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Bamboos are some of the fastest growing plants in the world, as some species are capable of growing 100 cm or more per day due to a unique rhizome-dependent system. However, the growth rate is partially dependent on local soil and climatic conditions. Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in South Asia, South East Asia and East Asia, being used for building materials, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product.Bamboo fibre is a new regenerated cellulose fibre produced from bamboo plant. This polymeric material is characterized by its good soft feel, air permeability, antibacterial and hygroscopic properties, exceptional eco friendliness. First commercially produced in 21st century it has wide prospects in different fields of textile industry. The consumption of bamboo fibre in textile industry is constantly growing all over the world beginning from the country of its origin China and ranging to the famous textile companies in the USA and Europe. The main garments produced from bamboo fibre are T-shirts, terry towels, socks, bed linen, knitted materials for sports and leisure wear, etc. Research is carried out in the area of bamboo fibre processing, properties of textile materials and widening of the application areas. Textile hand is one of the essential parameters characterizing garments appearance and quality. It could be expected that inclusion of bamboo fiber into textile materials made from mixed fibres can positively improve their hand. The goal of this research was to carry out quantitative evaluation and comparison of hand parameters of bamboo, cotton and cotton/bamboo blended fabrics of various structures and finishing solution. Cotton remains the most miraculous fiber under the sun, even after 8,000 years. No other fiber comes close to duplicating all of the desirable characteristics combined in cotton. The fiber of a thousand faces and almost as many uses, cotton is noted for its versatility, appearance, performance and above all, its natural comfort. From all types of apparel, including astronauts in-flight space suits, to sheets and towels, and tarpaulins and tents, cotton in todays fast-moving world is still natures wonder fiber. It provides thousands of useful products and supports millions of jobs as it moves from field to fabric.
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It has only been in recent years that the right technology has been applied to bamboo fibers to turn them into fabric on a wide scale. Interblending bamboo fibre into cotton fabric weft gives an opportunity to increase the softness of the fabric and to extend the assortment of natural fabrics.
OBJECTIVE
To know about the history of bamboo. To know about the history of cotton.
To study about the bamboo fiber property. To study about the cotton fiber property. To blend the bamboo and cotton fiber.
To know about the weave structure in the fabric. To design and construct kids garment. To apply floral art in garment.
As a woody plant, it is hardy, and can be found growing in a diverse range of climates from the tropical jungle environment of Chile, to the high cold mountain slopes of the Himalayas. In fact it is only Canada, Europe, Antarctica and Western Asia where bamboo is not found as a native plant species! It has however been introduced to these areas too, and usually takes to the climates in these places just as easily. One of the main factors behind the usefulness of bamboo over history, and indeed its success as a plant on such a large scale, is the rate at which it grows. As the fastest growing plant on earth, bamboo has been measured at having a growth rate exceeding one metre per hour for short periods. Studies have the record for daily growth as 121cm over a 24-hour period. Although the modern plant is a little shorter, heights of 250 feet were not unusual for prehistoric bamboo varieties.
1.2 GROWTH
Bamboo is one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth with reported growth rates of 100 cm (39 in) in 24 hours. Primarily growing in regions of warmer climates during the Cretaceous period, vast fields existed in what is now Asia. Bamboo is known to grow over 30 metres (98 ft) tall.Unlike trees, all bamboo have the potential to grow to full height and girth in a single growing season of 34 months. During this first season, the clump of young shoots grows vertically, with no branching. In the next year, the pulpy wall of each culm or stem slowly dries and hardens. The culm begins to sprout branches and leaves from each node. During the third year, the culm further hardens. The shoot is now considered a fully mature culm. Over the next 25 years (depending on species), fungus and mold begin to form on the outside of the culm, which eventually penetrate and overcome the culm. Around 5 8 years later (species and climate dependent), the fungal and mold growth cause the culm to collapse and decay. This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction within about 3 7 years.
