Data Mining in E-Learning

Editors

C. Romero University of Cordoba, Spain S. Ventura University of Cordoba, Spain

1 1 PRESS

Southampton, Boston

Contents

Preface Biography Parti An introduction to e-learning systems, data mining and their interactions Chapter 1 Web-based educational hypermedia P. De Bra 1 2 3 4 Introduction Adaptive (educational) hypermedia The AHAM reference architecture A general-purpose adaptive web-based platform 4.1 Overall architecture of AHA! 4.2 The AHA! authoring tools 5 Questions, quizzes and tasks 6 Adapting to learning styles 7 Conclusions

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Chapter 2 Web mining for self-directed e-learning P. Desikan, C. DeLong, K. Beemanapalli, A. Bose & J. Srivastava 1 Introduction 2 Why self-directed e-learning? 3 Web-based self-directed e-learning applications 3.1 Google Scholar 3.2 Westlaw 3.3 CiteSeer 3.4 LexisNexis 3.5 Knowledge management systems 3.6 Dr. Spock's child care

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4 Gaps in existing technology 4.1 Lack of community collaboration 4.2 Time management 4.3 Not self-improving 4.4 Implicit relationships not mapped 5 Web mining 5.1 Web mining taxonomy 5.1.1 Web content mining 5.1.2 Web structure mining 5.1.3 Web usage mining 5.2 Web mining research: state of the art 5.3 Web mining applicable to e-learning 6 Future directions of research 6.1 Usage rules 6.2 Keyword clustering: the conceptual thesaurus 6.3 Recommendation mining 6.4 Smart results: model of relevance 6.5 Intelligent knowledge management systems 7 Conclusion Chapter 3 Data mining for the analysis of content interaction in web-based learning and training systems C. Pahl 1 Introduction 2 Interaction and behavior.. 2.1 Learning and training interaction 2.2 Implementing interaction 2.3 An abstract model of content interaction 2.4 The interactive database learning environment 3 Data and web usage mining 3.1 Web usage mining in the educational context 3.2 Data and web mining techniques 3.3 Education-specific web usage mining 4 Session statistics ,. 5 Session classification 6 Behavioral patterns 7 Time series 8 Conclusions Chapter 4 On using data mining for browsing log analysis in learning environments F. Wang 1 Introduction

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2 Data mining 2.1 Association mining 2.2 Clustering 2.3 Web usage mining 3 Recommendation systems 3.1 Content-based filtering systems 3.2 Collaborative filtering systems 3.3 Recommendation systems based on association rules mining technologies 4 The research framework 5 Construction of browsing content structure 5.1 Data pre-processing 5.2 Model definition and construction 5.3 Model application 5.4 Summary statements 6 Personalized recommendation based on association mining 6.1 Model definition and construction 6.1.1 User browsing similarity in time-framed navigation sessions 6.1.2 The HBM clustering algorithm 6.1.3 Mining association rules 6.2 Model application 6.2.1 User classification 6.2.2 The window-sliding method 6.2.3 The maximal-matching method 6.3 Summary statements 7 Concluding remarks Part 2 Case studies experiences of applying data mining techniques in e-learning systems Chapter 5 Recommender systems for e-learning: towards non-intrusive web mining O.R. Za'iane 1 2 3 4 Introduction t Collaborative filtering: how most systems work Desired recommender systems in an online learning environment Non-intrusive methods for recommendation 4.1 E-learning recommender with association rules 4.2 A model with clustering 5 Hybrid methods for recommendations 5.1 Architecture of a hybrid, recommender system

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5.2 User and visit session identification 5.3 Visit mission identification 5.4 Evaluating hybrid recommenders 6 Conclusion Chapter 6 Active, context-dependent, data-centered techniques for e-learning: a case study of a research paper recommender system T. Tang & G. McCalla 1 Introduction 2 A research paper recommender system 3 Two experiments in paper recommendation 3.1 What learners want: a survey 3.2 Evaluating pedagogy-oriented hybrid collaborative filtering 3.2.1 Simulation setup 3.2.2 Evaluation metrics and control variables 3.2.3 Experimental results and discussion 4 The ecological approach * 5 Conclusion Chapter 7 Applying web usage mining for the analysis of behavior in web-based learning environments K. Becker, M. Vanzin, C. Marquardt & D. Ruiz 1 Introduction 2 The process of WUM 2.1 Pre-processing phase 2.2 Data mining phase 2.3 Pattern analysis phase 2.4 Support environments 3 WUM challenges in practice: a case study 3.1 Pre-processing phase 3.2 Data mining phase 3.3 Pattern analysis phase. 3.4 Lessons learned 3.4.1 Pre-processing issues 3.4.2 Pattern analysis issues 4 LogPrep: a customizable pre-processing tool 4.1 Configuration language and configuration template 4.2 Customization features 5 OR3: ontology-based rule rummaging and retrieval tool 5.1 Ontology representation 5.2 Conceptual pattern representation

