IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO.
3, JUNE 1998
Residential Photovoltaic Energy Storage System
S. J. Chiang, K. T. Chang, and C. Y. Yen
Abstract—This paper introduces a residential photovoltaic (PV)
energy storage system, in which the PV power is controlled by a
dc–dc converter and transferred to a small battery energy storage
system (BESS). For managing the power, a pattern of daily
operation considering the load characteristic of the homeowner,
the generation characteristic of the PV power, and the power-
leveling demand of the utility is prescribed. The system looks
up the pattern to select the operation mode, so that powers
from the PV array, the batteries, and the utility are utilized
in a cost-effective manner. As for the control of the system, a
novel control technique for the maximum power-point tracking
(MPPT) of the PV array is proposed, in which the state-averaged
model of the dc–dc converter, including the dynamic model of the
PV array, is derived. Accordingly, a high-performance discrete
MPPT controller that tracks the maximum power point with
zero-slope regulation and current-mode control is presented. With
proposed arrangements on the control of the BESS and the
current-to-power scaling factor setting, the dc–dc converter is
capable of combining with the BESS for performing the functions
of power conditioning and active power filtering. An experimental
600-W system is implemented, and some simulation and exper-
imental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of
the proposed system.
Index Terms— Active power filtering, battery energy storage
system, maximum power-point tracking, power conditioning.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE residential photovoltaic (PV) system has great po-
tential of being a significant market, due to the following
advantages [1]: 1) translating the utility value into an allowable
system cost using the homeowner economic parameters and 2)
the PV system is able to utilize the roof for support structure,
eliminating land and direct structure expense. However, it
suffers an interface issue with the utility that should be solved
before a large number of them are applied [2].
The small battery energy storage system (BESS) that pos-
sesses the functions of power conditioner, active power filter,
and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) has been demon-
strated to be effective for interfacing with the utility and
providing reliable power to the load [3], [4]. In this paper, the
PV power is controlled by a dc–dc converter and transferred
to the BESS proposed in [3] and [4] to form a residential
PV energy storage system. In addition to the advantages of
the BESS, the proposed system possesses flexible capability
in power usage. In Section II, it will be shown that, if load
characteristic of the homeowner, generation characteristic of
the PV power, and load demand of the utility have been
prescribed, the proposed system is able to allow an optimal
Manuscript received January 13, 1997; revised August 24, 1997.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National
Lien Ho College of Technology and Commerce, Miao-Li, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0278-0046(98)03557-6.
0278–0046/98$10.00  1998 IEEE
385
power management strategy to be used, so that all powers in
the system are utilized in a cost-effective manner.
As for the control of the proposed system, to increase the
conversion efficiency of the PV power, the dc–dc converter
is used for tracking the maximum power point of the PV
array. It is appropriate to employ current-mode control of
the dc–dc converter in the proposed system to coordinate
the PV power with the power conditioning function of the
BESS in the best way. Although some papers [5]–[11] have
proposed different maximum power-point tracking (MPPT)
algorithms in the past, MPPT with current-mode control was
seldom addressed. In addition, these MPPT control algorithms
do not consider the dynamic behavior of the PV array, thus,
stability and performance of the MPPT control are hard to
evaluate. In Section III, the derivation of the small-signal
model of the dc–dc converter, including the dynamic model of
the PV array, is proposed first. Based on this model, a novel
discrete MPPT controller that tracks the maximum power
point with zero-slope regulation and current-mode control is
presented. As a result, the MPPT controller, including the
current-mode controller, is able to be designed quantitatively,
and good control performance is achieved. Following suitable
arrangements on the current-to-power scaling factor setting
and the controllers of the BESS, the dc–dc converter is able
to cooperate with the BESS for performing the functions of
power conditioning and active power filtering. In each mode,
the power flows in the system are balanced and programmable
with significant stability.
Since it is difficult to change the operating condition in
the real field tests, the performance of the proposed MPPT
controller is examined first by simulation in Section IV. In
Section V, an experimental 600-W system is implemented, and
its effectiveness is demonstrated by some measured results.
Finally, some conclusions are made in Section VI.
II. POWER MANAGEMENT OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The power circuit of the proposed PV energy storage system
is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a PV array, a dc–dc converter
and a single-phase battery energy storage system that is formed
by a bidirectional converter and connects with the batteries, the
load, and the utility. There is one power source (the PV array),
one power sink (the load), and two power sources/sinks (the
batteries and the utility), which are paralleled in the system.
