SUNVENTION

SOLAR POWER VILLAGE

Envelope Power Greenhouse

(EPG)

A combined Solar Power Station and Greenhouse to produce Energy and Crop

Technology and Economics

Jrgen Kleinwchter Sunvention GmbH April 2005

SUNVENTION
SOLAR POWER VILLAGE

Envelope Power Greenhouse

Situation
The exponentially growing world population needs more Energy, more arable land and a cleaner environment (Fig.1, Fig.2).
11 10 30 9 8 7 [Billion] 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year 2020 2040 2060 2080 CO2-Emission Food Production Uran Gas World Population ? Oil 600 500 400 300 200 Reserves Coal ? 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 CO 2 in the Atmosphere [ppm]

1. Usable worldwide agriculture land 2. World population x 0,4 ha a. Culmination point if 0,4 ha is needed to feed one person b. Culmination point if 0,2 ha is needed to feed one person c. Culmination point if 0,1 ha is needed to feed one person
5

land area [109 hectares]

1 3 a

b c

1 2 0 1650

1700

1750

1800

1850 [year]

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

Fig.1: Energy Reserves, world population, food production

Fig.2: Growing population and decreasing arable land space

Since most of the arable land worldwide is already used, new arable land out of arid and semi-arid zones must be crated to cover the need of food. Due to a harsh environment in this regions the greenhouses must be climatized which in turn requires massive amounts of energy. Furthermore, Water one of the most important prerequisites for agriculture is a very scarce resource. People working in the greenhouses farms and living in villages around them need additionally energy. But we are speaking about new land to be developed in zones where beside huge land space, a little bit of groundwater and a sky with an inexorably burning sun nothing exists no power grid, no infrastructure and therefore no hope. If for the reasons described in Fig.1 and Fig.2 mankind is nevertheless urged to make use of this land, the economical conditions to do this seems prohibitive and therefore an unrealistic scenario for just that part of humanity needing it at utmost the majority of mankind living in the sunny, mostly semi-arid zones of our globe. Therefore, a technical solution combining in a synergetic way Greenhouse, Agriculture and Energy production, turning the destructive force of the Sun into a benign one by making use of the 200-400 l/m/year (!) of oil equivalent of its radiation, is a logical consequence to face this historical challenge. The Envelope Power Greenhouse (EPG) represents such a technical solution. It opens new ways to combine the technical and biological world and represents in so far the tendency toward a new Industrial Paradigma of the 21st Century a shift of Technology toward the Nature.

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

Technology
The EPG combines two systems: a Solar Power Station (SPS) under the protective, highly transparent, endurant and self cleaning cover (Envelope) of an advanced Greenhouse (Fig.3).
SunFlower

SunRay

Fig.3: Schema

The SPS consists of Sun Tracking Concentrator Lens Systems (SunFlower and SunRay) combined either with actively cooled Photovoltaic Cells (CoolPhoton - Solar Photovoltaic Power Station (SPS-PV)) (Fig.4) or with thermal Absorbers providing the Heat Energy to run a Thermodynamic Generator (Power Fluid Engine Solar Thermal Power Station SPS-TH) (Fig.5). To extend the operation over the sunshine hours parts of the daily produced heat can be stored with a compact Thermo Chemical Storage System (TCS) (Fig.6). This can lead to autonomous, 24 hr operating, decentralized base load power stations.

Fig.4: EPG with SPS-PV

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

System 1
H2 O2

Elektrolyse
1 = 0,1 2 = 0,7

Brennstoffzelle
2 = 0,7

total = 0,049

System 2
2 = 0,7 1 = 0,3 3= 0,4

Elektrolyse

H2 O H 2
2

Brennstoffzelle
2 = 0,7

a total = 0,147 b total = 0,084

= Verstromung bei Ferntransport H2 / O2 = Wiederverstromung im internen Kreislauf mit Stirlingmaschine

Fig.5: EPG with SPS-TH

System 3
1 = 0,8
Mg H2 H2

Mg + H2 = Mg H2 + E Mg H2 + E = Mg + H2

E = 1 kWh/kg Mg + 70 g H2

2 = 0,2

total = 0,16

60 50 Kat.