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5.3 Pattern rummaging 5.4 Pattern clustering 5.5 Pattern 5.5.1 Filter definition 5.5.2 Equivalence 5.5.3 Similarity 6 Discussions 7 Conclusions and future work

filtering filtering filtering

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Chapter 8 Association analysis for a web-based educational system B. Minaei-Bidgoli, P. Tan, G. Kortemeyer&, W.F. Punch 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Association analysis 2.2 Data mining for online education systems 2.3 Related work 3 Contrast rules 3.1 Example 1: cr\ (difference of confidence) 3.2 Example 2: cr2 (difference of proportion) 3.3 Example 3: cr3 (correlation and chi-square) 3.4 Contrast rules and interestingness measures 4 Algorithm 5 Experiments 5.1 Data model and attributes 5.2 Data sets 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Difference of confidences 5.3.2 Difference of proportions 5.3.3 Chi-square 6 Conclusion Chapter 9 Data mining in personalizing distance education courses W. Hamalainen, T.H. Laine & E. Sutinen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction , General paradigms for ITSs Data description.,; Correlations and Linear Regression Models Association rules and probabilistic models Evaluating the predictive power by cross-validation Conclusions

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Chapter 10 Rule mining with GBGP to improve web-based adaptive educational systems C. Romero, S. Ventura, C. Hervds & P. Gonzalez 1 2 3 4 Introduction Data mining in e-learning systems Students' usage data Knowledge discovery process 4.1 Rule discovery with GBGP 5 EPRules tool 6 Experimental results 6.1 Description of the discovered information 7 Conclusions and future work

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Chapter 11 Identifying gifted students and their learning paths using data mining techniques S. Bae.S.H. Ha&S.C.Park 1 Introduction : 2 Data mining in education 2.1 Gifted education: a short review 2.2 Web mining 3 Identification of gifted students using neural network and data mining 3.1 Design of questionnaire 3.2 Clustering and classification of gifted students 3.3 Creating a giftedness quotient using neural networks 3.4 Applications 3.4.1 General and specific test: identifying of giftedness and their type 3.4.2 Evaluating the results of the identification test 4 Web mining for extracting learning path 4.1 Customized education 4.2 Virtual knowledge structure 4.3 Application of web mining to a web-based education system 5 Conclusions Chapter 12 Data mining to support tutoring in virtual learning communities: experiences and challenges E. Gaudioso & L Talavera 1 Introduction 2 Data mining V

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3 Defining data mining tasks for supporting tutoring 3.1 A working problem 4 Data pre-processing 5 Building predictive models 5.1 Supporting tutors in course assessment 5.2 Supporting tutors in anticipating student activity levels 6 Building descriptive models 6.1 Supporting tutors in determining behavioral patterns 6.2 Supporting tutors in course assessment 7 Challenges and lessons learned 7.1 Definition of data mining tasks 7.2 Data preparation 7.3 Model building 8 Concluding remarks Chapter 13 Analysis of user navigational behavior for e-learning personalization E. Mor, J. Minguillon & J.M. Carbo 1 Introduction 2 E-learning environments 2.1 The UOC virtual campus 2.2 Virtual campus architecture and services 3 Navigational behavior analysis 3.1 Navigational levels 4 Experimental results 4.1 Server log files 4.2 Data pre-processing and feature extraction 4.3 Web mining 4.3.1 Variable relevance 4.3.2 Unsupervised clustering 4.4 Data fusion 5 Conclusions Chapter 14 Automatically constructing an e-textbook via web mining J. Chen & Q. Li 1 Introduction , 2 System architecture 3 Building concept hierarchies 4 Topic content identification 4.1 Segmenting web pages 4.2 Identifying the topic content for topic pages 5 Ranking algorithm 5.1 Original rank .-.

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Cue phrases Weighty tags Concept descriptions and definitions 5.4.1 Pattern set mining 5.4.2 Concept discovery 5.5 Integrating extracted features 6 Conclusions Chapter 15 Online outlier detection of learners' irregular learning processes M. Ueno 1 Introduction 2 Learning management system 'Samurai' 3 Online outlier detection 3.1 Data 3.2 Model 3.3 Model 3.4 Outlier detection curves and examples 4 Simulation experiments 5 System 6 Evaluation 7 Animated agent to enhance learning 8 Conclusions Chapter 16 Use of data mining to examine an outreach call center's effectiveness and build a predictive model for classifying future marketing targets J. Luan, C. Summa & M. Wieland 1 2 3 4 5 Background Three key questions addressed Data sources Design and method Findings 5.1 Yield 5.1.1 Step one for answering question one: overall effect of the presence of call center 5.1.2 Step two for answering question one: computing specific yield rates 5.2 Predictive modeling 5.2.1 Data mining rationale and discoveries 6 Discussion

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Index