
105
110
97
120
118
95
123
115
109
135
108
112
99
121
108
100
112
145
116
110
114
120
123
140
128
117
127
135
90
106
130
110
132
113
120
135
96
132
110
121
135
112
130
114
97
122
5807

X1 0.1

Calculations

10816
10000
12321
2
Table
the lengths of the
15625
x2 12. xSorting
n
11025 S =
leavesnon
1 the sun-exposed side of the tree
12100
9409
14400
682589 58072 50
13924 S =
49
9025
15129
13225 S=12.91
11881
18225
Calculating the mean
11664
12544
9801
x1
5807
x1 =
=
= 116.14
14641
number
of
samples
50
11664
10000
12544
21025
S = 12.91 constitutes less than 33% of
13456
the mean (116.14) what means that it
12100
is a is a small standard deviation
12996
14400
15129
19600
16384
62 % off the data (34 leaves) falls
13689
within one standard deviation and
16129
98% of the data (49 leaves) falls
18225
within two standard deviations
8100
11236
16900
12100
17424
12769
14400
18225
9216
17424
12100
14641
18225
12544
16900
12996
11
9409
14884
682589

[(

No.

Length [cm] (X1) 0.1

Sorted value

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

104
100
111
125
105
110
97
120
118
95
123
115
109
135
108
112
99
121
108
100
112
145
116
110
114
120
123
140
128
117
127
135
90
106
130
110
132
113
120
135
96
132
110
121
135
112
130
114
97
122

90
95
96
97
97
99
100
100
104
105
106
108
108
109
110
110
110
110
111
112
112
112
113
114
114
115
116
117
118
120
120
120
121
121
122
123
123
125
127
128
130
130
132
132
135
135
135
135
140
145

Table 13. Checking for normal distribution for length of the leaves on the sunexposed side of the tree

12

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
8
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Su
m:

Class
40 49
50 59
60 69
70 79
80 89
90 99
100 109
110 119
Length120 129
X1 0.1
[cm] 130 139

(X1) 0.1
73
93
100
104
130
123
56
110
80
116
93
92
97
124
60
137
73
116
83
78
42
116
62
88
102
96
53
130
115
122
103
93
88
94
75
105
64
84
80
100
87
91
102
101
90
83
102
87
65
90
4648

Frequency
I
II
IIII
IIII
IIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIII
IIIII
II
I

Calculations

There is a good normal distribution

5329
2
8649
x2
x n
10000
S=
n1
10816
16900
453968 4648 50
15129
S=
49
3136
12100
6400
13456
8649
8464
9409
15376
3600
18769
5329
13456
6889
6084
1764
13456
3844
7744
10404
9216
2809
16900
13225
14884
10609
8649
7744
8836
5625
11025
4096
7056
6400
10000
7569
8281
10404
10201
Table 14. Calculating standard deviation for
8100
the leaves on the shadowed side of the tree
6889
10404
7569
4225
8100
Calculating the mean
453968

[(

S= 21.13

13

x2 =

number of

4648
=
= 92.96
samples 50

Table 15. Sorting the lengths of the leaves on the shadowed side of the tree
No.

Length [cm] (X1) 0.1

S1 = 21.13 constitutes less

than 33% of
73
the
mean
(92.96)
what
means
that it is a
2
93
is3 a small standard deviation
100
4
104
5
130
62 % off the data (34 leaves) falls
6
123
within
one standard 56deviation and
7
96%
of the data (48 leaves)
8
110 falls within

two
standard
deviations
9
80
10
116
11
93
12
92
13
97
14
124
15
60
16
137
17
73
18
116
19
83
20
78
21
42
22
116
23
62
24
88
25
102
26
96
27
53
28
130
29
115
30
122
31
103
32
93
33
88

Sorted value
42
53
56
60
62
64
65
73
73
75
78
80
80
83
83
84
87
87
88
88
90
90
91
92
93
93
93
94
96
97
100
100
101

14

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
mean
variabl
e

34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Length
[cm]
43 0.1
Sun-exposed
44
45 side
46 (X1)
104
47
100
48
111
49
125
50 105
110
97
120
118
95
123
115
109
135
108
112
99
121
108
100
112
145
116
110
114
120
123
140
128
117
127
135
90
106
130
110
132
113
120
135
96
132
110
121
135
112
130
114
97
122
116.14
166.61

94
75
105
64
84
80
100
87
91
Length [cm]
0.1 102
Darkened101
side
90
(X2)
83
73
102
93
87
100
65
104
90
130
123
56
110
80
116
93
92
97
124
60
137
73
116
83
78
42
116
62
88
102
96
53
130
115
122
103
93
88
94
75
105
64
84
80
100
87
91
102
101
90
83
102
87
65
90
92.96
446.73

