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A Report on One month vocational Training At BHEL, Haridwar

A training Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in ELECCTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted By: Submitted to:
Rashmi Pandey (DGM) Roll No - 097041 Telecommunication Dept., BHEL, HEEP, Haridwar Branch - ECE Mr. Vishal Verma

SIR CHOTU RAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING CCS University MEERUT

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CERTIFICATE
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Ms. RASHMI PANDEY student of B.Tech, Electronics and Communication Engineering, ROLL NO. 097041, from SIR

CHOTU RAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT has undergone 4 week industrial training in telecommunication

systems under the guidance of Mr. Vishal Verma, D.G.M at telecom division of Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant (HEEP), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Haridwar from JUNE 11TH 2011 to JULY 9TH , 2011. Her discipline and performance during the training period was excellent. We wish her a very prosperous and bright career in future.

Mr. Vishal Verma Joshi Deputy General Manager Technician WEX Telecom HEEP, BHEL, BHEL, Haridwar - 249403 249403

Mr. Sr.

V.K

WEX - Telecom HEEP, Haridwar

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank my respected parents, who always encouraged me and taught me to think and workout innovatively what so ever be the field of life. I pay my greatest regards to Mr. Vishal Verma (D.G.M. Telecom), who provided me valuable guidance and all technical support, which was very essential for completion of the training.
I also wish to thanks Mr. V.K Joshi, (Sr. Technician Telecom) for their kind and continual support and constructive suggestions given during the course of this training. Who helped me a lot in giving minute details of Telecom Department and enlightened me with the knowledge of Exchange equipment and their working. Last but not the least I would like to thanks to all the staff of HEEP (BHEL) who devoted their time for me despite their busy schedule.

NAME RASHMI PANDEY BRANCH Electronics & Communication Engineering INSTITUTE SIR CHOTU RAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT

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Contents
1. -7 2. 3. Introduction to Telephonic System Telecommunication 8 9 Introduction to Organisation 5

4. Electronic exchanges 10 - 14 5. 6. Telephone Lines Connection Types 15 16

8. General faults Occurring in an Exchange 17 - 21 9. Special Features for users in various Exchanges 22 - 23 10. 24 11. 25 Optical Fibre System Maintenance

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INRODUCTION TO ORGANISATION
BHEL An Overview Bharat Heavy Electricals limited, BHEL, is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India with global credentials. Today it ranks among the leading power Equipment manufacturers in the world. Set up in mid-fifties, BHEL has diversified its products base over the years and today BHEL caters to the need of all key sectors of the economy. BHELs products cater to the wide spectrum of customers in various fields like power generation & transmission, oil exploration & production, transportation, steel & metals, fertilizers & petrochemicals, refineries, cement plant, heavy engineering industries, non-conventional energy sources, defence equipments, etc. More than 65% of the installed capacity for electrical power in India is contributed by BHEL. The wide network of BHELs 14 manufacturing divisions, 8 service centres, 4 power sector regional centres, 18 regional offices and over 150 sites spread all over India & abroad enables the company to promptly serve its customers & provide them suitable products systems and services at competitive rates. BHEL manufactures almost all high technology products required for power sectors viz. Steam Turbines, Gas Turbines, Nuclear turbines, Generators, Boilers, Heat Recovery System Generators, Pump & Compressors, Heat Exchangers, and Control Instrumentation etc. BHEL has carried out System Engineering and Turnkey Execution of projects involving coal, liquid & gas based power plants not only in India but also in countries like Malta, Cyprus, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Libya etc. BHELs technology for products/systems is at par with the latest/best in the world. BHEL has collaborated with leading companies in world like M/s Siemens, Germany; M/s General Electric, USA; M/s Alstom, France etc. . Customer Training Programme A comprehensive training program on the Design Features, System Philosophy, Operation & Maintenance, troubleshooting etc. of turbo generators is offered to the customer engineers and technicians to impart knowledge. Experienced faculty from concerned disciplines provide the conceptual inputs followed up by shop visits. Quality & Reliability Quality is prime concern for BHEL. Turbo generators manufactured by BHEL are certified ISO: 9001. The certificate is testimonial of BHELs tryst with quality. It is endeavour to achieve excellence in all business processes BHEL has adopted and
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implemented new concepts to ensure compliance to standards/specifications at various stages of the project viz. engineering, manufacturing, testing, erection, commissioning etc.