1
Pressure [bar]
Dr uc k 30 [b ar] 20 10 0 0 50 100 40

2 Al + H N AlH a 2 3 3 6+ 3

N aAlH4

M 2 gH

M +H g 2

+ 37 kJ/mol H 2

- 37 kJ/mol H 2

- 75 kJ/mol H 2

+ 75 kJ/mol H 2

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Temperature [C] Temperatur [C]

Fig.6: TCS-System

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

The Greenhouse part of the EPG is situated under the Shelter of the outer Envelope and the interior optical lens system. The Photosynthesis requires depending from the growth stage, season and the type of cultivation only between 5 and 30% of the Energy content of the incoming global Solar Spectrum (Fig.7) within a well defined Spectral Region (PAR).

Fig.7: Absorption spectrum of chlorophyll

Curve 1 Curve 2 A B+D C+E = = = = = Solar spectrum, terrestrial Absorption spectrum of chlorophyll (PAR) UV-A radiation. Doesn't effect plant growing, but produces brighter colours, stronger aromas and causes natural disinfection. Most productive spectral regions. Only small contribution to photosynthesis.

This lucky coincidence makes it possible, to extract the none photosynthetically (70-95%) used Energy within the SPS-TH or SPS-PV Lens System and to turn them to usable Energy (Electricity, Process Heat, Mechanical Power). Since only one small part of this Energy is used for the EPG-Greenhouse itself, following main synergetic benefits result out of the combination of the Envelope, the Lens System SunFlower, SunRay) and the enclosed Agricultural Greenhouse:

Production of Energy: used in a small fraction for the greenhouse itself, in the remaining part to supply the surrounding infrastructures (farms, villages, regions; Cluster of EPG's combined with mini and medium distribution grids; in bigger clusters to export the electricity via large grids). Controlling the temperature within the greenhouse: Since only a smaller part of the global radiation (in the ideal case, only the PAR spectrum, Fig.7) penetrates the interior of the greenhouse, it stays at moderate temperatures even on hot days. If the ambient temperature falls under a critical limit (typically: night time in arid zones), parts of the daily extracted heat can be easily stored (Hot-Water, Hot-Rock, Hot-Sand etc. -Storages) and given back to the greenhouse. That means, that instead of installing an expensive, energy consuming greenhouse air conditioning system, the EPG's selective use of the solar spectrum conditions the greenhouse temperature all by creating energy.

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

Minimizing the water requirement: the closed EPG greenhouse is equipped with a WaterRegeneration-System minimizing dramatically the amount of required water (Fig.8).
3 4 2 5b 5a

1a 1

Fig.8: Water Regeneration System (according to Prof. Pokorny and Sunvention)

Better Crop Quality, higher yields: the EPG systems use UV-A transparent materials. The UV-A portion of the solar spectrum disinfects the interior of the greenhouse in a natural way (therefore making at least to a large extend obsolete fungicides and pesticides) and enhances the crop quality (taste, colour, odour). By giving the plants only the PAR spectrum in combination with temperature, humidity, CO2 control its yield can be more than doubled compared to conventional high-tech greenhouses.

To get more detailed Information about the methods and concepts to create PAR spectras to minimize heat and water losses and to create other synergetic aspects of the EPG Technology, see: EPG, Energy and Crop, Principles, Development Status, Future Aspects, Sunvention, Feb.2005.

Economics
1.) Solar Power Station Part (SPS-PV and SPS-TH)
The fact, that the highly precise optical system with its accurate sun tracking, is sheltered from wind, weather ans dust by its Envelope allows to build it about one order of magnitude more light-weight than competing products without shelter. Since weight is cost, this allows for strongly reduced costs (weight of the SunFlower and SunRay optical system: 10kg/m compared to 100 kg/m for solar optics without Envelope). The highly transparent Fluoropolymer Envelope (T=94%) absorbs a tiny portion of the incident radiation. This is overcompensated by the self cleaning of the cover avoiding expensive and complicate cleaning methods for the optics and the light weight of the structure, including tiny motors and gears for the tracking system which don't have to compensate heavy wind loads.
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Envelope Power Greenhouse

The Fig.9 gives the expected economics of large scale solar power plants of the parabolic trough type (Fig.9a) as installed with a capacity of 340 MWel in the Californian Mohave desert (SEGS=Solar Electric Generating System).