102
102
102
103
104
105
110
115
116
116
116
122
123
124
130
130
137

Table 16. Calculating mean and

variance

Mean formula and calculations:

x1 =

x2 =

5807
=
= 116.14
samples 50

4648
=
= 92.96
samples 50

number of

number of

Variance formula and calculations:

Variance for X1 =
2
1

x
=

2
1

(( x1)2 / n1)
n1 1

682589
(33721249
/ 50)
= 166.61
50 1

453968
(21603904
/ 50)
= 446.73
50 1

Variance for X2 =
2
2

x
=

2
2

(( x2 )2 / n2 )
n2 1

15

Graph 2. Widths of the leaves on the sun-exposed and shadowed side

140

120
shadowed side
sun-exposed side
100

Size [cm]

80

60

40

20

0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Sample number

Calculating value of t:
The formula for t:

t=

x1 x2
2
1

2
2

s
s
+
n1 n2

116.14 92.96
23.18
23.18
=
=
= 6.62
166.61 446.73
3.33+ 8.93 3.50
+
50
50

Calculating degree of freedom

df = (n1 + n2 ) 2 = 98

16

T value of 8. 95 for 98 degrees of freedom is less than 1%, therefore the

difference between the two sets is highly significant. This implies that lengths of
the leaves are not random and that the null hypothesis can be rejected. Lengths
of the leaves on the sun-exposed side are grater than those of the leaves which
are on the shadowed side.

The Spearman Rank Correlation

Is a statistical test that assesses the correlation between two sets of variables. The measure of
correlation lies between +1 and 1, where +1 stands for a perfect positive correlation while -1
determinates perfect negative correlation. In this case the test will be used to determinate
whether there is a correlation between the length and the width of the leaves on each side of the
tree (the sun-exposed and the shadowed).
Table 17 . Ranking the dimensions of the leaves from sun-exposed side

17

No.

Length
[cm]
(X1)
0.1

Sorted
value

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

104
100
111
125
105
110
97
120
118
95
123
115
109
135
108
112
99
121
108
100
112
145
116
110
114
120
123
140
128
117
127
135
90
106
130
110
132
113
120
135
96
132
110
121
135
112
130
114
97
122

90
95
96
97
97
99
100
100
104
105
106
108
108
109
110
110
110
110
111
112
112
112
113
114
114
115
116
117
118
120
120
120
121
121
122
123
123
125
127
128
130
130
132
132
135
135
135
135
140
145

Rank

Width
[cm]
(X1)
0.1

Sorted
value

Rank

1
2
3
4.5
4.5
6
7.5
7.5
9
10
11
12.5
12.5
14
15.25
15.25
15.25
15.25
19
20.33
20.33
20.33
23
24.5
24.5
26
27
28
29
30.33
30.33
30.33
33.5
33.5
35
36.5
36.5
38
39
40
41.5
41.5
43.5
43.5
45.25
45.25
45.25
45.25
49
50

96
85
100
95
92
91
89
115
92
80
119
91
94
110
105
95
83
100
103
90
84
110
90
85
96
107
110
105
106
105
90
118
60
84
98
99
102
92
85
117
75
110
80
98
112
90
83
105
85
107

60
75
80
80
83
83
84
84
85
85
85
85
89
90
90
90
90
91
91
92
92
92
94
95
95
96
96
98
98
99
100
100
102
103
105
105
105
105
106
107
107
110
110
110
110
112
115
117
118
119

1
2
3.5
3.5
5.5
5.5
7.5
7.5
9.25
9.25
9.25
9.25
13
14.25
14.25
14.25
14.25
18.5
18.5
20.33
20.33
20.33
23
24.5
24.5
26.5
26.5
28.5
28.5
30
31.5
31.5
33
34
35.25
35.25
35.25
35.25
39
40.5
40.5
42.25
42.25
42.25
42.25
46
47
48
49
50

Table 18 . Calculating the differences between ranks

No.
1
2
3
4
5

Length
[cm]
0.1
104
100
111
125
105

Rank R1
9
7.5
19
38
10

Width
[cm]
0.1
96
85
100
95
92

Rank R2

D=R1 R2

26.5
9.25
31.5
24.5
20.33

-17,5
-17,5
-12,5
13,5
-10,33

306,25
306,25
156,25
182,25
106,71

18

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

110
97
120
118
95
123
115
109
135
108
112
99
121
108
100
112
145
116
110
114
120
123
140
128
117
127
135
90
106
130
110
132
113
120
135
96
132
110
121
135
112
130
114
97
122