flowering , with all plants in the population flowering simultaneously. The longest mass flowering interval known is 130 years, and is found for all the species Phyllostachys bambusoides .In this species, all plants of the same stock flower at the same time, regardless of differences in geographic locations or climatic conditions, then the bamboo dies. The lack of environmental impact on the time of flowering indicates the presence of some sort of alarm clock in each cell of the plant which signals the diversion of all energy to flower production and the cessation of vegetative growth. This mechanism, as well as the evolutionary cause behind it, is still largely a mystery. One theory to explain the evolution of this semelparous mass flowering is the predator satiation hypothesis. This theory argues that by fruiting at the same time, a population increases the survival rate of their seeds by flooding the area with fruit so that even if predators eat their fill, there will still be seeds left over. By having a flowering cycle longer than the lifespan of the rodent predators, bamboos can regulate animal populations by causing starvation during the period between flowering events. Thus, according to this hypothesis, the death of the adult clone is due to resource exhaustion, as it would be more effective for parent plants to devote all resources to creating a large seed crop than to hold back energy for their own regeneration. A second theory, the fire cycle hypothesis, argues that periodic flowering followed by death of the adult plants has evolved as a mechanism to create disturbance in the habitat, thus providing the seedlings with a gap in which to grow. This hypothesis argues that the dead culms create a large fuel load, and also a large target for lightning strikes, increasing the likelihood of wildfire. Because bamboos are very aggressive as early successional plants, the seedlings would be able to outstrip other plants and take over the space left by their parents. However, both have been disputed for different reasons. The predator satiation theory does not explain why the flowering cycle is 10 times longer than the lifespan of the local rodents, something not predicted by the theory. The bamboo fire cycle theory is considered by a few scientists to be unreasonable; they argue that fires only result from humans and there is no natural fire in India. This notion is considered wrong based on distribution of lightning strike data during the dry season throughout India. However, another argument against this theory is
the lack of precedent for any living organism to harness something as unpredictable as lightning strikes to increase its chance of survival as part of natural evolutionary progress. The mass fruiting also has direct economic and ecological consequences, however. The huge increase in available fruit in the forests often causes a boom in rodent populations, leading to increases in disease and famine in nearby human populations. For example, there are devastating consequences when the Melocanna bambusoides population flowers and fruits once every 3035 years around the Bay of Bengal. The death of the bamboo plants following their fruiting means the local people lose their building material, and the large increase in bamboo fruit leads to a rapid increase in rodent populations. As the number of rodents increase, they consume all available food, including grain fields and stored food, sometimes leading to famine. These rats can also carry dangerous diseases such as typhus, typhoid, and bubonic plague, which can reach epidemic proportions as the rodents increase in number. The relationship between rat populations and bamboo flowering was examined in a 2009 Nova documentary Rat Attack.
1.4.2 HARVESTING
Bamboo used for construction purposes must be harvested when the culms reach their greatest strength and when sugar levels in the sap are at their lowest, as high sugar content increases the ease and rate of pest infestation. Harvesting of bamboo is typically undertaken according to the following cycles: 1) Life cycle of the Culm: As each individual culm goes through a 57 year life cycle, culms are ideally allowed to reach this level of maturity prior to full capacity harvesting. The clearing out or thinning of culms, particularly older decaying culms, helps to ensure adequate
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light and resources for new growth. Well-maintained clumps may have a productivity three to four times that of an unharvested wild clump. 2) Life cycle of the Culm: As per the life cycle described above, bamboo is harvested from two to three years through to five to seven years, depending on the species. 3) Annual cycle: As all growth of new bamboo occurs during the wet season, disturbing the clump during this phase will potentially damage the upcoming crop. Also during this high rain fall period, sap levels are at their highest, and then diminish towards the dry season. Picking immediately prior to the wet/growth season may also damage new shoots. Hence, harvesting is best at the end of the dry season, a few months prior to the start of the wet. 4) Daily cycle: During the height of the day, photosynthesis is at its peak, producing the highest levels of sugar in sap, making this the least ideal time of day to harvest. Many traditional practitioners believe the best time to harvest is at dawn or dusk on a waning moon. This practice makes sense in terms of both moon cycles, visibility and daily cycles.