In past few years the field of communication has been developing with no leaps or bounds. It has become a necessity of each human being to be connected with each other. Telephone is rapidly becoming a tool to quench this thirst. In Automatic Telephony, operators are not required to establish connections manually between the different calling and the called subscribers as are required in the case of manual telephone systems. In these system subscribers those selves establish required connections by operating the different switches placed at the central place known as the EXCHANGE from their telephones at remote place from it. The automatic telephone systems are rapidly replacing manual ones due to their outstanding merits over the latter types, some of which are enumerated below: In Automatic Telephony higher level of secrecy is maintained due to absence of Operators who can overhear the conversation if they like in the manual telephone Systems. The working of an Automatic Telephone system does not depend for its efficiency on the personal efficiencies of the operators. There is no possibility of the calls being missed or wrong metering being done due to faults of The operators or due to phonetic errors between subscribers and the operators. As no operator is required, the running cost of the exchange is reduced.

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INTRODUCTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION
The word telecommunication is a combination of two words TELE + COMMUNICATON The word tele in Latin means distance hence telecommunication is distance communication

Evaluation of communication system : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Primitive sign language Pounding drum smoke signals fire signals Modern telegraph Telephone wire less communication Satellite communication

Requirements for a complete communication system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The source of the message The modulator and transmitter Channel The receiver and the Demodulator The destination of the message

The message signals has low frequency & low energy. Thus modulation is the process of translating the original signals to a higher frequency signal representing the original signals. This process is done inside a device called a transmitter.

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The modulate signals has to be transferred from the transmitter to the receiver through a medium and this medium is also called a channel The channels menas long transmission path. The various channel available today is cable, radio wave and light wave -

Radio system characterstics


When a radio frequency current flows in to a transmitting antenna, power is a radiated in a no. of direction is called an electro-magnetic wave.The radiated energy will reach the receiving station by one or more five different mode. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Surface wave Sky wave Space wave via a satellite Scattering

USAGE : 1. World wide communication in LF Band & Broad casting in MF Band 2. Long distance, Radio telephone, sound brodacasting 3. Sound and TV broadcasting 4. Multi channel telephone system 5. Use in UHF & SHF band to provide Multi channel telephoniy lines

Modulation of signal : 1.Amplitude modulation 2.Frequency modulation 3.pulse modulation


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The band width require for the transmission of commercial quality speech is 300-3400 Hz .

Telephone Network, BHEL

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INTRODUCTIN OF ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE: Communication Visual Audio Generation of Exchange Two phone instruments Manual telephone exchange Manual automatic exchange Electronics exchange Electronic Exchange Cross bar exchange C dot exchange Pulse code modulation exchange Digital exchange Any exchange has to section Indoor Switch room Battery room Operator room M.D.F Outdoor
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Switch room Exchange cabinet Different PCB card PRI CARD TELEPHONE Inventor Launch year Available Alexander graham bell

- 1876 World wide

The telephone (in the Greek language tele means far and phone means voice)

C dot Exchange (max exchange) :


four basic modules

It can be configured from

1. 2. 3. 4.

Basic modules Central modules Administrative modules Input output modules

Electronic Exchanges are of two types:


1. Tone type 2. Pulse type

1.

Tone type: In this type of exchange sine waves are used. Their speed of dialing for a given number is more than that of Pulse type. Pulse type: In this type of exchange square wave is used due to which the dialing speed is lesser. The telephone apparatus used for both types are different

2.

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in construction. But now days both types of apparatus are integrated in a single machine in which switch-over can be made via a selector switch.

