Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Planning an Outing
Mountain Hazards
Navigating the Wilderness
Weather in the Mountains
Rating Systems for Climbing
Climbing Ropes
Rock Climbing Equipment
Rappelling
Rock Climbing
Climbing on Snow and Ice
Setting Up a Base Camp
Mountaineering Nutrition
Physical Training for Mountaineers
First Aid in the Wilderness
Traveling on a Glacier
Planning an Outing
area before heading off, so make sure you know important information about
the mountain of your choice. Contact your local forest service or authorities to
find out what you need to know. Get a map, read the guidebooks, ask people
Once you know what to expect from the area in and around the mountain,
decide on your pacing – how fast or slow you will be traveling, what time you'll
start, what kind of terrain will be involved and how far before you stop. Find
out if you could use your own car to drive to the area and if there is parking
You don’t have to be a certified mountain man to enjoy a mountain outing, but
your group should at least have one or two people who know something about
living and surviving in the wilderness. At least have one person who has skills
such as, how to navigate the mountains, start a fire or put up a tent.
Make sure your fitness level and mountain skills are sufficient for your outing.
Don't attempt to go on a mountain outing hoping to get through with luck and
a few basic skills. Make sure the technical skills of at least one group member
Consider the season when you're planning a mountain outing. Knowing what
to expect can help you organize a safer and more enjoyable trip and prevent
unpleasant surprises that might occur. Check with the weather bureau about
weather conditions a day before your outing and on the day itself. Never,
They are in charge of the campgrounds and in many areas in the US, people
who go out for mountain hikes, picnics or outings are required to register
before heading out. They can also alert you on the hazards and dangers that
It's a mountain outing, so dress in clothes that will be comfortable and still
provide protection. Wear the appropriate shoes, hats and jackets and if you're
going in winter, wear the right type of clothing that will provide sufficient
to last you during the trip. Have extra provisions just in case you run out.
Sure, it's an outing and you're out there to have fun, but remember you're in
scratches and insect bites. Bring a first aid kit that includes bandages,
Gear up
Bring the necessary tools and equipment you will need during the outing.
Tents and camping gears, flashlights, blankets, matches, fuel, forks, knives,
can openers and other things necessary to make your trip comfortable and
safe should be packed up and stored in your bags. Don’t forget to bring your
maps and guidebooks and make sure you can easily access them during the
trip.
Fill 'er up
Make sure your car has a full tank of gas before heading out. On your way to
the mountains, check out the gas stations along the way and take note of the
nearest station from the parking area once you've reached your destination.
It's also a good idea to have an extra gallon stashed in case of an emergency.
Before leaving for your mountain outing, leave a copy of your itinerary with a
family member or a friend. The itinerary should include where you're going,
what time you're leaving, who the group members are and what time you
expect to return.
Appoint a leader
It could be you or somebody else who has the essential navigation and
climbing skills. Get at least two or more group leaders if you have a bigger
group. This will help break down the number of people to a manageable level
and will make it easy to track individuals to account for their presence or
absence.
Before the hike, the group leader/s should count how many participants or
group members he has. If the trip is long, he should do this periodically during
the hike and do the counting again once they've reached the camp or picnic
ground.
Have a sound emergency route in case you need to bail out. Make sure the
group knows about this and are familiar with the necessary steps to make.
Above all, plan a mountain outing based on safety. You will enjoy it more if you
know that you have nothing to worry about during the outing and that you can
Mountain Hazards
Mountains are a perennial favorite for group hikes and picnics because
nowhere else can you be treated with spectacular views and exciting
adventures. But with all the stunning beauty and potential for fun and
enjoyment, mountains also pose hazards and dangers, many of which are
hidden from view. To remain safe and informed, here are some of them:
Mountain terrain
mountain terrain can be very confusing. For the untrained eye, it can be
extremely difficult to find your way in or out especially if there is nothing out of
the ordinary to use as a landmark. For somebody who's unfamiliar with
mountain terrain, every tree, fallen branch, log, tree stump, patch of grass or
shrub will look exactly the same, making it easy for you to lose your way.
By itself, mountain terrain can be very hazardous. Rocks, caves and shrubs
can hide dangerous wildlife and crevices can pose a danger to both life and
limb.
you stray too far from area boundaries, you could encounter an avalanche and
be swept away. While avalanches can occur at any time of the year, they are
more common during winter and spring, when the ice begins to melt.
Rockfalls often occur when parts of the mountain are loosened during climbing.
It can also occur after the melting of snow or an earthquake. Rockfalls are also
campers because they can change rapidly. A bright, sunny day when you start
out can turn dark and nasty in the middle of your hike or climb. Summits and
clouds.