1.4.3. LEACHING
Leaching is the removal of sap after harvest. In many areas of the world, the sap levels in harvested bamboo are reduced either through leaching or postharvest photosynthesis. Examples of this practice include: 1. Cut bamboo is raised clear of the ground and leant against the rest of the clump for one to two weeks until leaves turn yellow to allow full consumption of sugars by the plant. 2. A similar method is undertaken, but with the base of the culm standing in fresh water, either in a large drum or stream to leach out sap. 3. Cut culms are immersed in a running stream and weighted down for three to four weeks. 4. Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the injection of some form of treatment).
In the process of water leaching, the bamboo is dried slowly and evenly in the shade to avoid cracking in the outer skin of the bamboo, thereby reducing opportunities for pest infestation. Durability of bamboo in construction is directly related to how well it is handled from the moment of planting through harvesting, transportation, storage, design, construction and maintenance. Bamboo harvested at the correct time of year and then exposed to ground contact or rain, will break down just as quickly as incorrectly harvested material.
precise location of the missed rhizome. The fibrous roots that radiate from the rhizomes do not produce more bamboo if they stay in the ground. Bamboo growth can also be controlled by surrounding the plant or grove with a physical barrier. Typically, concrete and specially-rolled HDPE plastic are the materials used to create the barrier, which is placed in a 6090 cm (2.03.0 ft) deep ditch around the planting, and angled out at the top to direct the rhizomes to the surface. (This is only possible if the barrier is installed in a straight line.) This method is very detrimental to ornamental bamboo as the bamboo within quickly becomes root boundshowing all the signs of any unhealthy containerized plant. Symptoms include rhizomes escaping over the top, down underneath, and bursting the barrier. The bamboo within generally deteriorates in quality as fewer and fewer culms grow each year, culms live shorter periods, new culm diameter decreases, fewer leaves grow on the culms, and leaves turn yellow as the unnaturally contained root mass quickly depletes the soil of nutrients, and curling leaves as the condensed roots cannot collect the water they need to sustain the foliage. Strong rhizomes and tools can penetrate plastic barriers with relative ease, so great care must be taken. Barriers usually fail sooner or later, or the bamboo within suffers greatly. Casual observation of many failed barriers has shown bursting of 60-mil (1.5 mm) HDPE in five to six years, and rhizomes diving underneath in as few as three years after installation. In small areas, regular maintenance is the only perfect method of controlling the spreading bamboos. Bamboo contained by barriers is much more difficult to remove than free-spreading bamboo. Barriers and edging are unnecessary for clump-forming bamboos. Clump-forming bamboos may eventually need to have portions removed if they become too large. The ornamental plant sold in containers and marketed as "lucky bamboo" is actually an entirely unrelated plant, Dracaena sanderiana. It is a resilient member of the lily family that grows in the dark, tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia and Africa. Lucky bamboo has long been associated with the Eastern practice of feng shui. On a similar note, Japanese knotweed is also sometimes mistaken for a bamboo, but it grows wild and is considered an invasive species.
The shoots (new culms that come out of the ground) of bamboo are edible. They are used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, in both fresh and canned versions. The shoots of the giant bamboo contain cyanide. Despite this, the golden bamboo lemur ingests many times the quantity of toxin that would kill a human. The bamboo shoot in its fermented state forms an important ingredient in cuisines across the Himalayas. In Assam, India, for example, it is called khorisa. In Nepal, a delicacy popular across ethnic boundaries consists of bamboo shoots fermented with turmeric and oil, and cooked with potatoes into a dish that usually accompanies rice. In Indonesia, they are sliced thin and then boiled with santan (thick coconut milk) and spices to make a dish called gulai rebung. Other recipes using bamboo shoots are sayur lodeh (mixed vegetables in coconut milk) and lun pia. The shoots of some species contain toxins that need to be leached or boiled out before they can be eaten safely. Pickled bamboo, used as a condiment, may also be made from the pith of the young shoots. The sap of young stalks tapped during the rainy season may be fermented to make ulanzi (a sweet wine) or simply made into a soft drink. Bamboo leaves are also used as wrappers for steamed dumplings which usually contains glutinous rice and other ingredients. In Sambalpur, India, the tender shoots are grated into juliennes and fermented to prepare kardi. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for bamboo shoot, karira. This fermented bamboo shoot is used in various culinary preparations, notably amil, a sour vegetable soup. It is also made into pancakes using rice flour as a binding agent. The shoots that have turned a little
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fibrous are fermented, dried, and ground to sand-sized particles to prepare a garnish known as hendua. It is also cooked with tender pumpkin leaves to make sag green leaves. The empty hollow in the stalks of larger bamboo is often used to cook food in many Asian cultures. Soups are boiled and rice is cooked in the hollows of fresh stalks of bamboo directly over a flame. Similarly, steamed tea is sometimes rammed into bamboo hollows to produce compressed forms of Pu-erh tea. Cooking food in bamboo is said to give the food a subtle but distinctive taste. In addition, bamboo is frequently used for cooking utensils within many cultures, and is used in the manufacture of chopsticks. In modern times, some see bamboo tools as an eco friendly alternative to other manufactured utensils.