According to possible power flow conditions among these
parallel components, operation of the proposed system can be
cataloged into four operation modes, as shown in Fig. 2. Since
each component has its own cost and characteristics for power
generation or consumption, operation of the proposed system
is designed with consideration of the following factors:
386
Fig. 1. The power circuit of proposed PV energy storage system.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 2. Four operation modes of the proposed system. (a) Mode 1. (b) Mode
2. (c) Mode 3. (d) Mode 4.
A. Load Characteristic of the Homeowner
From the viewpoint of the homeowner, the best policy is to
minimize the kilowatthour cost from the utility and sell excess
power to the utility in the peak-load period of the utility. For
this reason, the load characteristic of the homeowner should
be explored. It is usually case by case and dependent on the
homeowner preference.
B. Generation Characteristic of the PV Power
For a roof-mounted PV array, the insolating level and the
solar path are changed with time, and the daily generation char-
acteristic of the PV power should be analyzed for determining
the best way to utilize the PV power.
C. Power-Leveling Demand of the Utility
A typical power-leveling demand of the utility is to share
the peak-load burden of the utility with the stored energy and
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 3, JUNE 1998
Fig. 3. A pattern of daily operation of the proposed system.
restore the energy with the off-peak utility power to reshape
the power level of the utility [12].
Based on these considerations, if the daily power profile
related to each factor is prescribed, it is possible to determine
an optimal pattern of daily operation from the viewpoint of
the utility, as well as the homeowner. Fig. 3 shows a design
example, where the homeowner is a typical modern family.
The daily operation is formed by the operation modes shown
in Fig. 2 and arranged in a sequence as follows.
Off-Peak Load Period (Mode 1): From midnight to day-
break, the PV power is absent, and the utility recharges the
batteries and supplies the load power simultaneously.
Low-Insolation Period (Mode 2): In early morning, the PV
power is present, yet not large enough to charge the batteries
and supply the load power; the insufficiency is supplied by
the utility.
High-Insolation Period (Mode 3): From late morning to
middle evening, the PV power is larger than the demand
for charging the batteries and supplying the load power; the
excess power can be fed to the utility.
Discharging Period (Mode 4): From late evening to mid-
night, the utility power is minimized, the load power is
supplied by the PV array and the discharging batteries initially;
as PV power gradually decreases to zero, the load power is
finally supplied all by batteries.
It is evident that the pattern of daily operation described
above is cost effective, since the charge of batteries is in terms
of the free PV power and the off-peak utility power that is low
cost in power generation; the discharging power of batteries
is used to supply the peak-load power of the homeowner to
save the kilowatthour cost from the utility. Furthermore, if the
power policy is permissible, the excess PV power can be sold
to the utility in the peak-load period of the utility.
It should be noted that, if the characteristic of any factor is
changed, the pattern of daily operation should be redesigned
CHIANG et al.: A RESIDENTIAL PV ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
Fig. 4. Configuration of the proposed system.
based on the aforementioned considerations. There is no
unique solution applicable for any case, however, the proposed
four operation modes indeed provide a flexible circumstance
for the homeowner to program his/her own system in the best
way.
III. CONTROL OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The configuration of the proposed PV energy storage system
is shown in Fig. 4, in which the dc–dc converter is a boost
type used to step up the PV voltage to the level of the dc
link of the single-phase system; the bidirectional converter of
the BESS is a single-phase full-bridge converter. The control
system consists of three parts, namely, the PV control section,
the BESS control section, and the operation mode control
section. The PV control section is used to control the dc–dc
converter for transferring maximum power from the PV array
to the dc link. The BESS control section is used to control
the bidirectional converter for performing the functions of
power conditioning and active power filtering. Based on a
prescribed pattern of operation and the operating condition, the
operation mode control section generates the mode selection
387
signal for controlling the switch SW. Detailed descriptions of
these control sections follow.
A. PV Control Section
The PV control section employs multiloop control with the
inductor current of the boost converter in the inner loop for
achieving fast dynamic response. The outer loop is the MPPT
controller that tracks the maximum power point of the PV
array to produce the converter current command ; the inner
loop then executes the current-mode control to let the converter
current follow closely. The theoretical base and the design
of the PV control section follow.
B. MPPT Controller
Under a stable insolation, the P–V and I–V characteristics
of a roof-mounted PV array are monotonous. As shown in
Fig. 5(a), they are functions of voltage, insolation level,
and temperature [7], [11]. From these characteristics, some
important properties for the design of the proposed MPPT
controller are concluded, as follows.
388 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 3, JUNE 1998