Sudden weather changes can also make hiking and moving more difficult and
rain can cause mud patches and rocks to become slippery. During a
Lightning
Lightning is attracted to the highest point on the ground and climbers near or
Sunburn
This would probably be less of a problem if you are walking under a canopy of
trees, but the risk of sunburn becomes real once you've reached higher
elevations. Areas in the mountains with sparse trees and forest covering can
Bodies of water
Streams and rivers may look safe, but they can be deeper than they seem.
They can also be very cold, even during the summer months. In case you fall
Streams and rivers may also flow swifter than you think. If you're trying to
cross and the water level reaches above your knees, there is a danger that you
could get swept away. The depth and speed of the flow can also change
quickly. After a rain storm or once the snow above the area begins to melt, a
Falling
foothold. A wrong estimate of the rock's stability or firmness can cause a fall,
so it's important to know whether a particular area can carry the climber's
Altitude
Some climbers may develop altitude sickness, which usually happens when
they ascend the mountain too fast. At higher points, there is less oxygen and
which is why climbers who scale mountain heights of higher elevations pack
bottled oxygen to help them cope. If not, problems like HACE (high altitude
cerebral edema), HAPE (high altitude pulmonary edema) and AMS (acute
be aware of hazards that one may encounter during a mountain climbing trip.
Be prepared, take safe routes and use common sense during a climb and never
wilderness. Without it, a lost hiker or camper has no choice but to rely on luck
to get out of the wilderness safe and alive. If you have future plans of including
the wilderness in one of your adventure trips, it is a good idea to try to learn
there is no tangible evidence that we can truly navigate ourselves out of the
wilderness using only our 'sixth sense'. More often than not, it's usually the
force of habit or the lessons from a previous training that allow us to keep to a
There is also a tendency for people to follow the direction that is predominant
in their person. For example, a right-handed person will eventually veer to the
right and walk in circles in that general direction and a left-handed person has
Instead of trying to find your way out of the wilderness with the help of your
'natural' navigation talents, it's best to learn how to find your way out using
Never venture into the wilderness without first knowing how to navigate using
a map or a compass. Make sure you have these tools with you and that you
know how to read them correctly. Map out your route before your trip so you
will know which direction you will be headed. During your trek, refer to the
Always be aware
Let's say for example you willingly go on a trip into the wilderness. Before
going in, be aware of where you are. Study what you can see and hear. Take
note of roads, rivers, streams, lakes, houses, and buildings, anything that
could help you find where your exact starting position is.
If you can, try to find a distinctive feature of the landscape you are in – ridges,
bodies of water, rocks, hills – and try to memorize where they are in relation to
your present position. You might also want to try to determine the sun's
position and wind direction, although these factors can change during the day.
It is also very helpful to establish the direction to where you are headed right
Leave a mark
If you are still unfamiliar with the territory, you might try leaving a mark such
rock so you will know where you've been. This is especially helpful if you need
to retrace your steps. It will work well if you have nothing else to help you with
Try to 'map' out your route or course by finding a high vantage point (a tree, a
rock or a hill) and looking out in all directions to find your objective. This may
same to you. By establishing your target area, you will know the general
Finding North
If you know where the direction of East is, finding north will be easy. Face east
and spread your arms straight shoulder high. Your left will be pointing towards
the North and your right toward South. Behind you is West. Based on these
If you're unsure of where east is or if you can't tell whether it's day or
afternoon based on the sun's current position, you might have to use other
tools. One of these is your watch. This method is recommended for an analog
watch, but it can also work with the digital type as long as you mark a specific
If you are located in the northern hemisphere, hold your watch and turn until
the hour hand points directly at the sun. The direction that is found midway
between the number ‘12’ and the hour hand is south. Once you've determined
where South is, you'll know that the exact opposite is north. Knowing where
North is will help you establish where East and West are.
If you're in the southern hemisphere, turn your watch until the number '12'
points directly towards the sun. The direction that is found between the hour
There are other ways to determine directions and navigating your way out of
the wilderness and some of them take a little time and effort. Remember that
the wilderness, for most of us, is unfamiliar territory and should be approached
with much caution, preparedness and respect. Learn the basic information
If you're going to climb a mountain, better come prepared. For all its majestic
quickly during the course of a day. This is why it's absolutely necessary to find
out about weather conditions before heading out for a trip. Remember that
once you have begun your ascent, you are at the mercy of the mountain and
you can't do anything about the weather. You need to be prepared to face it.
Starting out
Always refer to the weather reports during the week before the climb. It is
necessary to know the general conditions during the days preceding your climb
so you can assess your route more accurately. Sunny weather during the
climb will not assure a safe trip if a storm passed over the area the day before.