1.7 MEDICINE
Bamboo is used in Chinese medicine for treating infections and healing. It is a lowcalorie source of potassium. It is known for its sweet taste and as a good source of nutrients and protein. In Ayurveda, the Indian system of traditional medicine, the silicious concretion found in the culms of the bamboo stem is called banslochan. It is known as tabashir or tawashir in UnaniTibb the Indo-Persian system of medicine. In English, it is called "bamboo manna". This concretion is said to be a tonic for the respiratory diseases. It was earlier obtained from Melocanna bambusoides and is very hard to get. In most Indian literature, Bambusa arundinacea is described as the source of bamboo manna.
1.8 CONSTRUCTION
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is
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referenced in writings dating back 960 A.D. and may have stood since as far back as the 3rd century B.C., due largely to continuous maintenance. It has long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six storeys but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong. In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support. In Japanese architecture, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental and/or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber. Various structural shapes may be made by training the bamboo to assume them as it grows. Squared sections of bamboo are created by compressing the growing stalk within a square form. Arches may similarly be created by forcing the bamboo's growth with the desired form, and costs much less than it would to assume the same shape in regular wood timber. More traditional forming methods, such as the application of heat and pressure, may also be used to curve or flatten the cut stalks. Bamboo can be cut and laminated into sheets and planks. This process involves cutting stalks into thin strips, planning them flat, boiling and drying the strips, which are then glued, pressed and finished. Generally long used in China and Japan, entrepreneurs started developing and selling laminated bamboo flooring in the West during the mid 1990s; products made from bamboo laminate, including flooring, cabinetry, furniture and even decorations, are currently surging in popularity, transitioning from the boutique market to mainstream providers such as Home Depot. The bamboo goods industry (which also includes small goods, fabric, etc.) is expected to be worth $25 billion by the year 2012. The quality of bamboo laminate varies between manufacturers and the maturity of the plant from which it was harvested (six years being considered the optimum); the sturdiest products fulfill their claims of being up to three times harder than oak hardwood, but others may be softer than standard hardwood. Bamboo intended for use in construction should be treated to resist insects and rot. The most common solution for this purpose is a mixture of borax and boric acid. Another process involves boiling cut bamboo to remove the starches that attract insects.
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Bamboo has been used as reinforcement for concrete in those areas where it is plentiful, though dispute exists over its effectiveness in the various studies done on the subject. Bamboo does have the necessary strength to fulfill this function, but untreated bamboo will swell from the absorption of water from the concrete, causing it to crack. Several procedures must be followed to overcome this shortcoming. Several institutes, businesses, and universities are working on the bamboo as an ecological construction material. In the United States and France, it is possible to get houses made entirely of bamboo, which are earthquake and cyclone-resistant and internationally certified. In Bali, Indonesia, an international primary school, named the Green School, is constructed entirely of bamboo, due to its beauty, and advantages as a sustainable resource. There are three ISO standards for bamboo as a construction material. In parts of India, bamboo is used for drying clothes indoors, both as the rod high up near the ceiling to hang clothes on, as well as the stick that is wielded with acquired expert skill to hoist, spread, and to take down the clothes when dry. It is also commonly used to make ladders, which apart from their normal function, are also used for carrying bodies in funerals. In Maharashtra, the bamboo groves and forests are called VeLuvana, the name VeLu for bamboo is most likely from Sanskrit, while Vana means forest. Furthermore, bamboo is also used to create flagpoles for saffron-colored, Hindu religious flags, which can be seen fluttering across India, especially Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, as well as in Guyana and Suriname. Bamboo is used for the structural members of the India pavilion at Expo 2010 in Shanghai. The pavilion is the worlds largest bamboo dome, about 34 m in diameter, with bamboo beams/members overlaid with a ferro-cement slab, water proofing, copper plate, solar PV panels, a small windmill and live plants. A total of 30 km of bamboo were used. The dome is supported on 18-m-long steel piles and a series of steel ring beams. The bamboo was treated with borax and boric acid as a fire retardant and insecticide and bent in the required shape. The bamboo sections are joined with reinforcement bars and concrete mortar to achieve necessary lengths.