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig. 5. The characteristics of PV array. (a) I–V and P–V characteristics. (b) m and b characteristics (25  C/1sun). (c) dPP V =dVP and IP 0 mVP
characteristics (25  C/1sun).

1) The PV array consists of two segments; one is the the slope is positive, while in the constant
constant voltage segment, and the other is the constant current voltage segment the slope is negative. With the
segment. Therefore, it is reasonable to approximate the I–V approximation of (1), the slope can be written as
characteristics in both segments as
(2)
(1)
Fig. 5(c) shows that this approximation is very accurate.
where and are positive reals. Fig. 5(b) shows the values
3) If the PV array is controlled by current, in order to move
of and that are obtained from the I–V characteristic of
the operating point toward the zero slope point and, thus, the
Fig. 5(a). is equivalent to the output conductance of the
maximum power point, should decrease for positive slope
PV array. In the constant-current segment, is small, so the
and increase for negative slope. From the input side of the
PV array exhibits a high negative output impedance. On the
boost converter, one can obtain
contrary, it exhibits a small negative output impedance in the
constant-voltage segment. (3)
2) There are no local maximum power points; the only
one maximum power point is global and occurs at the is equal to the converter current in steady state. There-
knee of the characteristic, i.e., at where the fore, adjustment of also can move the operating point
slope of is zero. In the constant-current segment toward the maximum power point.
CHIANG et al.: A RESIDENTIAL PV ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM 389

(a)

(b)
Fig. 6. Control block diagram of the PV control section. (a) MPPT controller. (b) Current-mode controller.

Based on the above properties and the current equation listed where is the discrete time sequence, is the sampling time,
in (3), a novel MPPT controller that tracks the maximum and
power point with zero slope regulation and current-mode
control is proposed, as shown in Fig. 6(a). Where is the (7)
gain of the current sensor, the dynamic models of the slope
and the converter model are obtained from the
The second issue is that there exists a right-half-plane zero
linearization of (2) and (3), respectively, under the assumption
; in addition, varies a lot from the constant-voltage
that the current is equal to by current-mode control. “ ”
segment to the constant-current segment. Therefore, the regu-
is used to represent the small variation around the operating
lating performance of MPPT control may not be good if the
point. A proportional integral (PI) controller is adopted for
right-half-plane zero is too small; it is also sensitive to the
regulating the slope; it is designed as
operating point if the parameters of PI controllers are fixed. To
cope with these difficulties, the right-half-plane zero is made
(4) large by adopting a small input capacitor , and the regulating
performance is improved by an adaptive PI controller. The
adaptive rule in the proposed system is
where is the slope error of , and and
are the proportional and integral gains of PI controller,
respectively. From Fig. 6(a), the regulating performance of for constant voltage segment
the closed-loop system can be derived as