You might also want to check with the forest service before going up the
in the mountains and can advise you on whether it's safe to climb or not or
At ground level, you probably won't have any problems with mountain
weather. Prevalent conditions are likely to stay the same all day. But as you
climb, weather conditions can change. Even when you're climbing during
summer, it's best to bring rain gear. Mountains are generously blessed with
Wear sensible shoes and protective clothing. You can also opt to dress in
several layers, so you can add or remove as mountain conditions and personal
Mountain summits can also be the site of storms because of the nearly
and rain often occurs in these areas. Climbers should watch out for sudden
drops in temperature and sudden rainstorms when they are near the
mountaintop.
Rainy weather in the mountains can spell many dangers for climbers. For one,
rain can cause slippery rocks and terrain. It can also cause mudslides in
Mountain rivers and streams can also be a hazard because of rain. Since these
feed off the water brought by the rainstorm, they can increase in depth and
flow speed rapidly and can quickly turn into a strong torrent of water right after
a rainstorm.
Lightning
Summer storms can bring lightning. This is especially a threat near the
schedule your climb to avoid this accident. Since storms occur during late
mornings or early afternoons, it's best to begin climbing during the early hours
Avalanches are a threat to any climber especially during winter and spring.
Heavy snow with strong winds usually produces unstable snow packs that
cause avalanches. What may seem like a solid, reliable ground covered with
snow can quickly change into a dangerous avalanche that can sweep a climber
Rockfalls can also be caused by ice that forms in the night that attaches rocks
to the surface of the mountain. During the day, when the weather is warm, the
ice can melt and dislodge the rocks. In the spring or in summer, snow can melt
under the sun and weaken a patch. If a climber accidentally steps into one, it
can cause the ground to fall under his weight and cause an avalanche.
Sunny weather
sun's rays. You may not feel the heat because of the colder atmosphere, but
you are at a risk of suffering from sunburn. Protect your eyes with the proper
Climbers trying to scale a mountain need to know what its characteristics are
and the level of difficulty involved for a successful climb. This is why
mountains have a rating system for climbing. For beginner climbers and climb
The rating system is a widely accepted grading method that tells a climber the
level of skill and stamina required to scale a particular mountain for free
climbing. The system rating also varies from one country to another. There
are several types of mountain climbing rating systems, including the Ewbank,
provide a rating for the difficulty level of individual moves required for a climb.
UIAA
system used for Austria and Western Germany. The French rating system is
used in France, Italy and Spain. You probably might encounter this system for
The British rating system uses the technical grading and the adjectival
required for the climb and the adjectival grading rates the general difficulty
level. It uses the same system as the French rating and grades are often
D/Diff – Difficult
S – Severe
HS – Hard Severe
VS – Very Severe
E1, E2, E3, E4, etc. – Extremely Very Severe. This is also an open-ended
rating, although the latest climb with the hardest grade is at E11. A confirmed
In case you're wondering, 'E' for Easy is hardly used as an adjectival rating for
mountain climbing. Also, if you looked in some guidebooks, you might find
Difficult'. These are used to include several factors that could vary such as
The YDS
The YDS or the Yosemite Decimal System was developed particularly for
class and protection, although usage for the latter two varies. This is the rating
system that is used in North America and often consists of two numbers. The
first number indicates the class while the second indicates the level of
difficulty.
The grade indicates the approximate number of hours that a normal climb
requires and is often used for mountaineering. This isn't used for shorter rock
climbs.
Class 1 – indicates a mountain climb that is good for trail walking, with a small
scrambling, especially off-trail. A Class 2 climb can mean that a climber will
need to use his hands or a tool like an ice axe for balance or to pull himself up.
This class also indicates a greater chance of sustaining a severe injury,
Class 3 – means that the mountain climb will require hand and foot holds and
tools such as crampons and ice axes. The use of ropes may also be indicated.
Class 4 – requires ropes and anchored belays. Otherwise, falls could prove
Class 5 – not only requires ropes and anchored belays but also protection
points, spread intermittently throughout the climb. This can also indicate
The protection rating used by the YDS is often optional, but it is quite useful
when trying to determine the requirement for protection quality and spacing
during a climb.
such as 4.5, 5.2 or 5.6 that's why climbers need to study the rating systems
standards also meant that a climb rated with a high level of difficulty may
familiarize yourself with the rating system used. Wherever you are in the
world, you will know what to expect and be prepared for your climb.
Climbing Ropes
people who love nature. It can be done in the mountains, in rocky slopes or on
icy peaks.
The goal simply is to reach the top. The summit of the mountain will definitely
be a good reward for the individual who worked his or her way to that goal.
As you aim for the highest peak in mountain climbing, you can also enjoy the
many adventures along the way. You get to walk various paths. You will also
These factors make mountain climbing more than just another physical
These heights and sights are more than just pleasing. They can also be
mentally stimulating and spiritually refreshing. These factors make the activity
way possible.
mountain guide to lead them through. The guide can ensure the safety of the
adventure and know as well the right places to go for the best sights.
