**** What is rule based system? Advantage and Disadvantage of rule based system.

Answer: Ruled-based expert systems are generally accepted as the best option for building knowledge-based systems. In a ruled-based expert system, the domain knowledge is represented by a set of IF-THEN production rules and data is represented by a set of facts about the current situation. The inference engine compares each rule stored in the knowledge base with facts contained in the database. Advantage: 1. Natural knowledge representation. 2. Uniform structure. 3. Separation of knowledge from its processing. 4. Dealing with incomplete and uncertain knowledge. Disadvantage: 1. Opaque relations between rules. 2. Ineffective search strategy. 3. Inability to learn.

**** What is AI? What is expert system? What are the main parts of expert system?

Answer: Intelligence is the ability to think and understand instead of doing anything automatically. Ability to understand and learn anything is called intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a term by which we can understand that, a machine can do something by its own intelligence. A machine is thought intelligent if it can achieve human level performance in some cognitive task. To build an intelligent system we have to capture, organize and use human expert knowledge. Expert systems can neither learn nor improve themselves through experience. They are individually created and demand large effort or their development. It takes five to ten person years to build an expert system. There are five main parts of an expert system. These members are, Domain expert Knowledge engineer Programmer Project manager End user

****Describe Knowledge representation technique. Also describe forward and backward chaining technique. Answer: Knowledge is a theoretical and practical understanding of a subject or a domain. Knowledge is also the sum of what is currently known. A person can be considered as a domain expert if he/she has deep knowledge and strong practical experience in a particular domain. Knowledge can be formulated as rule or statement given below: IF condition THEN action

A rule holds two parts. IF part, called the antecedent (condition) and the THEN part called the consequent (action).

Forward Chaining: Forward chaining is the data-driven reasoning. The reasoning starts from the known data and proceeds forward with that data until no further rules can be fired. Each time only the topmost rule is executed. When fired the rule adds a new fact in the database. Any rule can be executed only one time. The match-fire cycle stops when no further rules can be fired. A rule based expert system can have hundreds of rules, many of which might be fired to derive new facts that are valid, but unfortunately unrelated to the goal. Suppose the database initially includes facts A, B, C, D and E, and the knowledge base contains only three rules: Rule1: AND IF Y is true

D is true is true X is true

THEN Z Rule2: AND AND IF

B is true E is true is true A is true

THEN Y Rule3: IF

THEN x is true

Backward Chaining: Backward chaining is the goal-driven reasoning. In backward chaining, an expert system has the goal and the inference engine attempts to find the evidence to prove it. First, the knowledge base is searched to find the rules that might have the desired solution. Such rules must have the goal in their THEN parts. In such a rule is found and its IF part matches data in database, then the rule is fired and the goal is proven.

**** Describe the properties of Statements. Answer: 1. Satisfiable: A statement is satisfiable if there is some interpretation for which it is true. 2. Contradiction: A statement is contradictory if there is no interpretation for which it is true.

3. Valid: A statement is valid if it is true for every interpretation. Valid statements are called tautologies. 4. Equivalence: Two statements are equivalent if they have same truth value under every interpretation. 5. Logical Consequence: A sentence is logical consequence of another if it is satisfied by all interpretations which satisfy the first.

**** What is quantifier? What are universal quantifier and existential quantifier? Write the relation between them. Answer: Quantifier: Quantifier allows statements about entire collections of objects rather than having to enumerate the objects by name. Quantifier tells us how to interpret the variables. Universal Quantifier: Universal quantifier asserts that a sentence is true for all values of variable x.

Existential Quantifier: Existential quantifier asserts that a sentence is true for at least one value of a variable x.

Relation between Universal and Existential quantifier: Universal and existential qualification are logically related to each other:

General Identities