CAB 1052 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

LECTURE 8

INTRODUCTION TO STANDARDS USED IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES

Learning Objectives
Short term objectives:

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To be able to draw PFD and PID in Final Year Plant Design Project using computer aided design software (AUTOCAD).

Long term objectives

To be able to draw/sketch, interpret and analyse PFD and PID in communicating your work as an engineer
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Lecture Objectives

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By the end of this lecture, student should be able to:

Define standard , identify standards and give reason why standards are very important in drawing Apply British Standard in Process Flow Diagram (PFD) Classify and design Flow Diagrams Block diagram

Process flow diagram (PFD)

Piping and instrument diagram (P&ID)
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Lecture Contents
What is PFD and PID?

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Definition, Identify Standard and Need For Standard

Standards Use Standards in PFD and PID British Standards

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What is Flow Diagrams?

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Diagrams representing the procedure, configuration and

function of a process plant or

plant section.

Definition according to the British Standard

Flow Diagrams
process industries:
oil, gas, petrochemical (OGP) pharmaceutical food and beverages environmental

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Flow diagrams (FDs) are used mainly in the

FDs are also used in other industries, e.g.,

mining and metallurgical, to describe production process and auxiliary systems.
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Flow Diagrams
The flow diagrams are divided into three categories: Block diagram Process flow diagram (PFD)

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Piping and instrument diagram (P&ID)

Block Diagrams

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In the block diagrams, processes and/or process steps are shown as rectangularshape objects, interconnected by flow lines.

Block Diagram

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Source: EN ISO 10628:2001

Block Diagrams
The objects may represent:

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processes process steps unit operations process plants plant sections equipment

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Block Diagram
The block diagram should consist of the following basic information: denomination of objects

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denomination of incoming and outgoing

flows of material and energy

direction of main flows between objects

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Block Diagram
The block diagram may also contain:

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flow rates of the incoming and outgoing materials and energy

operating conditions (T and P)

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Block Diagram

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Source: EN ISO 10628:2001

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Block Diagram drawing guide

not start drawing Sketch the main operations Identify the sub-operation Start constructing block diagram Finish by referring to BS

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Read and understand the whole process. Do

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Class Exercise
Construct a block diagram for this process. Biodiesel production:

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catalyst Vegetable oil + Alcohol <-> Biodiesel + Glycerol

RBD* Palm Stearin and methanol are chosen as the raw materials in transesterification reaction. Catalyst used is the based type, potassium methoxide, a typical mixture of potassium hydroxide with methanol. It is being prepared during Catalyst Preparation step before Transesterification stage, where methanol is supplied 100% in excess and preheated RBD are added. The reaction effluent is then pumped to Methanol Recovery 1 where methanol being recovered and recycled. After that, the liquid mixtures undergoes Phase Separation, where methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol split into two distinct layers. Methyl esters are sent to Washing before graded as final product. Glycerol undergoes Neutralisation

step, where phosphoric acid is added. In this step, potassium catalyst is neutralised by the acids and
forms potassium phosphate in solid phase. The solid potassium phosphate is recovered in Soild Separation. The liquid mixture of glycerol is then sent to another Methanol Recovery 2 unit, where methanol is recovered and recycled. Glycerol leaves as final by-product.
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* RBD- refined, bleached & deodorised

The Block Diagram

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! But not to British Standard

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Incorporating BS

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KOH Catalyst preparation Methanol Methanol Transesterification

RBD Palm Stearin

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Process Flow Diagram

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In the process flow diagram (PFD), processes and/or process plants are shown as graphical symbols, interconnected by flow lines. The graphical symbols represent equipment and the lines represent flows of mass or energy or energy carriers.
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Process Flow Diagram

The process flow diagram should consist of the

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following basic information:

symbols of process equipment denomination of the equipment route and direction of the incoming and outgoing material, energy and/or carrier flows

denomination of flows of incoming and

outgoing materials, energy and/or carriers operating conditions (T and P)
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Process Flow Diagram

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Source: EN ISO 10628:2001

Process Flow Diagram

The process flow diagram may also contains:

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denomination of flow directions and flow rates of process fluids between the process steps

essential valves in the logical process position

with respect to their function

functional demands for process measurement and control at essential points

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Process Flow Diagram

(continued): supplementary operating conditions ( , ) denomination of equipment and characteristic

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data of equipment
denomination of drives (e.g., gears, conveyors, belts, chains, cranes) and their characteristics elevation of platforms and approximate relative vertical position of equipment.
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Process Flow Diagram

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Source: EN ISO 10628:2001

Piping and Instrument Diagram

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The piping and instrument diagram (P&ID) is drawn based on the process flow diagram (PFD).

The P&ID represents the technical

realization of a process by means of graphical symbols for equipment and piping together with graphical symbols for process measurement and control functions.
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Piping and Instrument Diagram

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The piping and instrument diagram should consist of the following basic information: function or type of equipment, including

drives, conveyors as well as installed spares

identification number of equipment characteristic data of equipment indication of nominal diameter, pressure rating, material and type of piping
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Piping and Instrument Diagram

Basic information (continued): details of equipment, piping, valves and fittings, thermal insulation

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process measurement and control functions with identification number

characteristic data of drives, given in

separate lists if necessary
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Piping and Instrument Diagram

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Source: EN ISO 10628:2001

Piping and Instrument Diagram

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The piping and instrument diagram may also contains:

denomination of flow rates or amounts of energy or energy carriers route and direction of flow of energy or carriers type of essential primary elements and sensors essential construction materials for equipment elevation of platforms and approximate relative vertical

position of equipment
reference designation for valves and fittings denomination of equipment
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Piping and Instrument Diagram

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Source: EN ISO 10628:2001

What is a Standard?

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A Standard is a published specification that establishes a common language, and contains a technical specification or other precise criteria and is designed to be used consistently, as a rule, a guideline, or a definition.
Source: British Standard Institution (BSI) Education

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Why Do We Need Standards?

Standards are necessary to:

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avoid misunderstanding/confusion (such that we speak in the same language) expedite/accelerate the technical processes (drafting designing manufacturing) uphold professionalism in engineering field
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Why Do We Need Standards?

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What the user wanted.

As designed by the senior engineer.

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Why Do We Need Standards?

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As understood by the tender committee.

As produced by the manufacturing.

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Why Do We Need Standards?

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As installed/commissioned by the sub-contractor.

As proposed by the project sponsor.

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Common Standards
Two of the common standards used in this course are listed below: 1. British Standard (BS)
Hardcopy of symbols (BS EN ISO 10628:2001) is available at the IRC

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Also online at http://www.bsi-global.com/index.xalter

2. PETRONAS Technical Standard (PTS)

CD-ROM is available at the IRC
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British Standard

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The British Standard is the official English language version of the European Standard (in German EUROPISCHE NORM or EN for

short).
In this case, EN ISO 10628:2001 is identical with ISO 10628:1997. The governing body is the British Standards Institution (BSI).
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British Standard

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Countries that follow the European Standard

(in English, French and German): Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
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British Standard- Symbols for Process Equipment

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British Standard- Symbols for Valves

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Petronas Technical Standard - Valves

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Summary

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Definition, Identify Standard and Need For Standard

Standards Use Standards in PFD and PID

What is PFD and PID?

British Standards

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