TONES USED IN MODERN TELEPHONY Dial Tone: When handset is picked up from the cradle, then Dial tone is heard if a free line is available. This means that the instrument is ready to send the signals to the exchange. When the subscriber takes up the receiver then signals are sent M.D.F. then to I.D.F., line Number block and to Peripherals where in various line-cards are mounted in a shelf. When corresponding number on the line-card is free then the Ringer section of that Peripheral generates a signal called tone. This tone is a continuous burble sound of 400 Hz modulated by 25Hz and is sent to the calling subscriber as soon as his line seizes the free line. The subscriber must not dial before receiving this tone; otherwise he is liable to get wrong connection. If he does not get this tone, he should try after some time. Busy Tone: When the called subscriber is engaged with other call, this tone is heard. It consists of a sound of 400 Hz which is regularly interrupted at equal intervals. It is generally on for 0.75 sec and off for also 0.75 sec Ringing Tone: When a number is dialed then telephone of the called subscriber starts ringing. Calling subscriber should get this information and this is indicated by sending ringing tone of interrupted 400 Hz supplies modulated by 25 Hz and its durations are generally equal to the duration of ringing current, which rings the bell. It may be 0.4 sec on, 0.2 sec off or it may be 0.75 sec on and 0.75 sec off and so on. When this ringing tone is received, the calling subscriber knows that the connection is completed and that the bell of the called subscriber is ringing. Number Unobtainable Tone: This tone is sent when the number dialed cannot be obtained. If any subscriber dials which is not actually connected to the exchange, this indication is send. This is also a tone of 400 Hz with interruption of 200 ms at every 3 sec. Now-a-days push button type telephone apparatus are used. This apparatus can be exploded into following sections: 1. Ringer section 2. Speech section (Transmitter and Receiver section) 3. Voltage limiter section From telephone exchange two wires or connectors run for each number, in which one is neutral and the other is main or positive. For the telephone circuit to work the necessary supply is provided by the exchange. Like other circuits telephone also operates when a circuit is established between calling and called subscriber. When one dials a number then the corresponding relays at the exchange established a circuit automatically. The telephone exchange supplies 40-60 volt DC and 110/20 Hz to operate this circuit. This is required because of voltage drop that may creep in
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long transmission wires. As soon as the handset is picked-up this 48-volt DC supply is available at voltage limiter section, dialing pulse generator and speech section. In telephone dialing two types of frequencies are used which are: High band tone (1216 Hz. to 1645 Hz.) Low band tone (701 Hz. to 936 Hz.)

Frequencies used in Telephony


The numbers from 1 to 5 falls in low band and 6 to 9, 0 falls in high band. Till the handset is on-hook, the ringing section of the apparatus is on through telephone line but on lifting the handset the ringing section becomes off, also the dialing and speech section becomes ready. On lifting the handset first the dial tone is received which is amplified by the amplifier of speech section. When a number is pressed on the keyboard, the dialing pulses are made on and off according to the number dialed. For example if 5 is pressed then dialing pulses are made on and off 5 times. This process can be heard on the receiver. There is a gap of 1 sec. between consecutively pressed numbers. When the handset is placed on or is lifted from the instrument a switch is operated called the hook-switch. The main function of this switch is to toggle between telephone-line and ringer, dialing & speech sections of the telephone. When the handset is on the telephone then ringer section of the telephone is on while on lifting it ringer section is disconnected and dialing section is connected.

How the telephone call is made: Telephone call is characterized into two sections: 1. Outgoing calls: Generally a voltage of 48V-60V DC always remains on the telephone line but as the handset is picked-up the voltage limiter drops this voltage to 9-12V on hearing the dial tone it is confirmed that the apparatus is ready to work and after dialing the number a ringing pulse is send to the called party. When the calling party picks-up the handset the billing meter of the exchange becomes activated. There is a counter in the exchange, which counts the pulse and converts them into calls. 2. Incoming calls: These are just opposite of outgoing calls. In the incoming calls the telephone detects the ringing signal from the exchange and provides the ring. At the instance of ringing signal, there remains a voltage of 75-110V/20 Hz on the telephone. A high voltage (AC) is sent from the ringer section of the exchange to start the ringer circuit of the telephone. When the ringing signal is received it should be properly isolated as it may give a shock. This ringing circuit is on until the handset is not picked-up at the called party. The duration of this tone, if unattended, is 1 minute after which an engage tone is heard. After lifting the handset a circuit is established and a call is made.
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There are various powers providing circuits available in the exchange to run the circuitry. These are broadly categorized in two categories: Outside the exchange Inside the exchange Outside the Exchange: Since the voltage supplied in Indian Subcontinent is 220-volts/50 Hz AC but for the normal working of the exchange 48(46-53) volts of DC is required. Hence a Rectifier circuit, backed with battery array for power-failures, is used. This rectifier block not only rectifies the input supply but also works as a battery charger. It is known as Float rectifier cum charger. Battery backup is utilized for smooth operation of the exchange during power failures. For battery back-up lead acid battery array is used in parallel to the supply from the rectifier block, so that during power failures the exchange supplies are not terminated.