It is also important to focus on bringing along the right equipment that will
enable you to move along and reach the heights you aim for.
For most beginners, it is best to learn the basics of mountain climbing when it
comes to equipment. These items are more than just handy. They are the
There will be many things to learn and discover in this aspect. The equipment
will have its own use, techniques, nomenclatures and caring requirement.
Knowing such can be used to advance your skill for mountain climbing.
The various equipments used range from the usual climbing gears, outfit,
Rope is definitely one of the items on your list that you have to prioritize. Rope
mountain climbing.
Climbing the rocks or mountains will keep you safe if you have the rope at
hand. Thus, you must never ever forget to have this item when you go
outdoors.
Here are some tips on how to properly select the rope for your mountain
climbing goals.
or specialty stores for mountaineering to get the right kind of climbing rope.
2. Some climbing tools are sold in packages. Rope is a basic tool, thus, it is
3. Ropes are also sold separately. It is even easier to find one that suits
your needs if you buy it separately. Thus, the specifications, material, texture
5. Find a rope with the right material. Most people will seek the rope that
will provide the best feel to their hands. This shouldn't be the first priority. The
climbing rope will of course have contact on your skin, but there are other ways
there is tension. This will ensure that in the event of a slip or fall, the rope will
Conclusion
Mountain climbing may just be the perfect activity for you. Explore your skills
and capabilities as you discover nature around you. Just bring along the right
climbing rope and you can be sure that you are safely inching your way to the
top.
There are many heights that people want to reach, both literally and
figuratively. For rock climbers, they want to reach the peak of the high
summits that will give them a good view of this wonderful sight.
That and many other reasons are some of the things that attract people to
mountain climbing. With the busy lifestyle of this modern world, being on a
This can also help in refreshing the mind and the spirit. It can also challenge
the body to reach its maximum potential in going through the natural
No matter what the combination may be, the one thing aimed for in this
endeavor is to reach the top. All efforts and will are directed to get to the peak.
As such, many people are challenged to engage in rock climbing. They know
There might however be some people who still hesitate because of the fear
that they may not be good enough or that they might not have the right skills
to survive.
by anyone interested. All that needs to be done is to give it the right amount of
Rock climbing will entail more than just walking in the woods. Thus, bringing
along the right equipment will enable you to weather out any challenges along
the way.
To make sure that you are properly equipped as you go on rock climbing, here
1. Rope
The rope is important in rock climbing. This is one item that you can't miss on
your equipment list. This serves as a security from possibility of falling. Make
When buying the rope for rock climbing, it is best to choose the ones that have
2. Harness
The harness is what you wear to keep you tied to the rope. This is the ones that
you wear around your body and is attached to the rope and it will keep you
Make sure that your harness fits your body properly. It must be comfortable
rocks or rope. This is rubbed on the hands to minimize the damp. It comes in
The chalk bag must be attached to your harness so that you can easily access
it when the need arises. These two items can be easily bought at any sports
4. Climbing Shoes
When you are out rock climbing, you can't depend on the ordinary rubber
shoes or boots. You need the ones made especially for rock climbing. They
must fit you just right, snug but comfortable enough to let you move.
5. Helmet
Helmet is one important item in rock climbing as it protects the head from any
falling debris, especially the ones that fall off because of people climbing ahead
of you.
It also helps avoid unnecessary bruising and bumps that you might get when
Conclusion
Rock climbing will be both safe and fun if you have the right equipment. Just
keep in mind these points and you will surely learn how to enjoy this
Rappelling
whatever you want to call it, these names all pertain to the wonderful and
mountain. There are many trails, sites and stopovers that can definitely
People sometimes need a change of scenery to refresh the body and the mind.
Mountain climbing and exploring the outdoors can give the right setting for
Thus, it is best for you to explore this wholesome activity. This is one good way
to challenge your body. This is also a way to stimulate the mind and spirit by
You will do more than just mere hiking when you go mountain climbing.
You will also get to learn how to work well with other people in a group, proper
considerations. Rappelling is also one thing that you can only enjoy here.
It will definitely be one of the best decisions you will make in your lifetime.
Thus, if you are interested in learning the many ways of mountain climbing and
rappelling, you must do your homework. Conduct research on how you can
start on this activity and take initiative in making this plan a reality.
For most beginners, this exciting sport will have to be properly prepared to
ensure safety and fun at all times. Here are some points to keep in mind when
1. Climbing Guides
First consideration is the need to take caution at every step of the way. It is
best to get the assistance of a climbing guide. Basically, the guide will keep you
on track.