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1.9 FURNITURE
Bamboo has a long history of use in Asian furniture. Chinese bamboo furniture is a distinct style based on millennia-long tradition.
1.10 TEXTILES
Because the fibers of bamboo are very short (less than 3mm), they are impossible to transform into yarn in a natural process. The usual process by which textiles labeled as being made of bamboo are produced uses only the rayon, that is being made out of the fibers with heavy employment of chemicals. To accomplish this, the fibers are broken down with chemicals and extruded through mechanical spinnerets; the chemicals include lye, carbon disulfide and strong acids. Retailers have sold both end products as "bamboo fabric" to cash in on bamboo's current ecofriendly cachet; however, the Canadian Competition Bureau and the US Federal Trade Commission, as of mid-2009, are cracking down on the practice of labeling bamboo rayon as natural bamboo fabric. Under the guidelines of both agencies, these products must be labeled as rayon with the optional qualifier "from bamboo". Bamboo fabric is known for its softness, and boasts strong absorbency and antimicrobial properties, though there is controversy as to whether or not the chemical process in bamboo rayon destroys antimicrobial quality. A new bamboo fabric developed at Beijing University has created an interest in bamboo clothing, particularly those interested in using organic material. Clothing from bamboo is soft and comparable to cashmere.
1.11 PAPER
Bamboo fiber has been used to make paper in China since early times. A high quality hand-made paper is still produced in small quantities. Coarse bamboo paper is still used to make spirit money in many Chinese communities. Bamboo pulps are mainly produced in China, Myanmar, Thailand and India and are used in printing and writing papers. The most common bamboo species used for paper are Dendrocalamus asper and Bamboo bluemanea. It is also possible to make dissolving pulp from bamboo. The average fibre length is similar to hardwoods, but the properties of bamboo pulp are
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closer to softwoods pulps due to it have a very broad fibre length distribution. With the help of molecular tools, it is now possible to distinguish the superior fiber-yielding species/varieties even at juvenile stages of their growth which can help in unadulterated merchandise production.
1.13 LANDSCAPING
Bamboo is widely used in landscaping due to its ability to grow quickly in thick, tall sections. It makes an excellent privacy barrier, while also providing a nice aesthetic.
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1.14 ANGLING
Due to its flexibility bamboo is also used to make fishing rods. The split cane rod is especially prized for fly fishing.
1.15 FIRECRACKER
Bamboo has been traditionally used in Malaysia as a firecracker called a meriam buluh or bamboo cannon. Four feet long sections of bamboo are cut and a mixture of water and calcium carbide are introduced. The resulting acetylene gas is ignited with a stick producing a loud bang.
Bamboo plays an important part of the culture of Vietnam. Bamboo symbolizes the spirit of Vovinam. Bamboo also symbolizes the Vietnamese hometown and Vietnamese soul: the gentlemanlike, straightforwardness, hard working, optimism, unity and adaptability. A Vietnamese proverb says: "When the bamboo is old, the bamboo sprouts appear", the meaning being Vietnam will never be annihilated; if the previous generation dies, the children take their place. Therefore, the Vietnam nation and Vietnamese value will be maintained and developed eternally. Traditional Vietnamese villages are surrounded by thick bamboo hedges. The Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) Chinese scientist and polymath Shen Kuo (1031 1095) used the evidence of underground petrified bamboo found in the dry northern climate of Yan'an, Shanbei region, Shaanxi province to support his geological theory of gradual climate change.
the landlord and demanded his daughter. Curious to see such a long bamboo, the landlord was magically joined to the bamboo when he touched it as the young farmer said the first two magic words. The story ends with the happy marriage of the farmer and the landlord's daughter after the landlord agreed to the marriage and asked to be separated from the bamboo. In a Chinese legend, the Emperor Yao gave two of his daughters as a test for his potential to rule to the future Emperor Shun. Shun passed the test of being able to run his household with the two emperor's daughters as wives, and thus Yao made Shun his successors, bypassing his unworthy son. Later, Shun drowned in the Xiang River. The tears his two bereaved wives let fall upon the bamboos growing there explains the origin of spotted bamboo. The two women later became goddesses.