Inside the Exchange: Inside the telephone exchange various types of power supplies are used for powering various modules (for example: - Line-cards, Ringer). Some of them are: -5 V 12 A +5 V 12 A inside the exchange +12 V 6A. From M.D.F. a number of cables, based upon the requirement of a place, are connected to cabinets. On the cabinets these cables are divided into cables of 20 pairs. Now every 20 pair cable goes to the distribution box (D.B.). At the D.B. this 20 pair cable is further divided into two parts of 10 pairs each. These pairs are then connected to the subscriber ports via jumpers. The line from these ports then goes to the subscribers through single pair cables which are usually of P.V.C. type. These wires are connected to the instrument via Rosette-Box.

M.D.F
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This frame serves the following purposes:

It is place where both external and internal cables are terminated. The external individuals cable carry conductors from subscribers who are necessarily from the same locality and as such their numbers cannot be in numerical order. On the other hand, the internal cable conductors come from apparatus side in numerical order. This cross-section between the two cables is done on the M.D.F through jumper wires. Old M.D.F

It carries all the protectors used in the exchange. The different protectors that are used are (a) Fuses, (b) Heat coils, and (c) lightning protectors. This M.D.F is an ideal place for testing purpose. Both the internal and the external cables are available at this frame and, therefore, both external and internal wiring and lines can be tested for this purpose.

New MDF in Exchange

New MDF

I.D.F
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These frames like M.D.F. consists of a large number of verticals with horizontal crossarms fitted with tag blocks at both the ends. The cable from M.D.F. is terminated on the multiple sides from where connections are extended to metering and from the exchange side cables are run to the respected line-cards. The two tag blocks are joined by means of jumper wires as in the M.D.F., so that any subscriber can be given connection to any uniselector on the line-card. The subscriber and, therefore, their uniselector are divided into different groups and it is necessary for these groups to originate more or less the same amount of traffic for smooth distribution among different trunks.

Various cards & card holder in EPBAX exchange

1.Analog extension card (Z-24) The alcatel z-24 extension card provide 4400 omni connection and this card has 24 port. The cost of this card is 952 $. 2.Digital extension card (UA-32) This card has 32 port 3. DIT Card used through proper line (ATR-2) These are direct inward dialing card. 3*8 = 24 lines

4. Analog trunk card used as a junction to junction (NDDI) The cost of this card is 852 $ 8*8 = 64 lines If we dial a no. using this junction then the actual no. is not shown at the user display only junction no. is shown
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5.

CPU 3 CPU is a central processing unit. These cards control the over all functioning of the exchange cabinet.

6. INTOF INTOF is a interface card. These card are used to inter face all the cards with one another. 7. MMSFD FLOPPY BOARD or FLOPPY DRIVE used by owner SUVG SUVG is a voice card. It gives the information if no. is busy
8.

9.IDTL8 IDTL8 is a loop dialing card. It dials a card repeatively untill the call is not transferred to the used. 10. PCM2 PCM2 is a digital trunk card used through OF (optical fiber) 11. This card is used for conference call means this card will function when more then 1 user are on call to a single person. PRI CARD PRI Card is the standard four providing tele communication services to the office. It is based on T1 carrier.(T1) lines in the us. and the e carrier (E1) line in Europe. The T1 line consists of 24 channels. While E1 has 32. Exchange cabinet
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GPA1

0-27 slots 0-27 slots

Reck-1 Reck-0

Reck 0 Reck 1 Reck 2 -

Bottem reck up reck down reck

Alcatel exchange

TELEPHONE LINES
In BHEL-Hardwar three types of telephone lines are used. They are: MAX Lines EPABX Lines C-DOT Lines

MAX Lines: Before MAX Ex. Lines are used only Internal Exchange. But New (CORAL) MAX lines are used for both internal (Intercom) and external communication links BHEL. EPABX Lines: EPABX lines are used for both internal and external communication links in BHEL. If the user wants to dial outside the periphery of BHEL, he can use these lines. There are about 500 lines available here. These lines are distributed in 17 line-cards with 24 line numbers in each. Its I.D.F. section has 40 tag blocks. 96 numbers available here are connected via digital lines in which a host of facilities are provided that can be accessed using code 69. C-DOT Lines: These lines are the direct telephone lines from C-DOT The facility they provide is called DID (Direct Inward Dialing). It has 24 lines and any BHEL number starting with digit 5 can be accessed using code 48.