Fig.9: Cost reduction potential of parabolic through solar power

Fig.9a: SEGS in the Mohave desert

Over 20 years data concerning investment cost, performance and operating/maintenance cost have been collected to allow a firm assessment of today's solar power plants economics and an extrapolation of future solar power plants performance. Most importantly, these plants generate electricity at about $0.12/kWh el thus being already competitive with conventional power plants for peak-power demand. Compared to the SPS-TH Technology, the SEGS Technology has four week points: 1. Economic size is 30 MWel since smaller steam turbines are not efficient. The Powerfluid engine of the SPS-TH is efficient already for smaller sizes 100kWel. Therefore also decentral applications are possible. 2. Night time storage for SEGS systems has been projected with huge sensible heat systems (oil, rocks, iron). They are expensive and not very effective, since working with falling temperature level during extraction of heat. The TCS System of the SPS-TH builds much smaller in volume (about a factor of 35). Since the chemical, reversible heat reaction is isothermal, the Powerfluid engine is operated at constant high temperature (and unchanging efficiency). 3. To reduce the costs considerably under 10 Uscents/kWh as required for market positioning, a completely new technology of Solar Trough Optics has to be developed, since the existing Glass-Steel Technology has came to its limits. Since Wind-loads determine the required material amount, a solution is hardly to see. The SPS-TH Technology with its inbuilt light weight structure and using advanced composite technologies can be brought within overseable, rational and relatively short time steps to 150$/m of system costs (Envelope + interior Lens system) and in a further step to 100$/m. This results in the case of Solar Alone Operation (without TCS or Biogas Storage) to kWhel costs of 6.2UScent/kWhel respectively 4.9UScent/kWhel. With biomass backup and Day and Night Operation this can be brought to approx. 9UScent/kWhel respectively 8.6UScent/kWhel. By developing the TCS Storage to a serial product (40$/kWh storage system), Day and Night Operation in the range of 6.5UScent/kWhel respectively 6.2UScent/kWhel for a stand alone, purely solar 24h system.

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

4. The SEGS system uses land. The EPG systems convert additionally to their Energy Production arid land into arable land and therefore create double benefit (Energy+Crop). See Exhibit I+II.

2.) SPS-PV (Solar Photovoltaic Power Station)

The photovoltaic technology is fast developing into a Multibillion-Dollars worldwide industry. Namely German and Japan are the drivers of the development. In Germany, producers of PV electricity are paid approx. 50 cents for every kWh el injected to the grid for a period of 20 years. Japan peak-power for air conditioning is so expensive, that even the still high production costs of PV electricity (approx. 40 cents/ kWh el) starts to be competitive. However if PV electricity should become competitive with conventional energy sources. Its costs must be dramatically decreased. The Times Magazine (Nov.04) stated, that a Supernova Market development of PV Technologies would start if kWh el costs would ge under 10 US cents/ kWh el. Combining PV Cells with solar concentrators (reducing by this way the required PV cell surface) and cooling them actively (enhancing therefore its efficiency and producing usable low temperature heat) is therefore an interesting way to achieve the desired cost reduction. Therefore the combination with the light weight optics (SunRay and SunFlower) and the CoolPhoton active cooling system is a promising technology for small, medium and large grid connected Photovoltaic Power Plants. This SPS-PV, again in combination with the Envelope Greenhouse has good economics. See Exhibit III.

3.) The Agricultural-Greenhouse part

This part is the most complex since dealing with much more complicate interactions of the biological system with radiation, spectrum, humidity, CO2, nutrients, temperatures, etc. Therefore, in the frame of this short evaluation only some main factors and proven facts are considered. However the resulting net incomes /m PEG system can be for sure very strongly enhanced for example by cultivating medical plants within the Envelope. This represents an interesting challenge toward parallel developments. The EPG Greenhouse offers a wide variety of flexible adaptations (light spectrum, temperature, CO2, moisture, etc.) to plant needs as they could not been realized up so far in real size greenhouses. Following are proven facts:

Filter Greenhouses produce more than twice the crop valve of classical high-tech greenhouses (pages 14-16, EPG paper, Feb.05) They do this with much less external energy and water requirements (same sources).

Since the EPG Greenhouse is by far more advanced than classical filter greenhouses, its additional energy requirements (fans, pumps, cooling, heating) are all taken out of the energy loops created by the EPG itself no auxiliary energy required.
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Envelope Power Greenhouse

Table 1 shows the productivity of some greenhouse crops in Mediterranean countries compared to Holland.