Make sure that he or she is qualified enough to take on the task. A certification
There are many equipment, terms and techniques that you will encounter in
climbing. These will come in handy as you communicate with fellow climbers
and learn the various ways they do their climbing and rappelling.
As such, it is best to get the right education when it comes to such things.
The beginners can be best taught the proper ways in climbing and rappelling
through training. Indoor man-made rock walls will help in giving you a feel of
Most people find rappelling down more difficult than climbing up. If you train
indoors, you can learn rappelling techniques until you are confident enough.
This way, you can easily learn even if you are still trying to overcome your
fears.
You can also choose to get personal instruction on your rappelling abilities. The
personal instructor can very well adjust to your pace and guide you in every
Any climbing and rappelling endeavors must also be supported by the right
equipment. Make sure you have all the necessary things on hand.
The helmet is a must to keep you head safe from any falling debris, bumps, or
bruises. The climbing shoes must also be worn to keep you safe from any
slippery steps.
Check also the climbing package. Make sure you have all the tools needed like
if you want to focus more on rappelling, you must keep the necessary things at
hand. Protect your rappel and know how to use it when the need arises.
By doing these things, you can easily focus on the fun experience.
Conclusion
Mountain climbing and rappelling may be foreign to you for now, but with the
right research, preparation and training, you will definitely be one of those
Rock Climbing
Rock climbing as a hobby grows exponentially each year. People of all ages are
involved. They enjoy the obstacles, the twists and turns and the walking that
This can also encourage people who love nature. This is one way to go
outdoors and appreciate the many wonders of nature as you travel your way
challenged, rock climbing will be helpful. The heights can awaken your mind
and spirit.
Rock climbing can require a lot from your body and skills. As such, the first
thing to consider is to get the proper training to prepare you for what lies
ahead.
Today, there are man made rock climbing walls that you can use to train in the
Each wall is constructed and designed to resemble the natural setting of a rock
environment. There are also different levels of difficulty so you can improve
Because it is convenient and fun some people even get addicted to indoor rock
climbing without ever taking their skills to an outdoor arena. But nothing can
Here are some tips that you can keep in mind so you can learn how to make the
1. Find the right location when you do outdoor rock climbing. Not all rocks
and slopes can provide the optimum setting for the rock climber.
Make sure that the rock can be traversed, either vertically or horizontally. This
Most people think that rock climbing is very dangerous because of the
danger of falling. However, most of the injuries that will be encountered are
As such, you must do the right warm up and stretching exercises to prevent
serious climbing activity. Hone your balancing skills as this is useful when you
strength that will matter most. Your limbs must be able to sustain strains and
privacy. However, going in large groups or being close to other people will be
7. Rock climbing equipment is also a must to ensure the safety. There are
specific rock climbing shoes that will give you the right grip especially on
slippery surfaces.
Helmets are important to protect your head from falling debris when you climb.
It is also a good way to avoid unnecessary bumps and bruises to your head.
Rock climbing is one cool activity that you can learn and indulge in. Just take
the helpful tips above and you can ensure your safety and fun.
One of the most dangerous, yet exciting sport is ice climbing. It's actually an
you is covered with ice. People may wonder why others would want to engage
in such a sport and risk their lives when there are less dangerous and less
expensive sports.
Most people wouldn’t understand, but for a climber, climbing on ice provides a
temperatures very well below zero, you get to free yourself from all the
tensions and problems of the world. It is important to know that climbing on ice
isn't for everyone, thus, not everybody who goes out in the snow to climb will
If you’re thinking of going on an ice climbing adventure, you need to learn the
basics of climbing. You just don’t go ahead and climb. It could risk your life, or
the lives of your companions. Climbing on ice is a serious sport, and you need
There are several schools that offer crash courses on climbing. They give you
an overview of how it is to climb. They teach you the basic know-how and offer
to guide you along an easy ice climbing expedition. Even if you want to take
this sport as a one-time adventure only, you will still need a guide during your
trip.
Enthusiasts make ice climbing a lifetime pursuit. They allot several weekends
during the winter just to travel to places and climb the ice. Not only is the
travel expensive, the equipment is quite pricey. If you want to climb steep ice
slopes, you need gear such as crampon and ice axes, on top of the usual rock
climbing gear.
Before you try climbing on ice, some may suggest that you practice climbing
on dry rocks in the summer. You should be able to master the necessary skills
of rock climbing such as belaying and tying ropes. In this way, once you
venture out on the snow, you can focus on working your way with the ice.
