Synchrotron Radiation

By: Mahmoud M. Aladdasi

Generation & Interaction of EM
Radiation
Dr. IYAD I. Al-QASIR

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 Index

• Types of Accelerators:
– Linear – Cyclotron – Synchrotron
• Synchrotron radiation
– Creation
– Properties
• The synchrotron facility
• Applications
• SESAME

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 Types of Accelerators
• Types of accelerators
– Linear Accelerators
– Cyclotrons
– Synchrotrons

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 Linear Accelerators
• The linear accelerator LINAC is the simplest type of accelerator.
• It is a long line of coils (or drift tubes) which charged particles are
accelerated through.
• However, there are two types of linear accelerator, one type of accelerator
is the standing-wave linear accelerator; particles travel along a cylindrical
vacuum tank through a series of drift tubes, separated by gaps. As the
particles cross the gaps, electromagnetic waves, called standing waves,
accelerate them. (Or, more simply put, as the particle passes through the
drift tube, the current through it is swapped. If the current was kept it
would pull the particle back towards the tube when it leaves. Changing the
current repels the particle from the end of the tube.) The waves provide an
electric field that speeds up the particles by acting on their electric
charges.
-- This type of accelerator can only manage to accelerate particles to 200
MeV.
• Physicists mainly use them as a primary accelerator that feeds into a
synchrotron. In industry and medicine they are used as powerful X-ray
machines.

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 Linear Accelerators
• The other type of linear accelerator is the
traveling-wave linear accelerator. This
speeds particles through a single long pipe
by an electromagnetic wave that travels
with the particle. This high-frequency wave
is called a traveling wave. As long as the
wave speed matches the particles' speed,
the particles will continue to gain energy.
• This type of accelerator can accelerate
particles to 30 GeV, this is the Stanford
Linear Collider, the longest accelerator in
the world at 3.2km. The SLC is used to
smash electrons and positrons into each
other at 50 GeV to create uncharged weak
bosons (the particle for the nuclear weak
force).

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 Cyclotrons
• The more advanced type of particle
accelerator is the cyclotron.
• The idea behind these accelerators
relies on the understanding of the
effects of fields on charged particles.
• A cyclotron is made of two magnets
and two D-shaped electrodes, which is
called 'Dees'.
• The particles are forced into a circular
path by the magnetic field; the
electrodes are supplied with an
alternating current that attracts and
repels the particle, thus accelerating
the particle.
• This type of accelerator is much easier
to make than a few miles of linear
accelerator.

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 Synchrotrons
• Large ring accelerators where the particles move
in an evacuated tube at constant radius,
accelerated by radio frequency applications with
synchronous magnetic field increases to maintain
the constant radius.
• The world's largest electron synchrotron is the
Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN. It
has a radius of about 4 km.
• The largest proton synchrotrons are the Main
Ring (500 GeV) and Tevatron (1 TeV) at Fermilab
and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS, 450 GeV)
at CERN.
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Synchrotron

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Synchrotron

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Synchrotron

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What is Synchrotron Radiation?
• Synchrotron Radiation is electromagnetic radiation, similar to cyclotron
radiation, but generated by the acceleration of ultrarelativistic (i.e., moving
near the speed of light) charged particles through magnetic fields.
• Synchrotron light, which can be more intense than sunlight, is generated by
bending electrons at very high speeds using powerful magnets.

Accidentally discovered in an
electron synchrotron of the
General Electric Company,
USA, in 1947

Synchrotron light from the 70-MeV

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electron synchrotron at GE
 Synchrotron Radiation
• Synchrotron Light Sources produce high intensity beams of X-
rays and ultraviolet radiation and can be used for research
purposes.

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Synchrotron Radiation Properties

• Continuous spectrum
– Infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and X-rays

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Synchrotron Radiation Properties
Why is wavelength important?
– To achieve the required resolution, a wavelength of similar
or smaller magnitude is needed

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 Nearby Facilities
• About 50 major facilities worldwide
– 7 in Germany
• HASYLAB in Hamburg, http://www.hasylab.desy.de
– 2 in Sweden
• MAX-lab in Lund, http://www.maxlab.lu.se
– 1 in Denmark
• Astrid in Århus,
http://www.isa.au.dk/astrid/astrid.html

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The Synchrotron Facility

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 The Synchrotron Facility
• Injector
– Electron gun
– Linear accelerator (LINAC)
– Booster ring
• Storage ring
• Beam line
• Experimental end station

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 -- Injector
• Electron Gun
• Linear accelerator (LINAC)
– High energy microwaves and
radio waves
• Stream chopped up in pulses
• Electrons catch speed
• Booster ring
– Magnetic fields
– Circular movement
– Radio waves add speed
– Electrons accelerated to
99.9999% of the speed of light
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 -- Storage Ring

• Recycling
– Series of magnets steer the
electrons along circular arcs
– Ultra-high-vacuum
• Synchrotron radiation is
continuously
emitted tangentially from the arcs

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 --- Insertion Devices

• Periodic arrangements of magnets forcing the electrons

on a sinusoidal trajectory
• Create more intense radiation

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 -- Beam Lines

• Optical components
– Focused synchrotron radiation
– Monochromator
– Desired energy

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 -- End Stations
• Experiments
– Good signal to noise ratio, high
resolution, fast data acquisition
– Analysis of electrons, photons, and
other particles emitted
when synchrotron radiation strikes the
sample
– Data used to deduce
• Chemistry
• Molecular structure
• Electronic structure
• Magnetic properties 22
Synchrotrons Applications
• The synchrotron light can be used to view many different
materials, including living organisms like plants, animal
tissue, and human tissue, at the cellular level with a greater
clarity than other techniques.
• Synchrotron light can be used to determine the structure of
proteins to help understand how they function within plants.
• Protein crystallography is a technique that uses synchrotron
x-ray light to determine the three-dimensional structure of
protein crystals.

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Examples of Energy Ranges

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 Glimpse on SESAME

Synchrotron Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the

Middle East
• The Middle East's first major international research center
• It was built in Jordan in Allan (25 km from Amman)
• The dimensions of the building are (60mx60m), where the
circumference of the storage ring is 110m, the energy of
the storage ring is 2 GeV.
• With a 14 member countries from the regions:
(Armenia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Iran, Jews, Jordan, Kuwait,
Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Turkey, and UAE )
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 References & Sources
References
• Soft X-Rays & Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation.
{David Attwood}
• Synchrotron Radiation Techniques & Applications
{C. Kunz}
• Handbook of Accelerator Physics & Engineering.
{Alexander Wu Chao & Maury Tigner}
Sources
• http://www.srrc.gov.tw/
• http://www.sesame.org.jo/
• http://www.synchrotron.vic.gov.au
• History of synchrotrons:
– http://xdb.lbl.gov/Section2/Sec_2-2.html

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