Table 1: Productivity of a few greenhouse crops in some Mediterranean countries and in the Netherlands. Data were provided by different institutions in the selected countries. [Source: Chronica Horticulturae Vol.44/2, 2004]

Table 2 gives yields, cross income and net income for sweet pepper in Almeria / Spain and again Holland. Variable Soil culture Almeria Yield kg/m Market price /kg Gross income /m Variable costs /m Fixed costs /m Capital costs /m Net income /m 10.5 0.53 5.6 3.1 1.3 0.4 0.8 Soilless culture Almeria 16 0.66 10.6 3.8 2.7 0.8 3.3 Soilless culture Holland 26 1.62 42.1 26.5 5.5 6 4.1

Table 2: yields, cross income and net income for sweet pepper [same source]

At the first glance it seems paradoxical, that the poor solar country Holland produces so much more crops than the sun rich Mediterranean countries. As Southern Spain has about double of solar input one should think, that the crop yield also doubles. And if bringing it into a filter greenhouse this crop yield should double again, so that in this case the Almeria yield would be four time the yield of Holland. The reason why the opposite takes place, is simply to explain: as the Southern greenhouses don't posses air conditioning systems (for energy cost reasons !) they simply can produce crops in short time windows (winter and autumn). This lack of air conditioning is reflected in the column variable costs in the Table 2. The heating costs in Holland (mainly variable costs) are eating up most of the cross income, whereas the lacking air conditioning for Spain results in low variable costs so that the cross income of both is not so far away.

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

Therefore to stay in a conservative picture we state that it should be feasible for an EPG greenhouse situated in Southern latitudes like Spain to have at least double of the yield (in this example 52 kg/m.year) therefore a double cross income of 84 /m.year and for the reasons mentioned (no auxiliary energy needed) about 70 /m.year net income (109$/m.year income). It is clear that this part of the EPG production chain must still be proven under real conditions. But as the Envelope Greenhouse already is commercially viable without any crop production whatever the net incomes from the biological production will be they will add positively to the Return of Investment. And as mentioned under Situation- the biggest challenge for EPG systems are autonomic, decentral installations in remote, arid zones without other choice of electricity and food as this locally produced.

4.) EPG for Salt Water Desalination

Water scarcity in arid zones is a problem. If salt water is available (salty ground water, salt lakes or ocean coasts), it must be desalinated. Modern multiflash Desalination systems, and especially the Auto Regulating Autoflash Desalination unit from the Atlantis Company need only 0.08 kWh of thermal energy around 100C to produce 1 litre of fresh water. 1m of EPG Greenhouse generates per year approx. 1000KWh of 100C thermal energy, which in turns produce 12 500 l of fresh water. For a 650m EPG greenhouse this results in 8125 tons/year or an average of 22 000 l of fresh water per day. This is orders of magnitude more than the greenhouse itself needs so that this type of EPG becomes a first class Water+Crop producer.

Fig.10: EPG with Autoflash desalination system

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

Exhibit I-1: Thermal Solar Power Station (8 hrs day-16 hrs night operation) SPS-TH Analysis: Assumptions, Output
Day and Night Operation Biogas 2.000 8,0 16,0 650 100 94% 90% 90% 30% 22,8% 80% Day and Night Operation TC Storage 2.000 8,0 16,0 1.950 100 94% 90% 90% 30% 22,8%

Daytime Operation Only I. Assumptions Effective annual direct irradiation (kWh/sqm) Daytime solar operation (hrs/d) Nighttime operation (hrs/d) Floor size/Fresnel lenses aperture (sqm) Performance of Powerfluid engine (kWe) Transmission through greenhouse cover Transmission through Fresnel lens Efficiency of thermal receiver/piping Efficiency of Powerfluid engine Efficiency-solar to electricity Biogas burner efficiency II. Output Thermal energy generated (kWh/year) o solar o biogas 2.000 8,0

650 100 94% 90% 90% 30% 22,8%

989.820 0 989.820 296.946 973.333

989.820 1.946.667 2.936.487 880.946 2.920.000

2.969.460 0 2.969.460 890.838 2.920.000

Electrical energy output (kWh/year) Yearly thermal energy needed (kWhth)

SPS-TH Analysis: InvestmentCost for Mass Product

Daytime Operation only
Assumptions

Day and Night Operation with Biogas 150 100

Day and Night Operation with TC Storage 150 40 5.424 100 40 5.424

Cost of EPG ($/sqm) Cost of TC storage ($/kWh) Nightly storage capacity needed (kWh) Cost EPG ($) 100 kWe Powerfluid engine TC storage Total investment cost

150

100

65.000 292.500 195.000 60.000 60.000 60.000 216.947 216.947 157.500 125.000 157.500 125.000 569.447 471.947