The basic ice climbing gear is crampons and ice picks. These are sharp claws
made of steel. With their help, you should be able to climb up a 40-degree ice
slope without slipping. You also need belaying devices such as ice screws,
harness and carabineers. Helmets and boots are also must haves for an ice
climber. Of course, responsible climbers should bring a first aid kit, extra food
As an added tip, don’t go buying cheap ice climbing tools. Remember that
these are the only things keeping you from falling. If you can’t afford to buy
good gears right now, then save your money until you can. When you’re
hundreds of feet above the ground and you’re hanging on ice, you’ll be grateful
Ice climbing is definitely not for the faint hearted. It is a physically challenging
sport. Not only will you need a pair of strong legs, but also good lungs. When
you climb, make sure that you know your companions enough to trust them
with your life. There are ice slopes that can’t be climbed by just one person.
Aside from physical strength, you’ll also need good climbing techniques to
climb up the ice. In high altitude, the air grows thinner, thus, you should make
classes will cost you several hundred dollars, but what you learn will be
priceless.
The sport really requires an ice climber to take huge risks. Any wrong move
can cost somebody’s life. There’s no way of accurately predicting the weather.
Nobody knows when an avalanche is coming. And if the group’s not familiar
with the terrain, the snow could mask the trail and you might find yourself lost
on a mountain of ice.
But if the group gets to the top safely, there is no feeling more satisfying. The
an added bonus, having shared the dangers and risks of ice climbing, the
Going to a camp is one of the best ways to enjoy nature while spending quality
time with each other. Before going out on a camping trip, ensure that you
know the basic skills required, such as starting a fire and pitching a tent. Also,
you have to check your map and plan your itinerary for the duration of the
camp.
Probably the first challenge campers face during their trip is to decide where to
set up their base camp. Getting a good camp location is essential. A base camp
In finding a good site for your base camp, the main thing you need to consider
is safety. However, you shouldn't forget that it should have a good view.
There’s no point in camping out at a boring place when there are many
wonderful camping spots. You should know beforehand that the place you’re
going to does have great views where you can setup your base camp.
Set up your camp near a stream or a river, but not low enough that you’ll run
the risk of flashfloods. Refrain from setting your base camp on low ground,
since when it rains, you’ll have major problems. Also, don't set up your base
camp near mountain or hilltops. These places won't offer you enough
A good camp area should have natural obstacles, such as trees and rocks.
These act as natural barriers against windy and rainy situations. Trees are also
In setting up your base camp, you need to divide the camp into at least four
areas. The major parts of a good base camp are the: tent area, cooking area,
The tent area should be the most elevated part in its direct surrounding. This
ensures that your tents won’t be the place filled with water. A good tent area
problem with rocks and debris piercing the floor of your tent. In pitching your
tent, make sure that you have firmly secured the pegs so your tent can
It is also good to pitch your tent evenly in a sheltered area. Weather conditions
can change overnight. But before you set up your tent, check the wind
direction first. You will want to align the door or the vents of the tent with the
direction of the wind. This way, you get enough ventilation when inside your
tent.
The cooking area is another important part of your base camp. As much as
possible, you will want to cook outside, unless weather conditions are too
rough. Your cooking area shouldn't be less than 20 feet away from your tent
area. Of course, you will want to place your cooking area such that the ashes
Make sure that you strictly follow all rules when it comes to responsibly
handling fire outdoors. You wouldn’t want to create any fire mishaps during
your camping, right? And as an added tip, ensure that your foods are safely
base camp.
The obvious reason why you would want to set up your base camp close to a
stream or a river as much as possible is that you will need a washing area. This
will be the place where you take a bath and wash your dishes. Make sure that
the soap you’ll use is biodegradable, and don’t wash too close to the water
source.
After washing, make certain that you leave the area the way it was. Leaving
disaster.
And of course, your base camp should have a toilet area. Obviously you
wouldn't want this near your tent area, or in any water source. As much as
possible, find a good place such that other people won't see you when you do
your thing. The soil should be soft enough so you can dig at least a foot deep.
And as courtesy to future campers, cover your toilet area with some branches
Mountaineering Nutrition
important to take the kinds of food that would help you survive in the
climbing.
Carbohydrates provide one’s body with glucose which functions as your body’s
fuel. Glucose can be extracted once carbohydrates have been broken down.
Glucose joins the bloodstream and provides your body with energy it needs.
Glucose can also be stored in your muscle tissues and in your liver.
Glucose maintains the body’s endurance. If the body runs out of glucose in the
bloodstream or in the muscle tissues, you will start feeling fatigue. Your
carbohydrates.
mountaineering expedition at least three days prior to the event. Your diet
The best thing to do is to reduce your protein and fat intake instead. However,
higher carbohydrate content in your diet runs you the risk of a decrease intake
in other essential nutrients in the long run. That’s why carb loading would only
do you good in the first few days. After which, you should get back to your
regular diet.
may change at higher altitudes. In fact, studies have shown that mountaineers
tend to be more finicky when above 10,000 feet. In your choice of food to carry
on your mountaineering trip, don’t just consider the nutritional values. What
good would nutritious food do if you don’t feel like eating it?
