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Power Quality
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Synchronized switching
Generated ( design ) harmonics and distortion demands The feeding network Type of filter BP; HP; C-filter Protection scheme
Power Quality
Reactive power needed, neglecteble harmonics on the bus Capacitor bank(s with damping reactors ) Reactive power needed, with harmonics on the bus but no extra distortion demands. Capacitor bank with anti resonance Compensation (strong detuned filters)
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Reactive power need, problems with harmonics on the bus and distortion demands. Filter(s) Selection of filter type BP; HP; C
IEC 60071-2 [exp (h/8150 )] IEC 60694 [exp((h-1000)/8150 )] ; IEC 60044-1 IEC 60726 [6,25 % / 500 m ] IEEE C57.12.00-1987 ; NBR10671/1989 IEEE Std 281
4400
Q gen
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n2 * 1 * C * U2 = 2 syst n 1
Installed power is based on design voltage voltage including extra safety margins
Qinst
n2 * Usyst + = 1 * C * ( 2 n 1
In 2 ) n * C
Power Quality
Example: Assume a network : 13,8 kV, 50 Hz 1 % Ssc =800 MVA Load / Harmonic source 6- pulse 18 MVA rectifier with harmonic generation according to table
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Capacitor voltage Component tolerance Minimum Nominal Maximum 8278 8321 8359 14 15 17 1071 593 429 134 111 97 30 26 24 20 18 16 7 6 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1292 783 601 V 9571 9104 8960 V 12,434 11,252 10,899 Mvar
Power change
Fundamental safety margin Harmonic safety margin
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0% 0%
Resistor power Insulation demands across terminals and to earth Type of cubicle Demands regarding resistance changes cold to hot Cooling
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Main parameters when external conditions is given Capacitor bank Installed power, design power ( I.e. based on design voltage ) Reactor Reactor power, Inductance and design current spectra
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Power Quality
Types of filters
Filter An equipment generally constituted of reactors, capacitors and resistors if required, tuned to present a known impedance over a given frequency range. [IEC 61642 ] Tuned filters A filter with a tuning frequency, which differs by no more than 10 % from the frequency which is to be filtered. [ IEC 61642 ] Detuned filters A filter with a tuning frequency more than 10% below the lowest harmonic frequency with considerable current/voltage amplitude. [ IEC 61642 ] Damped filter A filter with low, predominantly resistive, impedance over a wide band of frequencies. [ IEC 61642 ]
Power Quality
Filter types
Bandpass filter L+C Highpass filter L // R + C C-type filter ( filter with extra low fundamental losses ) (L+C2) // R + C1
C1 C2 R L R C1 C2 L R C1 C2 L
Power Quality
Bandpass filter L + C
Cost efficient, few components Low impedance at tuning frequency Capacitive below tuning frequency Inductive above tuning frequency Low damping Quality factor q= n*L/R(fn) at tuning frequency
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Power Quality
Bandpass filter L + C
n=
1 2 * * f1 * L * C
Impedance
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1 Z() = j * * L + j**C
Power Quality
Highpass filter L // R + C
Band pass plus resistor Capacitive below tuning frequency Inductive/Resistive above tuning frequency Damped filter Preferred for medium/higher tuning Filter quality factor q= R(fn) / n*L at tuning frequency is controlled by the parallel resistor
Power Quality
Highpass filter L // R + C
1 2 * * f1 * L * C
n=
Impedance
j* *L *R 1 Z() = + j* *L +R j* *C
Resistor current will be:
j* *L * * I() IR() = j* *L +R
Power Quality
High pass plus extra capacitor Frequency response similar to HP-filter Resistor short-circuit for fundamental implies very low fundamental losses Capacitive below tuning frequency Inductive/Resistive above tuning frequency Damped filter suitable for low/medium tuning
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Filter quality factor q= R(fn) / n*L at tuning frequency is controlled by the parallel resistor Starts to be more common in distribution networks in Europe
Power Quality
C2 L
Impedance
Z() =
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Power Quality
Useful at low tuning ( n < 5 ) when damped filter are needed Example Qgen = 6 Mvar 11 kV 5 %, 50 Hz 1,0%
Filter q-factor Tuning Losses fundamental Highpass filter C-filter ( kW / phase ) ( kW / phase ) 32,5 6,9 0,5 16,3 3,5 0,4 0,1 0,01 0,2 0,05
4 4 4 8 8
Power Quality
Bandpass filter L+C Highpass filter L // R + C C-type filter ( filter with extra low fundamental losses ) (L+C2) // R + C1
C1 C2 R L R C1 C2 L R C1 C2 L
Power Quality
Highest point in the system is given by the bottleneck Compensation location is many time a compromise Close to the load gives best result in terms of load reduction Close to the load implies more sensitive to load changes that might increase the need for a more expensive solutions Close to the load might imply several compensations on same bus which might be tricky if filters are used and also more switchgear equipment
Power Quality
Minimum generated power is given by system calculations Present and target power factor together with active power The banks can be tailor made Capacitance is given by generation demand and tuning Maximum bank size is controlled by allowed voltage rise at connection voltage raise at connection dU=dQ/Ssc
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Distortion demands might require more reactive power generation than power factor demand
Power Quality
For good unbalance protection minimum 2 units in parallel Risk for case rapture if parallel energy is too high Insulation demands internal and external Internal fused capacitors will have less capacitance change in case of element failures
Fusing
Input data for calculation Environment Location Available space Altitude m.a.s.l. Ambient temperature maximum Ambient temperature minimum Maximum daily average temperature Wind load if outdoor Seismic demands Pollution level IEC 60815 Standards Default in/outdoor no limitation < 1 000 + 40 C - 25 C + 30 C 40 m / s Specify Medium IEC
Input data for calculation Supply network Supply voltage Fundamental frequency Voltage level for guarantees Short-circuit power 1) min. / max. Connection voltage for filter Short-circuit power at filter bus Single line diagram Guarantee demands Other capacitances on filter bus kV + Hz kV kV kV MVA none none - % % MVA
Input data for calculation Harmonic and reactive power generation Harmonic generation Spectra. ( or type of load and apparent power ) Reactive power generation Mvar (load power with power factor, present and target ) Harmonic generation by other sources None
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Power Quality
t t t + 5 ms
1 4
Power Quality
Moment of connection
Time
Moment of connection
Time
R t 2L
sin t
LN R
SK 2 ) Qc
SwitchSync tolerance
What if the timing error is 1 ms? 20 ms = 360 1 ms = 18 sin18 = 0,309 (31%) Voltage Transient U
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Sound generation
The main sound source is the reactor followed by the capacitor bank. The impression of sound also depends in very high degree of the spectra.
10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 -55 -60 -65 -70 10 16 25 40 63 100 Damping dB(A) IEC 60651 table 4
160
250
400
630
1000
1600
2500
4000
6300
10000
16000
Sound generation
Another important parameter is the propagation of sound waves Frequencies 2 * the frequencies that be found in the spectras 2*fb 2*fc 2*fd 2*fa the sum and difference of the different frequencies fafc fafd fbfc fbfd and fcfd fafb
Power Quality
Non PCB ( All main capacitor supplier use non PCB impregnate, common demand in specifications )