for constant current segment

(8)
(5)
where and are positive reals. The design
object is to make the MPPT control be usually started from
the constant-voltage segment to approach the zero slope point.
Examining (5), there exist two control issues. First, the Since is large enough in this segment, it is easy to make
slope desires a pure differentiation that is hard the regulating performance well by assigning proper and
to be realized with analog circuits in practice, so it is realized The adaptive gains and are set large to move the
in a discrete manner in this paper. By using the backward operating point from the constant-current segment toward the
difference approximation [13], the difference equation of the constant-voltage segment quickly.
PI controller listed in (4) is derived as It should be noted that the dynamic model of the converter,
including the PV array shown in Fig. 6(a), should be trans-
(6) ferred to a discrete form. Accordingly, the PI controllers are
390 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 3, JUNE 1998

able to be designed quantitatively, thereby, the stability and control block diagram of Fig. 6(b), if the variation of can
performance of the MPPT control also can be evaluated. be fully eliminated by the tracking performance of
to can be obtained as
C. Current-Mode Controller
For the boost converter, the converter current can be (16)
described by
where
is on (9)
(17)
is off (10)
is equivalent to the bandwidth of the current loop, and a
With pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching, (9) and (10) larger results in a wider bandwidth. However, a stable current
can be averaged using the state-space averaging method [14] as loop is such that the slew rate of the amplified current error
signal does not exceed that of the ramp signal. Therefore,
(11)
(18)
where is the duty ratio. The small-signal equation corre-
where is the frequency of the ramp and is, thus, the
sponding to (11) is then obtained by a linearization procedure
switching frequency. is the maximum voltage of the
as
PV array. Equation (18) limits the maximum gain of
(12)
(19)
where is the steady-state duty ratio. Since the
duty ratio is obtained by comparing the control signal Substituting (19) and (15) into (17), the maximum bandwidth
with the ramp signal the variation of duty ratio can be is obtained as
expressed as
Hz (20)
(13)
Compared with the MPPT control, this bandwidth is large
enough, so it is reasonable to assume that the current-loop
where is the amplitude of Substituting (13) into
gain is unity in the design of the MPPT controller.
(12), one can obtain
D. BESS Control Section
(14)
The BESS control section shown in Fig. 4 mainly consists
where of four parts, namely, the current-forced switching scheme, the
active power filter controller the discharging controller
(15) , and the charging controller [3], [4]. These four parts
form a multiloop control system; the innermost loop is the
The proposed current-mode controller is designed as shown current-forced switching scheme, the object of which is to let
in Fig. 6(b), where the small-signal model of the power the converter currents closely follow its command that is
stage is plotted with (14). For achieving good current-tracking generated by its outer-loop controller The active power
performance, the effect of variation of and must be filter controller not only regulates the real power of
reduced. Assume the variation of batteries voltage is small the bidirectional converter in a way to follow its command
and very slow, such that it is neglected in the design of but also controls the converter to compensate for the
the proposed current-mode controller. As a result, is reactive power and harmonic current of the load to let the
seen as a constant. As to owing to MPPT control, its utility current be of low distortion and near unity power factor.
variation is large. In order to compensate this variation, a is generated by the outermost loop controller or
feedforward control signal is employed. Owing to its ease and selected by the mode selection switch SW.
of implementation and no need for the slope compensation, For balancing various power flows in the system and
the conductance current-mode control [15], [16] is adopted achieving the power conditioning function in each mode
for the proposed system. Usually, the P or the PI controller described previously, it desires a suitable current-to-power
is employed in the conductance current-mode control. Due scaling factor setting and controller design of the BESS as
to the batteries, the output voltage of the dc–dc converter is the PV control section is combined with the BESS control
assumed to be constant, such that the I control to eliminate section. The proposed design is shown in Fig. 4, and detailed
the effects of the low-frequency zero/pole created by the load description follows.
and output capacitor of a conventional dc–dc converter is not When the system is operated in modes 1–3, is generated
necessary [15]. Therefore, a P control of the current-mode by the charging controller, and the current command from
controller is enough for the proposed system. Based on the the PV control section is multiplied by a factor ; then,
CHIANG et al.: A RESIDENTIAL PV ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM 391

Fig. 7. The operation mode control section.