97.500 60.000

65.000 60.000

97.500 60.000

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

SPS-TH Analysis: Assessment of Economics

Day and Night Daytime Operation only Operation with Biogas Day/Night Operation (hrs) 8 and 0 8 and 0 8 and 16 8 and 16 Cost of EPG ($/sqm) 150 100 150 100 Yearly energy output-electric (kWhel) 296.946 296.946 880.946 880.946 Investment cost ($) Investment cost ($/sqm) Proceeds from electricity ($) (1) Proceeds from leasing greenhouse (3) Yearly amortisation cost ($) (4) Maintenance (5) Biogas (6) Pretax income ($) Pretax cashflow ($) Cost of electricity ($/kWhe) (8) Net present value ($) (7) Internal rate of return (IRR) 157.500 242 44.542 32.500 77.042 13.732 4.725 18.457 58.585 67.592 0,062 87.800 42,9% 125.000 192 44.542 32.500 77.042 10.898 3.750 14.648 62.394 69.542 0,049 119.968 55,6% 157.500 242 132.142 32.500 164.642 13.732 4.725 60.833 79.290 85.352 94.359 0,090 172.466 59,9% 125.000 192 132.142 32.500 164.642 10.898 3.750 60.833 75.481 89.160 96.309 0,086 204.634 77,0% Day and Night Operation with TC Storage 8 and 16 8 and 16 150 100 890.838 890.838 569.447 292 133.626 97.500 231.126 49.647 17.083 66.730 164.395 196.959 0,075 167.444 34,5% 471.947 242 133.626 97.500 231.126 41.146 14.158 55.305 175.821 202.809 0,062 263.949 42,9%

(1) Price of kWhe sold ($/kWhe) 0,150 (2) Price of thermal energy sold ($/kWhth) 0,020 (3) Price for leasing greenhouse ($/sqm+year) 50,0 (4) Amortization (Years) 20 Financing cost (%) 6,00% (5) Maintenance/year (as % of investment) 3,00% (6) Biogas cost ($/kWh) 0,025 (7) Calculated at required return 25% (8) Cost of electricity for case of $ 80/kWh investment cost of TC-storage ($/kWhe) (8) Cost of electricity for case of $ 120/kWh investment cost of TC-storage ($/kWhe)

0,103 0,132

0,091 0,119

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

Exhibit II: Thermal Solar Power Station (8 hrs day - 4 hrs night operation) SPS-TH Analysis: Assumptions, Output
(4 hr night operation)
Daytime Operation Only I. Assumptions Effective annual direct irradiation (kWh/sqm) Daytime solar operation (hrs/d) Nighttime operation (hrs/d) Floor size/Fresnel lenses aperture (sqm) Performance of Powerfluid engine (kWe) Transmission through greenhouse cover Transmission through Fresnel lens Efficiency of thermal receiver/piping Efficiency of Powerfluid engine Efficiency-solar to electricity Biogas burner efficiency II. Output Thermal energy generated (kWh/year) o solar o biogas 2.000 8,0 Day and Night Operation Biogas 2.000 8,0 4,0 650 100 94% 90% 90% 30% 22,8% 80% Day and Night Operation TC Storage 2.000 8,0 4,0 970 100 94% 90% 90% 30% 22,8%

650 100 94% 90% 90% 30% 22,8%

989.820 0 989.820 296.946 973.333

989.820 486.667 1.476.487 442.946 1.460.000

1.477.116 0 1.477.116 443.135 1.460.000

Electrical energy output (kWh/year) Yearly thermal energy needed (kWh)

SPS-TH Analysis: Investment Cost for Mass Product

(4 hr night operation)
Day and Night Operation with Biogas 150 100 Day and Night Operation with TC Storage 150 40 1.349 100 40 1.349

Daytime Operation only

Assumptions

Cost of EPG ($/sqm) Cost of TC storage ($/kWh) Nightly storage capacity needed (kWh) Cost EPG ($) 100 kWe Powerfluid engine TC storage Total investment cost

150

100

65.000 145.500 97.000 60.000 60.000 60.000 53.959 53.959 157.500 125.000 157.500 125.000 259.459 210.959