1.19 AS A WEAPON
Bamboo is used in several East Asian and South Asian martial arts.
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In the ancient Tamil martial art of Silambam, fighters would hit each other rapidly with bamboo sticks. In the Japanese martial art Kendo, bamboo is used to make the Shinai sword. A bamboo stick can be made into a simple spear by sharpening one of the ends Archery longbow and recurve bow limbs are commonly crafted with flat ground bamboo, and make superior weapons for bow hunting and target archery.
fabrics made with bamboo because of pollution created during the manufacturing process, so eco-conscious consumers should be sure to check the origins of their fabric. In many textile forms, bamboo retains many of the properties it has as a plant. Bamboo is highly water absorbent, able to take up three times its weight in water. In bamboo fabric, this translates to an excellent wicking ability that will pull moisture away from the skin so that it can evaporate. For this reason, clothing made of bamboo fiber is often worn next to the skin. Bamboo also has many antibacterial qualities, which bamboo fabric is apparently able to retain, even through multiple washings. This helps to reduce bacteria that thrive on clothing and cause unpleasant odors. It can also kill odor causing bacteria that live on human skin, making the wearer and his or her clothing smell more sweet. In addition, bamboo fabric has insulating properties and will keep the wearer cooler in summer and warmer in winter. The versatility of bamboo fabric makes it an excellent choice for clothing designers exploring alternative textiles, and in addition, the fabric is able to take bright dye colors well, drape smoothly, and star in a variety of roles from knit shirts to woven skirts.
bamboo cloth business, probably because demand in locations where bamboo grew was not high and transportation costs were too expensive. In 1881 another patent was issued for mixing bamboo fiber with wool to create a different type of fiber, the forerunner of modern bamboo yarn.
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Two types of processing are done to obtain bamboo fibers- Mechanical Processing and Chemical Processing. However, in both the processes, the raw bamboo has to be split to get bamboo strips. After that, bamboo fiber is extracted either through chemical or mechanical processing.
1.23 FEATURES
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Softer than cotton, with a texture similar to a blend of cashmere and silk. Because the cross-section of the fibre is filled with various micro-gaps and micro-holes, it has much better moisture absorption and ventilation. Moisture absorbency is twice than that of cotton with extraordinary soil release.
Natural antibacterial elements (bio-agent bamboo kun) in bamboo fibre keep bacteria away from bamboo fabrics.
Garment of bamboo fibre can absorb and evaporate human sweat in a split of second just like breathing. Such a garment makes people feel extremely cool, comfortable and never sticking to skin even in hot summer.
100% bamboo yarns show a great elasticity i.e. nearly 20%. Even in 100% bamboo woven fabrics a remarkable elasticity can be obtained wherein the use of elastomeric fibres like elastanes may be eliminated.
Bamboo fabrics need less dyestuff than cotton, modal or viscose. It seems that the absorption of dyestuffs is remarkably better. Bamboo absorbs the dyestuffs faster and shows the colors better.
Anti-ultraviolet nature of bamboo fibre has made it suitable for summer clothing, especially for the protection of pregnant ladies and children from the effect of ultraviolet radiation.
Bamboo fiber can be softer even than silk fiber when spun into yarn. It has a basic round surface which makes it very smooth and to sit perfectly next to the skin. GOOD ABSORPTION ABILITY Bamboo fiber absorbs and evaporates sweat very quickly. It's ultimate breathability keeps the wearer comfortable and dry for a very longer period. It is 3-4 times more absorbent than cotton fabrics.