subtract the battery charging command to generate the be zero, all the load real power is supplied by the PV array
power command where and batteries. As decreases to zero, all the real power is
supplied by the discharging batteries.
(21) In all four modes, due to the active power filtering function
of all the load harmonics and reactive power are
compensated for by the bidirectional converter. The detailed
is the scaling factor to transform to the output current of design of the BESS control section is described in [3] and [4]
the boost converter, and is the factor for scaling the current and is neglected in this paper.
command with With such an arrangement, the
power flows are balanced in each mode and flow as follows:
1) in mode 1, the real power command is only for E. Operation Mode Control Section
battery charging, so the utility supplies the load real power The block diagram of the operation mode control section is
and simultaneously charges the batteries with power (2) shown in Fig. 7, which is designed based on the case shown
in mode 2, if is smaller than the batteries are charged in Fig. 3. The mode selection signal for SW is generated
by the PV array and the utility, as well; however, all the load by looking up the ROM’s with the current time and the
real power is supplied by the utility. On the contrary, if is operating condition. In the daytime period (06:00–18:00), if
larger than , yet is not enough for supplying all the load the PV power is present it is judged as a
real power, the PV array charges the batteries and supplies the normal condition,and the mode selection signal is generated
load with real power and the difference between the load by ROM1. Otherwise, it is judged as an abnormal condition,
real power and is supplied from the utility automatically; and the mode selection signal is generated by ROM2. ROM1 is
and 3) in mode 3, is larger than and is larger than programmed according to the operating pattern shown in Fig.
the load real power, so the PV panel charges the batteries and 3 by noting that is generated by the charging controller in
supplies all the load real power, and the difference between modes 1–3. In the abnormal condition, since the PV power
and the load real power is fed to the utility. is absent, the system is equivalent to a BESS. Therefore,
When the system is operating in mode 4, is generated ROM2 is programmed based on the load demand of the utility.
by the discharging controller since the utility real power In the evening (18:00–22:00), if the voltage of the batteries
command is set as zero; if is successfully regulated to is higher than the preset value it is judged as a
392 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 3, JUNE 1998

(a) (b)
Fig. 8. Simulated results of MPPT control. (a) An increasing step change in Ip . (b) A decreasing step change in Ip .

normal condition, and the system is operated in the discharging instantaneous dip (marked as “ ”) with reverse polarity. This
mode (selected by ROM1). Otherwise, it is operated in the dip of the slope pushes the operating point into the constant-
charging mode (selected by ROM2). In the nighttime period current segment. The adaptive PI controller then forces the
(22:00–24:00, 0:00–06:00), since it is designed to operate in operating point back to the constant-voltage segment quickly;
charging mode, regardless of whether in normal or abnormal since is large in this segment, MPPT is achieved with good
condition, the operation mode can be determined by ROM1 control performance.
or ROM2. In this case, it is selected by ROM2. There exists a Fig. 8(b) shows the simulated results, that the maximum
possibility that the voltage of the batteries falls below a preset PV power is changed from about 500 to 1000 W. A reverse
level. Under this condition, the system is forced to operate in response to Fig. 8(a), the step increase of results in a
charging mode until the voltage of the batteries has returned dip of the slope, and the operating point is pushed into the
to its normal level. constant voltage segment. The MPPT is then achieved with
good regulating performance.
IV. SIMULATION OF THE MPPT CONTROL The MPPT control performance is also good when the PV
array is subjected to the variation of temperature. Due to the
Since it is hard to adjust the operating condition of the PV limitation of scope, its simulated result is neglected in this
array, such as the insolating level and temperature in the real paper.
field test, the following simulations are carried out instead
to confirm the performance of the proposed MPPT control V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
technique. The I–V characteristic of the PV array is described
by a simplified model [11]: Based on the above theoretical bases, a 600-W experimental
system is designed and implemented as follows:
(22) PV array each with V
A C W/cm
where and are the operating voltage and current of a batteries V AH
cell, respectively, is the charge of the electron, is the
Boltzmann’s constant, is the absolute temperature, is the utility single-phase 110 V/60 Hz
short-circuit current, and is the inverse saturation current of H F
the cell. The operating voltage and current of the PV array are V/50 kHz
(23) ms