97.500 60.000

65.000 60.000

97.500 60.000

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Envelope Power Greenhouse

SPS-TH Analysis: Assessment of Economics

(4 hr night operation)
Day and Night Daytime Operation only Operation with Biogas Day/Night Operation (hrs) 8 and 0 8 and 0 8 and 4 8 and 4 Cost of EPG ($/sqm) 150 100 150 100 Yearly energy output-electric (kWhel) 296.946 296.946 442.946 442.946 Investment cost ($) Investment cost ($/sqm) Proceeds from electricity ($) (1) Proceeds from leasing greenhouse (3) Yearly amortisation cost ($) (4) Maintenance ($) (5) Biogas (6) Pretax income ($) Pretax cashflow ($) Cost of electricity ($/kWhe) (8) Net present value ($) (7) Internal rate of return (IRR) 157.500 242 44.542 32.500 77.042 13.732 4.725 18.457 58.585 67.592 0,062 87.800 42,9% 125.000 192 44.542 32.500 77.042 10.898 3.750 14.648 62.394 69.542 0,049 119.968 55,6% 157.500 242 66.442 32.500 98.942 13.732 4.725 15.208 33.665 65.277 74.284 0,076 108.967 47,1% 125.000 192 66.442 32.500 98.942 10.898 3.750 15.208 29.856 69.085 76.234 0,067 141.135 61,0% Day and Night Operation with TC Storage 8 and 4 8 and 4 150 100 443.135 443.135 259.459 267 66.470 48.500 114.970 22.621 7.784 30.405 84.566 99.403 0,069 106.854 38,3% 210.959 217 66.470 48.500 114.970 18.392 6.329 24.721 90.249 102.313 0,056 154.859 48,5%

(1) Price of kWhe sold ($/kWhe) 0,150 (2) Price of thermal energy sold ($/kWhth) 0,020 (3) Price for leasing greenhouse ($/sqm+year) 50,0 (4) Amortization (Years) 20 Financing cost (%) 6,00% (5) Maintenance/year (as % of investment) 3,00% (6) Biogas cost ($/kWh) 0,025 (7) Calculated at required return 25% (8) Cost of electricity for case of $ 80/kWh investment cost of TC-storage ($/kWhe) (8) Cost of electricity for case of $ 120/kWh investment cost of TC-storage ($/kWhe)

0,083 0,097

0,070 0,084

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Exhibit III: Photovoltaic Solar Power Station

SPS-PV Analysis: Assumptions, Output

PV-Cells Solartec Assumptions Effective annual direct irradiation (kWh/sqm) Floor size/Fresnel lenses aperture (sqm) Transmission through greenhouse cover Transmission through Fresnel lens PV-cells efficiency Efficiency-solar to electricity Output Electricity output (kWh/year) 2.000 1.000 94,0% 90,0% 15,0% 12,7% 253.800 PV-Cells Boeing 2.000 1.000 94,0% 90,0% 40,0% 33,8% 676.800

SPS-PV Analysis: InvestmentCost for Mass Product

PV-Cells Solartec 150 21 100 21 PV-Cells Boeing 150 0,30 150.000 21.000 171.000 100.000 21.000 121.000 150.000 102.000 252.000 100 0,30 100.000 102.000 202.000

Assumptions Cost of EPG ($/sqm) Cost of Solartec PV-cells ($/sqm aperture) Cost of Boeing PV-cells ($/Wp) Cost EPG ($) PV modules Total investment cost

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SPS-PV Analysis: Assessment of Economics

PV-Cells Solartec 150 100 253.800 171.000 171 38.070 50.000 88.070 14.909 5.130 20.039 68.031 77.810 0,079 109.321 45,5%
0,150 50,0 20 6,00% 3,00% 25%

Cost of EPG ($/sqm) Yearly energy output-electric (kWhel) Investment cost ($) Investment cost ($/sqm) Proceeds from electricity ($) (1) Proceeds from leasing greenhouse (2) Yearly amortisation cost ($) (3) Maintenance ($) (4) Pretax income ($) Pretax cashflow ($) Cost of electricity ($/kWhe) Net present value ($) (5) Internal rate of return (IRR)
(1) Price of kWhe sold ($/kWhe) (2) Price for leasing greenhouse ($/sqm+year) (3) Amortization (Years) Financing cost (%) (4) Maintenance/year (as % of investment) (5) Calculated at required return

PV-Cells Boeing 150 100 676.800 252.000 252 101.520 50.000 151.520 21.971 7.560 29.531 121.989 136.400 0,044 229.848 54,1% 676.800 202.000 202 101.520 50.000 151.520 17.611 6.060 23.671 127.849 139.400 0,035 279.337 69,0%

253.800 121.000 121 38.070 50.000 88.070 10.549 3.630 14.179 73.891 80.810 0,056 158.811 66,8%

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