Science Form 2 Water And Solution.

Ppt New - Presentation Transcript WATER AND SOLUTION FORM 2 Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance , composed of hydrogen and oxygen , that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life . In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state , but the substance also has a solid state, ice , and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam . The five most commonly considered physical characteristics are temperature, taste, colour, odour and turbidity. Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at standard temperature and pressure . The color of water and ice is, intrinsically, a very light blue hue, although water appears colorless in small quantities. Ice also appears colorless, and water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas. The freezing point of water is 0 Celsius or 32 Fahrenheit. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit under standard conditions at sea level (at one atmosphere of pressure). The boiling point of water and any other substance depends on the atmospheric pressure, which changes with elevation. At higher altitudes, the pressure is lower, and so water boils at a lower temperature. If the barometric pressure is not at the standard value, the boiling point will be different. Contaminants in raw water The unique ability of water to dissolve, to some extent, virtually every chemical compound and support practically every form of life means that raw water supplies contain many contaminants. The major categories of impurities found in raw water include: Suspended particles, including colloids Dissolved inorganic salts Dissolved organic compounds Micro-organisms Pyrogens Dissolved gases Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H 2 O) into oxygen (O 2 ) and hydrogen gas (H 2 ) due to an electric current being passed through the water. solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent . solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute , resulting in a solution . Concentrated solution It refers to a solution in which much of the water has been removed. Dilute solution

to make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by the addition of water or the like. Saturated solution solution in which the maximum amount of solvent has been dissolved. Any more solute added will sit as crystals on the bottom of the container. ACIDS Taste: Sour. Touch: Like water. Tested with litmus paper: Turn blue litmus red. pH value: From 0 to less than 7. Reaction with metals: Form hydrogen and a salt. Reaction with carbonates: Form a salt, water and carbon dioxide. Reaction with ammonium compounds: No reaction. ALKALIS Taste: Bitter. Touch: Soapy. Tested with litmus paper: Turn red litmus blue. pH value: From above 7 to 14. Reaction with metals: No reaction. Reaction with carbonates: No reaction. Reaction with ammonium compounds: Give off ammonia gas NEUTRAL a chemical reaction (also called a water forming reaction since a water molecule is formed during the process) in which an acid and a base or alkali (soluble base) react to produce salt and water (H 2 O) . NEUTRALISATION WATER PURIFICATION is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from raw water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption ( drinking water ) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including to meet the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical process such as filtration and sedimentation biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated sludge chemical process such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light . WATER SUPPLY Is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties in the water industry , commonly a public utility , of water resources of various qualities to different users. Irrigation is covered separately. Here are some ways to save water. Install a water meter Check your plumbing for leaks, especially leaking toilets and faucets . Take shorter showers. Catch the cold water that comes out of the faucet, tap, or shower while you are waiting for the hot water. turn the faucet/tap off while you are brushing your teeth, shaving, washing your hands, doing dishes, and so on.

Catch the rain . Use it for watering your plants, lawn or garden. Chapter 9-Stability Centre of gravity of object 1.When an object is stationary or at rest,it is said to be in equibrium 2.The centre gravity is the exact point where an object can be balanced. 3.The point at which an object can be balanced horizontally is called the centre of gravity of an object. 4.The equlibrium point of an object is also its centre of gravity. 5.When the rules is balanced at its centre,its remains in its position. 6.However,when the ruler is balanced at some other point away from its centre,it will become unbalanced and tilt to one side 7.The point of equilibrium in regular-shapped objects,such as the ruler in the diagram above,is usually at its centre. 8.The point of equilibrium in a triangle or a rectangle is the intersection of diagonal lines drawn from the corners. 9.An object with a higher centre of gravity is less stable 10.An object with a larger base area is more stable 11.When two objects have the same shape and size,the heavier object is more stable. Relationship Between Centre of Gravity and Stability. 1. When an object is in equilibrium, its supported either at its centre of gravity or at a point vertically above or below its centre of gravity. 2. Stability refers to an objects ability to remain in its original position. 3. The stability of an object is its ability to return to its original position when the object is moved or tilted slightly. 4. Its is unstable equilibrium if it continues to move further from its original position after being displaced and then released. 5. Its in neutral equilibrium if remains in its displaced position. 6. Figure below shows three type of equilibrium; Stable unstable neutral Equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium Factors that affect stability. 1. The position of the centre of gravity. A lower centre of gravity gives more stability to an object.

2. The size of the base area. An object with a large base has better support and more stability compared to an object with a smaller base. 3. The weight of the object. A heavier object is more stable than a lighter one. If an object has different densities, the heavier part of it will have a lower centre of gravity. THE IMPORTANCE OF STABILITY IN OUR DAILY LIFE. 1. Racing cars are made more stable by having most of their weight as low down as possible. This ensures a low centre of gravity for the cars. Their wheels are also kept far apart to give them a wide base. 2. A weight lifter bends his leg and keeps them wide apart. 3. The passengers of a double-decker bus are not allowed to stand on the upper deck.