where and are the series and parallel number of cells of

the PV array, respectively. By changing the short-circuit level
and temperature, various operating conditions can be set.
Fig. 8 shows the simulated results of the MPPT control power switch MOSFET 450 V/13 A (boost converter)
under a step change (thus, a step change of In Fig. 8(a), IGBT module 600 V/50 A
the maximum PV power is changed from about 1000 to 500
W. First, the operating point is around the 1000-W maximum (bidirectional converter).
power point by the MPPT control. Due to the right-half-plane All of the controllers are implemented with analog circuits,
zero of (5), a step decrease of makes the slope response a except that the gain and the MPPT controller are executed
CHIANG et al.: A RESIDENTIAL PV ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9. Measured waveforms of ic , i3c , and dP P V =dVP in MPPT control.
on a 486 PC with 1-ms sampling interval. Some typical
measured results are as follows.
A. MPPT Control
The experiment is carried out in different insolating lev-
els and temperatures of the PV array. Fig. 9(a) shows the
measured waveforms of one case; the close traces of and
show that the tracking performance of the current-mode
controller is excellent. In addition, the slope is
adjusted to approximate zero after a short period (about 25
sampling intervals). The related MPPT control locus is shown
in Fig. 9(b); the maximum power point is about 320 W at 82
V. These results confirm that the MPPT control is successfully
achieved and its performance is excellent.
B. BESS Control
For testing the control performance of the proposed PV en-
ergy storage system in various operation modes, the load is set
as 250 W (48 full-wave resistor) at light-load condition and
630 W (48 full-wave resistor plus 16 half-wave resistor)
at heavy-load condition, the charging power of batteries is set
as 150 W, and the PV power from the dc–dc converter is
fixed at about 500 W in the low- and high-insolation periods
for testing convenience. Due to the limit of scope, only the
measured waveforms of the system changed from mode 3
(high insolating period) to mode 2 (low insolating period) are
393
(a)
(b)
Fig. 10. System operations. (a) Measured waveforms when system is
changed from mode 3 to mode 2, where subscripts o; L; and u are used
to represent the BESS, the load, and the utility, respectively. (b) Measured
real power waveforms in various operation modes.
provided and shown in Fig. 10(a), and the mode change is
carried out by changing the load from the light-load to the
heavy-load condition. Initially, in the high insolating period,
the PV power charges the batteries and supplies the load real
power, and the excess power (about 100 W) is fed to the
utility. As the load change happens, the sudden inversion
of indicates the insufficient power for charging batteries,
and load real power is drawn from the utility; much can be
observed from the measured real power waveforms of
and Owing to the active power filter controller, not only
the real power is adjustable, but, also, the reactive power
and harmonics current of the load are compensated for by the
394 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 3, JUNE 1998
system. This can be observed from the utility current that is
low distortion, even under nonlinear load at the heavy-load
condition. To demonstrate the overall system operation, Fig.
10(b) shows the power waveforms of the system that operates
in the sequence of mode 1, mode 3, mode 2, to mode 4. Smooth
balance of power flows and successful power transformation
can be observed form these measured power waveforms.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has proposed a residential PV energy storage
system, where the PV power is controlled by a dc–dc converter
and transferred to a small BESS. The proposed system, pos-
sessing the functions of power conditioner and active power
filter, is capable of providing an optimal interface with the
utility. The additional PV power makes the system flexible in
power usage, so that all powers in the system can be utilized in
a cost-effective manner. Some control techniques for realizing
the functions of the proposed system, including the MPPT
control of the PV array and control of power flows in the
system, have been presented. A prototype 600-W system was
implemented, and some simulated and experimental results
were provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
system. Although the setup cost of the proposed system is high,
such that it is hard to compete with the current utility power,
we believe that the capital issue will be resolved if there is a
political encouragement in the kilowatt price and the market
is large enough.