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CONNECTION TYPES
Types of Connections: 1. With wires i.e. Cables Wireless Microwave Links through Satellite Cables: Two types of Cables are used. They are: 1. Underground cables: These types of cables run under the earth and are basically used to connect the exchange to the subscriber's Distribution Box (D.B.). They are further of two types based upon their construction and the insulating material used. a. Paper core A.T.C. (Armored Tin Cable) b. Jelly filled A.T.C. (Armored Tin Cable) 2. Overhead cables: These types of cables are used to connect the equipments inside the exchange and to connect the peripheral devices to the subscriber's Distribution Box (DB) They are generally of P.V.C. type. In an exchange, based upon the number of conductor pairs, following types of cables are used: Single Pair cable 2 Pairs cable 5 Pairs cable 10 Pairs cable 20 Pairs cable
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50 Pairs cable 100 Pairs cable Color-coding: TYPE Single pair 2 Pair cable COLOR OF WIRES Blue-White Blue-White/Orange-White

5 Pair cable Blue-White/OrangeWhite/Green-White/Brown-White/GreyWhite 10 Pair cable Blue-White/OrangeWhite/Green-White/Brown-White/Grey-White/Blue-Red/OrangeRed/Green-Red/Brown-Red/Grey-Red 20 Pair cable Blue-White/Orange-White/Green-White/Brown-White/GrayWhite/Blue-White-blue/Orange-White-Blue/Green-White-Blue/BrownWhite-Blue/Gray-White-Blue/Blue-White-Orange/Orange-WhiteOrange/Green-White-Orange/Brown-White-Orange/Gray-WhiteOrange/Blue-White-Green/Orange-White-Green/Green-WhiteGreen/Brown-White-Green/Gray-White-Green. For 100 pairs cable the color-coding is same as that of the above 20 pairs cable except that the mate color is changed after each bunch of 20 pairs. PAIRMATE COLOR 1st 20 pairs White2nd 20 pairsYellow3rd 20 pairsBlack4th 20 pairsViolet5th 20 pairs Red

General faults occurring in an Exchange


There are mainly two types of faults that often occur in the Exchange. These are basically 1. Faults that occur from Line 2. Faults that occur due to Instrument 1. Faults that occur from Line Due to line three types of faults may occur. They are categorized as under: 1. Break fault: They are also called as Disconnection faults. They can occur in the connectors at home, in line or in exchange. In common they are broadly called as "Telephone is dead". 2. Loop fault: They are also called as Line-Shorting faults. In this fault connectors are shorted prior the instrument forming a local loop. If unattended for a long time they may cause severe damage to the Exchange. 3. Earth fault: This fault may occur due to:
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Fig.9 Automatic Line Tester

wetting of connectors Water in Rosette-Box Weak insulation or Oxidation of copper wire Connectors can either touch from earth, with other connector or with any conductor (such as metallic table, frame etc.)
1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Problems that can occur due to line faults: Subscriber cannot dial a number. Ring Trip i.e. connection from the exchange breaks after one ring. False Ring Low speech One sided speech

Faults that occur due to instrument: These may be: The number is not being dialed One way speech. Dial tone breaks after two or three rings. From second subscriber bell is heard to be going but at first subscriber only dial tone is heard. Instrument circuitry faulty. When loop or earth fault is received than exchange can be affected so it is wedged as soon as possible because if not wedge for longer it can damage line-card too. To sense these faults first line-side is checked and then exchange side is checked at exchange. If however exchange side is correct then line faults after detection are handed over to the concerned lineman for further checking.