15.25
4.5
30.33
29
2
36.5
26
14
45.25
12.5
20.33
6
33.5
12.5
7.5
20.33
50
27
15.25
24.5
30.33
36.5
49
40
28
39
45.25
1
11
41.5
15.25
43.5
23
30.33
45.25
3
43.5
15.25
33.5
45.25
20.33
41.5
24.5
4.5
35

91
89
115
92
80
119
91
94
110
105
95
83
100
103
90
84
110
90
85
96
107
110
105
106
105
90
118
60
84
98
99
102
92
85
117
75
110
80
98
112
90
83
105
85
107

18.5
13
47
20.33
3.5
50
18.5
23
42.25
35.25
24.5
5.5
31.5
34
14.25
7.5
42.25
14.25
9.25
26.5
40.5
42.25
35.25
39
35.25
14.25
49
1
7.5
28.5
30
33
20.33
9.25
48
2
42.25
3.5
28.5
46
14.25
5.5
35.25
9.25
40.5

-3,25
-8,5
-16,67
8,67
-1,5
-13,5
7,5
-9
3
-22,75
-4,17
0,5
2
-21,5
-6,75
12,83
7,75
12,75
6
-2
-10,17
-5,75
13,75
1
-7,25
24,75
-3,75
0
3,5
13
-14,75
10,5
2,67
21,08
-2,75
1
1,25
11,75
5
-,75
6,08
36
-10,75
-4,75
-5,5
Sum:

10,56
72,25
277,89
75,17
2,25
182,25
56,25
81
9
517,56
17,39
0,25
4,00
462,25
45,56
164,61
60,06
162,56
36
4
103,43
33,06
189,06
1
52,56
612,56
14,06
0,00
12,25
169,00
217,56
110,25
7,13
444,37
7,56
1
1,56
138,06
25
0,56
36,97
1296
115,56
22,56
30,25
6939,94

H0: there is no correlation between the length and the width of the leaves on the sunexposed side of the tree
H1: There is a positive correlation between the length and width of the leaves on the
sun-exposed side of the tree

Calculating the Spearman Rank correlation (rs)

Formula:
rs = 1

6 D2

n(n 1)
2

6 6939,94 41639
.64
=
= 0.33
50 2499
124950

19

The critical value for 50 sample pairs is 0.28. the calculated value of spearman
rank correlation is 0.33, what indicates that there is positive correlation between
examined sets of data. Therefore the null hypothesis can be rejected and H1
supported as the greater the length of the leaf the greater its width.
Graph 3. The length and the width of the leaves on the sun-exposed side of the
tree
160

width
lenght

140

Size [cm]

120
100
80
60
40

49

46

43

40

37

34

31

28

25

22

19

16

13

10

20

Sample number

Graph 4. Correlation between the length and the width of the leaves on the
sun-exposed side of the tree
130
120
110

Width of the leaf

[cm]

100

90
80
70
60
50

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Length of the leaf [cm]

20

Table 19 . Ranking the dimensions of the leaves from the shadowed side

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

Length
[cm]
(X1)
0.1
73
93
100
104
130
123
56
110
80
116
93
92
97
124
60
137
73
116
83
78
42
116
62
88
102
96
53
130
115
122
103
93
88
94
75
105
64
84
80
100
87
91
102
101
90
83
102
87
65
90

Sorted
value

Rank

42
53
56
60
62
64
65
73
73
75
78
80
80
83
83
84
87
87
88
88
90
90
91
92
93
93
93
94
96
97
100
100
101
102
102
102
103
104
105
110
115
116
116
116
122
123
124
130
130
137

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8.5
8.5
10
11
12.5
12.5
14.5
14.5
16
17.5
17.5
19.5
19.5
21.5
21.5
23
24.5
25.33
25.33
25.33
28
29
30
31.5
31.5
33
34.33
34.33
34.33
37
38
39
40
41.5
42.33
42.33
42.33
45
46
47
48.5
48.5
50

Width
[cm]
(X1)
0.1
50
72
67
70
100
100
42
52
60
91
70
65
68
100
43
92
54
83
61
58
31
86
45
57
75
62
47
94
82
91
75
74
55
65
57
77
54
73
72
80
81
76
77
94
83
67
75
73
53
86

Sorted
value

Rank

31
42
43
45
47
50
52
53
54
54
55
57
57
58
60
61
62
65
65
67
67
68
70
70
72
72
73
73
74
75
75
75
76
77
77
80
81
82
83
83
86
86
91
91
92
94
94
100
100
100

1
2
3.5
3.5
5.5
5.5
7.5
7.5
9.5
9.5
11
12.5
12.5
14
15
16
17
18.5
18.5
20.5
20.5
22
23.5
23.5
25.5
25.5
27.5
27.5
29
30.33
30.33
30.33
33
34.5
34.5
36
37
38
39.5
39.5
41.5
41.5
43.5
43.5
45
46.5
46.5
47.33
47.33
47.33

Table 20. Calculating the differences between ranks

No.