REFERENCES
[1] G. J. Jones, “The design of photovoltaic systems for residential appli-
cations,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1981, pp.
805–810.
[2] G. L. Campen, “An analysis of the harmonics and power factor effects
at a utility intertied photovoltaic system,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
vol. PAS-101, pp. 4632–4639, Dec. 1982.
[3] C. M. Liaw, T. H. Chen, S. J. Chiang, C. M. Lee, and C. T. Wang,
“Small battery energy storage system,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 140,
pt. B, no. 1, pp. 7–17, 1993.
[4] S. J. Chiang, “Design and implementation of multi-functional battery
energy storage systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dep. Elect. Eng., National
Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, R.O.C., 1994.
[5] Z. Salameh and D. Taylor, “Step-up maximum power point tracker for
photovoltaic arrays,” Sol. Energy Proc., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 57–61, 1990.
[6] D. B. Snyman and J. H. R. Enslin, “Analysis and experimental evalua-
tion of a new MPPT converter topology for PV installations,” in Conf.
Rec. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., 1992, pp. 542–547.
[7] J. H. R. Enslin and D. B. Snyman, “Simplified feed-forward control
of the maximum power point in PV installations,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE
Industrial Electronics Conf., 1992, pp. 542–547.
[8] U. Herrmann, H. G. Langer, and H. Broeck, “Low cost DC to AC
converter for photovoltaic power conversion in residential applications,”
in Conf. Rec. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., 1993, pp.
588–594.
[9] V. Arcidiacono, S. Corsi, and L. Lambri, “Maximum power point
tracker for photovoltaic power plants,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Photovoltaic
Specialists Conf., 1982, pp. 507–512.
[10] C. Y. Won, D. H. Kim, S. C. Kim, W. S. Kim, and H. S. Kim, “A
new maximum power point tracker of photovoltaic arrays using fuzzy
controller,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf.,
1994, pp. 396–403.
[11] A. S. Kislovski and R. Redl, “Maximum-power-tracking using positive
feedback,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf.,
1994, pp. 1065–1068.
[12] A. Pivec, B. M. Radimer, and E. A. Hyman, “Utility operation of battery
energy storage at the best facility,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol.
EC-1, pp. 47–54, Mar. 1986.
[13] K. J. Astrom and B. Wittenmark, Computer-Controlled Systems: Theory
and Design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
[14] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics:
Converters, Applications and Design. New York: Wiley, 1995.
[15] D. O’Sullivan, H. Spruyt, and A. Crausaz, “PWM conductance control,”
in Conf. Rec. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., 1988, pp.
351–359.
[16] A. S. Kislovski, “Small-signal, low frequency analysis of a buck type
PWM conductance controller,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Power Electronics
Specialists Conf., 1990, pp. 88–95.
S. J. Chiang was born in Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1965.
He received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the De-
partment of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1987
and 1994, respectively.
Since 1995, he has been an Associate Professor in
the Department of Electrical Engineering, National
Lien Ho College of Technology and Commerce,
Mioa-Li, Taiwan, R.O.C. His research interests are
in the areas of power electronics, control systems,
and motor drives.
K. T. Chang was born in Taiwan, R.O.C, in 1964.
He received the M.S.E.E. degree from the Na-
tional Taiwan University of Science and Technol-
ogy, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1991.
During 1988, he was an Engineer with Chung-
Hwa Electrical Communication Company, Taiwan,
R.O.C. In 1990, he joined the Two-Way Automatic
Controlled System Group, Taiwan Power Power
Company. Since 1991, he has been a Lecturer in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Lien
Ho College of Technology and Commerce, Miao-Li,
Taiwan, R.O.C. His research interests are in the areas of power electronics
and power systems.
C. Y. Yen was born in Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1959. He
received the B.S.E.E. degree from the National Tai-
wan University of Science and Technology, Taipei,
Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1986.
He is presently a Lecturer in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, National Lien Ho College
of Technology and Commerce, Miao-Li, Taiwan,
R.O.C. His research interests are in the areas of mo-
tor drives, power electronics, and control systems.