Testing Procedure

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OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEM


Fiber optical transmission medium is fast emerging as an alternative and strong competitor to coaxial cables in telecommunication networks. Long distance data transmission in electrical cables suffers from ground loop problems. The merits of the optical fiber stem from the fact that the basic material used in their construction is nonmetallic and electrically nonconductive. In contrast, the nonmetallic and totally dielectric fiber optical cable are immune to radio frequency another electromagnetic interferences. Ground loop and common mode voltage problem do not exist and data can be transmitted between points of vastly different potential. In optical cables the information is transmitted by packets of photons which have no charge. There is no possibility of sparks or short circuit when a fiber is cut. The bandwidth high compared to that of the electrical cables. The standard RG-58 coaxial cable has bandwidth distance product of a typical optical fiber is about 100 MHz-Km. Fiber cables are about the thickness of a human hair any dirt obstructing the optical port causes poor transmission. The thin dimension results in a low weight for given length when compared to electrical cables. However, being thin and somewhat brittle in nature, fiber tend to break easily if bent beyond a certain limit a direct viewing into the optical point can be harmful to the eyes.

Broadband optical fiber system

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LIST OF SPECIAL EXCHANGES


1.

USER

FEATURES

ON

VARIOUS

MAX (Coral India Pvt. LTD, NOIDA)

Manufacturer: Jeumont Schinedier, France Capacity: 2700 lines

Call Pick Up: xxxx. Call Transfer:

89-xxxx to pick up a call ringing at another location 2 Parties conversing, any party can dial 3rd party, then Conversation among them Hang-up. The party on line now talks to 3rd party. While speaking with a party: (From Pulse Instrument: -- If CALLER requires dialing 3rd party during conversation and maintaining talks, then dial 4.) (From Tone Instrument: -- If CALLER requires dialing 3rd party during conversation and maintaining talks, then flash, and dial 4.)

Party Conference:

Malicious Call Trace: Dial 29 during conversation, to trace a malicious call From a MAX Extension. Then enquire from 4999 or 4424. Appointment Reminder: Dial 80-xx-yy {xx=hrs, yy=min}. To Cancel: Dial 27.

2.

EPABX = ALCATEL 4400


Manufacturer: ALCATEL, FRANCE Capacity: 500 lines (96 DIGITAL, 404 ANALOG) Technology used: PCM - TDM Dial # before no. {If instrument is not tone enabled) Hook FLASH: Do Hook Flash On hearing prompt "Please dial." Dial the no., wait for party to respond, and then disconnect. FLASH (from Tone mode instrument.) or 2 (from Pulse During converse put the 1st party on HOLD. Then, dial a 3rd party and speak.

Tone Mode Dial: Call Transfer:

Enquiry Call: mode)

Broker Call:

(After ENQUIRY CALL): Dial 1 To go BACK & FORTH, between two parties (one party in conversation & other On HOLD)
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Conference-3 Party:

While talking to 1st party, first make ENQUIRY CALL (Put on hold){FLASH from Tone; or 2 from Pulse}. Then - Dial 3rd party - Flash-- Dial 3. Dial 5 to book auto-callback when a busy PABX hangs up. (To cancel auto-callback request: Dial 67 or/and 848)

Auto Callback:

Password Modification: 847-0000-xxxx (0000=old password; xxxx = new Password). This facility is available on STD enabled extensions only. Last caller callback: 851 {to ring the last unattended PABX Caller}

Appointment Reminder: 852 then dial the time as {xx (hr) xx (min)} To cancel: 853 Last no. Redial: Redial Button. Call Pickup: Call-Park / Retrieve: from a different set. 854 User can use this if instrument doesnt have a 72 - XXXX to pick up a call ringing at another extension. It is used during an incoming or outgoing call, to speak

(To park from own (speaking) set: FLASH-855- dial own extension number. Then Hang-up". The call is now parked, and the other party is kept on hold. (To pick up from a different set: 855- dial own extension number) (To pick up from own set (later, if not taken elsewhere) 855)

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MAINTENANCE
The subject of maintenance of Automatic Telephone Exchange can be broadly divided under two categories: 1. Prevention of Service Failures. 2. Location of Faults and their removal. Prevention of Service Failures can be done in following ways: 1. Suitable design and adoption of suitable adjustment standards of the equipment parts of the exchange can minimize failures in service.
2.

Some preventive measures may also reduce service failures viz. keeping the rooms dust free, maintaining temperature and humidity under tolerable limits using air-conditioners. Routine inspection, routine tests and routine adjustments also help in preventing service failures. When faults occur in some parts of the exchange, they should be detected and removed as quickly as possible.

3.

Various tools are also used to check the faults in the telephone lines and for checking fault inside the exchange.

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