Length
[cm]

Rank R1

Width
[cm]

Rank R2

D=R1 R2

21

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

0.1
73
93
100
104
130
123
56
110
80
116
93
92
97
124
60
137
73
116
83
78
42
116
62
88
102
96
53
130
115
122
103
93
88
94
75
105
64
84
80
100
87
91
102
101
90
83
102
87
65
90

8,5
25,33
31,5
38
48,5
46
3
40
12,5
42,33
25,33
24
30
47
4
50
8,5
42,33
14,5
11
1
42,33
5
19,5
34,33
29
2
48,5
41
45
37
25,33
19,5
28
10
39
6
16
12,5
31,5
17,5
23
34,33
33
21,5
14,5
34,33
15,5
7
21,5

0.1
96
85
100
95
92
91
89
115
92
80
119
91
94
110
105
95
83
100
103
90
84
110
90
85
96
107
110
105
106
105
90
118
60
84
98
99
102
92
85
117
75
110
80
98
112
90
83
105
85
107

26,5
9.25
31,5
24.5
20,33
18,5
13
47
20,33
3,5
50
18,5
23
42,25
35,25
24,5
5,5
31,5
34
14,25
7,5
42,25
14,25
9,25
26,5
40,5
42,25
35,25
39
35,25
14,25
49
1
7,5
28,5
30
33
20,33
9,25
48
2
42,25
3,5
28,5
46
14,25
5,5
35,25
9,25
40,5

-18
16,08
0
13,5
28,17
27,5
-10
-7
-7,83
38,83
-24,67
5,5
7
4,75
-31,25
25,5
3
10,83
-19,5
-3,25
-6,5
0,08
-9,25
10,25
7,83
-11,5
-40,25
13,25
2
9,75
22,75
-23,67
18,5
20,5
-18,5
9
-27
-4,33
3,25
-16,5
15,5
-19,25
30,83
4,5
-24,5
0,25
28,83
-19,75
-2,25
-19
Sum:

324
258,5664
0
182,25
793,5489
756,25
100
49
61,3089
1507,769
608,6089
30,25
49
22,5625
976,5625
650,25
9
117,2889
380,25
10,5625
42,25
0,0064
85,5625
105,0625
61,3089
132,25
1620,063
175,5625
4
95,0625
517,5625
560,2689
342,25
420,25
342,25
81
729
18,7489
10,5625
272,25
240,25
370,5625
950,4889
20,25
600,25
0,0625
831,1689
390,0625
5,0625
361
16271,46

H0: there is no correlation between the length and the width of the leaves on the
shadowed side of the tree
H1: There is a positive correlation between the length and width of the leaves on the
shadowed side of the tree

22

Calculating the Spearman Rank correlation (rs)

Formula:
rs = 1

6 D2

n(n 1)
2

616271.46 97628
.76
=
= 0.78
50 2499
124950

The critical value for 50 sample pairs is 0.28. the calculated value of spearman
rank correlation is 0.33, what indicates that there is strong positive correlation
between examined sets of data. Therefore the null hypothesis can be rejected
and H1 supported as the greater the length of the leaf the greater its width.
Graph 5. The length and the width of the leaves on the shadowed side of the
tree
140
120

width
length

Size [cm]

100
80
60
40

49

46

43

40

37

34

31

28

25

22

19

16

13

10

20

Sample number

Graph 6. Correlation between the length and the width of the leaves on the
shadowed side of the tree
110
100
90

Width of the leaf

[cm]

80
70
60
50
40
30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Length of the leaf [cm]

Conclusion
On the basis of conducted Student t-tests it can be concluded that the
dimensions (both width and lengths) of the leaves on the sun-exposed side are
grater than those of the leaves placed on the shadowed side. And basing on the
23

results of Spearman Rank Correlation statistical tests it can be observed that

there is a strong positive correlation (the greater the length of the leaf, the
greater its width) between the leaves on both the sun-exposed and the
shadowed side of the tree. However the gradient of correlation appears to be
much grater on the shadowed side as the value of rs there is 0.78 which is grater
than 0.33 on the sun-exposed side.

24