Higher altitudes actually trigger anorexia and loss of appetite. Not only that,
the body will go through an overall change in metabolism. Your body may not
be able to digest some of the food you eat when you’re at home. These are the
reasons why mountaineering contributes to weight loss, on top of the fact that
you normally eat at home. Still, you will have to consider your nutrition intake.
The recommended ratio is about 70% carbohydrate, and the rest for fat and
protein. Fatty foods require much more oxygen to digest, thus, if you packed
There are actually many power bars specifically formulated for mountaineers
available in the supermarkets. You could also check out their dehydrated foods
and other packaged freeze dried camping foods. They won’t weigh that much
but they’re packed with the nutrients you’ll need to last for your trip.
However, as mentioned earlier, since you tend to become picky when it comes
to food, plan your menu wisely. Pack foods that aren't only nutritious, but also
palatable. Don't compromise your trip by packing food you’re not willing to eat.
You won’t be able to enjoy the scenery when you’re energy level’s down.
Different people also have different dietary needs. Not all healthy camping
foods work well with everyone. So that means you may have to experiment on
what food works best for you. When you don’t find a food appealing at a certain
height, most likely, it won't taste any better higher up. Try to take with you the
from the physical training that you should get, you should always check that
you’re also getting enough nutrients to get through the activity. Even if you
have the leanest body and the strongest lungs, but you weren't able to get
proper nutrition, you may not thoroughly enjoy the trip as you’ll probably get
tired easily.
Are you ready for your mountaineering trip? Climbing a mountain isn't like any
other activity that you only have to prepare the food, gears and transportation.
Apart from those preparations, you also have to physically train yourself if you
of physical training, or else, you might faint before you reach the peak.
Your hectic lifestyle may leave you with limited time to train prior to your trip.
Thus, you will have to maximize your time to get yourself in better shape when
you climb mountains. You wouldn’t want to easily get tired. Constant fatigue
moves that you have learned over and over again. You have to be able to
Take note that fitness for marathon runners is different from the fitness that
we’re trying to build. Since you’ll be climbing mountains, you need to focus on
specific areas of fitness. Your training should enable you to improve these
specific elements.
A mountaineer needs to develop his strength and power. You’ll be hiking and
climbing for several days while carrying the weight of your backpack. Strength
is the ability to lift heavy objects, but you also need to combine speed with that
As a mountaineer, you will also have to work on your stamina. Simply put,
stamina is strength with endurance. With stamina, you can get your muscles
working at optimum level for longer periods. Agility is also important. It’s
basically power plus flexibility. When climbing, you may have to do some
the mountain, you can start doing the things you expect to do in the
mountains. For example, you could start walking for long periods of time in the
bush while carrying a heavy backpack. And then maybe proceed to a steep hill
while still carrying that heavy weight. Exercises such as these should condition
Of course, there are the basic workout exercises that you shouldn’t miss. Do
some push ups, squats, sit-ups and other activities. You could also use the
Swiss Ball. These exercises will ensure good conditioning and collaboration
between your upper and lower body. However, make certain that you’re doing
the exercises the right way to avoid any possible injuries and ensure their
effectiveness.
To improve your stamina, run at least three times a week. You could also opt
to riding a mountain bike when going to work. Swimming, on the other hand,
may not give you very good results in improving your stamina.
Knowing all this information, you should be able to develop a physical training
plan for your mountaineering trip. Mountain climbing is an activity that you
should prepare for. Without proper training, you could kill yourself, or even put
month before the day of the climb. Your training could start off from a low
You can use walking up the hill as your warm up exercise. Add a few pounds of
weight each time. This should condition your body to walk long distances while
carrying a heavy weight. Then of course, get down to a few workout exercises
afterwards. You may want to work on a specific program for a certain day. For
example, you could work on your upper body today then on your legwork next
time.
Also, as we discussed previously, don’t forget to eat right. Try to increase your
energy to fuel your strenuous exercises. Continue your physical training until
the day of the climb. However, you will want to ease off with a lower intensity
encounter injuries. There are many emergency situations that could be caused
by nature such as animal bites. Hikers could also suffer from injuries induced
by weather and terrain conditions. How many fit and healthy persons
unexpectedly get sick out in the wilderness because of a fall or too harsh
weather?
recommended that at least two in a group of hikers should have been trained
for first aid. Basically, first aid has three goals: to preserve life, prevent any
First aid could be a matter of life and death. Practicing first aid techniques
without the proper training, may worsen the patient’s condition. In the United
States, there are many community organizations that provide first aid training
courses. Examples of these organizations include the Red Cross and Medic First
Aid Organization.
Basically, first aid provides an injured person with temporary relief from his
injury, until proper medical personnel arrive. The techniques are relatively
simple and use minimal equipment. Anybody can be trained to handle first aid.
In the wilderness, while the group is far away from civilization, injuries can
happen. Somebody might accidentally fall from a cliff and break his leg.
Another could suffer from snakebite. Other wild animals can also be equally
harmful. Or if the person isn't physically fit, he can suffer from his known
ailments such as asthma. Infections and other diseases are also rampant in the
wilderness.
you did, the arrival of these emergency personnel might be delayed especially
proper first aid treatment would greatly relieve the person for a few hours or a
So before you venture out in the woods, make sure that you are well prepared
to handle first aid. You won’t need a lot of equipment, so first aid materials
You can purchase first aid kits at your nearest drugstore. A first aid kit typically
includes antiseptic tissues for cleansing, scissors, safety pins and tweezers.
You should also check that you have different types of wound dressing or
bandages, and don’t forget their adhesive strips. You might also need a few
If any accidents occur while trekking in the wilderness, you must first and
foremost, remain calm. You won’t be able to properly provide first aid
treatment if you don’t. Next, check the extent of the patient’s injuries. Don’t
ever try to move him without first knowing how injured he his. This way, you
Always check for breathing first. If he’s not breathing, immediately provide
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Get somebody who’s well trained for this kind
of emergency.
If your patient is bleeding, try to stop the bleeding immediately. Clean the
wound with antiseptic and bandage it firmly. Infection would be the last thing
you want. Also check for any fractures or breaks, especially in the neck and
spine area. A bandage and a piece of twig could be a perfect sling for any
While doing these first aid treatments, it is equally important to assure your
patient that he’ll be fine. Make sure that other people in the group don't crowd
him. If there’s a medical facility nearby, decide how you can transport the
patient without inflicting further injuries. Most of the time, you might just want
to prepare a suitable shelter for him until he gets his strength back.
Going out in the wilderness is risky. There’s still no better way to enjoy the trip
than staying safe all throughout. But accidents do happen, thus, you would
Traveling on a Glacier
glacier brings forth a special feeling and fulfillment that no other expedition
can. Glaciers offer a majestic view of mountains covered with snow and
teeming with wildlife. Wildlife on the glaciers is very different from the wildlife
Merely observing glaciers from afar won't give you the same experience as
when you actually travel nearer. One of the most wonderful states in the US is
Alaska because of the truly wonderful glacier experience it offers. Glacier
If you’re thinking of going on a glacier trip, you should plan your trip way
ahead of the actual date. Usually, the months from March to October are the
do your research on glacier travel packages so you can book your trip.
Glacier travels are family friendly vacations. Not all vacation spots offer
activities that everybody in the family can enjoy. The glaciers are the types of
places that you can safely take your children. You’ll be able to enjoy
Alaska boasts numerous Glacier Bay cruises. A cruise could be anywhere from
five to ten days. The glaciers aren't something that you can thoroughly enjoy
on a single night trip. To be able to fully experience the beauty of the glaciers,
you should try to travel around them and also observe their unique natural
habitat.
A glacier cruise is one trip you'll never forget. It’s highly recommended that
you bring your binoculars so you can take a better look at the grizzly bears,
coyotes, wolverines and other land mammals in the glaciers. You can also
expect to get a good view of whales and harbor seals around the snow covered
mountains.
A trip to the glacier will cost you a bit, though. For the usual five day cruise,
you should be prepared to spend at least $1,700 to $ 2,700 per person. The
glacier cruises don't come cheap, especially during the peak seasons. The price
Most luxury cruise packages already include transportation to and from the
airport. Gourmet food and non-alcoholic drinks are also served on board. And
of course, there’s on board entertainment that your whole family will surely
enjoy. The price you pay also largely depends on the accommodations you
choose.
The amazing sights of the glacier can be observed from the ships deck. If
you’re willing to pay an additional few dollars, you might even get the thrilling
view from your balcony. Just make sure to budget your expenses well. Most of
the time, local taxes aren't included in the advertised rates. Also, you may
want to add some shore or bay excursions that will have additional fees.
Glaciers are one of the most picturesque sights in the world. It’s just so
unfortunate to know that they may not be around forever. Changing weather
conditions threaten the beauty of these glaciers. For one, there’s the global
warming which causes some parts of the glaciers to melt into the ocean.
These situations make glacier travel something that should be done as soon as
possible, or else, you might lose your chance to view the wonderful sights
offered by these glaciers. This is probably one of the reasons why Alaska is
Not only tourists are booking a trips to the glaciers but also geologists and
glacier researchers. Glaciers are there for everyone. Outdoor lovers will surely
have fun exploring the location, as well as researchers will find a lot of
heart, and whatever your age is, traveling to the glaciers will give you
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