TEMPERATURE ADAPTABILITY Fabrics made from bamboo fiber are highly breathable in hot weather and also keep the
wearer warmer in cold season. Bamboo is naturally cool to the touch. The cross-section of the bamboo fiber is filled with various micro-gaps and micro-holes leading to much better moisture absorption and ventilation. It is also very warm in cold weather, because of the same micro structure as the warm air gets trapped next to the skin. ANTIBACTERIAL Bamboo is naturally antibacterial, antifungal and anti-static. Bamboo has a unique antibacteria and bacteriostasis bio-agent named "bamboo Kun" which bonds tightly with bamboo cellulose molecules during the normal process of bamboo fiber growth. This feature gets retained in bamboo fabrics too. Many tests have been conducted whose results show over 70% death rate after bacteria was incubated on bamboo fiber fabric. Tests by the Japanese Textile Inspection Association shows that, even after fifty washes, bamboo fabric still possessed these properties. It makes bamboo fabrics healthier, germ free and odor free.
bamboo textiles. However, this depends upon how much the consumer is ready to pay for, as these processes involve huge expenditure. Apart from the chemicals destroying the natural advantages of bamboo fibers, the other drawback of bamboo fabric is that it shrinks a slightly higher than cotton. With its few disadvantages, bamboo is still beneficial fiber, more so if processed mechanically. Its yield is 10 times that of cotton, without using any fertilizers or pesticides. Additionally, even organic cotton uses a huge amount of water for growing, whereas bamboo grows without any irrigation, often on hill slopes where nothing else can be grown. It really can give an option for sustainable development for those engaged in producing bamboo and manufacturing bamboo textiles and other products.
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4) The fibre threads are spun into viscose yarn and rolled onto spools. According to textile classification so called bamboo is standard viscose, abbreviation CV. It has no advantages with respect to standard viscose made from wood pulp like e.g. beech or eucalyptus. The processing of the cellulose pulp into fibre "can" be cleaner than the processing used for conventional viscose "if" a closed loop process captures and reclaims all the solvents used in the manufacturing, though this is "not" standard practice. The resulting bamboo viscose fibre is very soft to the touch.
certifies that the finished fibre has been tested for any chemicals that may be harmful to a persons health and has been found to contain no trace chemicals that pose any health threat whatsoever. This means that every company working with bamboo starts with the same raw material and that this material is not contaminated.
1.28 ECOLOGICAL REASONS FOR USING BAMBOO AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR TEXTILES AND CLOTHING 1.28.1 GROWTH
Bamboo has many advantages over cotton as a raw material for textiles. Reaching up to 35 metres tall, bamboos are the largest members of the grass family they are the fastest growing woody plants in the world. One Japanese species has been recorded as growing over 1 metre in a day. There are over 1600 species of bamboo found in diverse climates from cold mountains to hot tropical regions. About 40 million hectares of the earth is covered with bamboo, mostly in Asia The high growth rate of bamboo and the fact that bamboo can grow in such diverse climates makes the bamboo plant a sustainable and versatile resource. The bamboo species used for clothing is called Moso bamboo. Moso bamboo is the most important bamboo in China, where it covers about 3 million hectares (about 2% of the total Chinese forest area). It is the main species for bamboo timber and plays an important role for the ecological environment
1.28.2 HARVESTING
Once a new shoot emerges from the ground, the new cane will reach its full height in just 810 weeks. Each cane reaches maturity in 35 years. Bamboo can be continually re-harvested with no damage to the surrounding environment. It is a grass and so regenerates after being cut just like a lawn without the need for replanting. This regular harvesting is actually of benefit to the health of the plant studies have shown that felling of canes leads to vigorous re-growth and an increase in the amount of biomass the next year
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1.28.5 DEFORESTATION
Bamboo planting can slow deforestation, providing an alternative source of timber for the construction industry and cellulose fibre for the textile industry It allows communities to turn away from the destruction of their native forests and to construct commercial bamboo plantations that can be selectively harvested annually without the destruction of the grove. Tree plantations have to be chopped down and terminated at harvest but bamboo keeps on growing When a bamboo cane is cut down, it will produce another shoot and is ready for harvest again in as little as one year. Compare this to cotton harvesting organic cotton requires the decimation of the entire crop causing bare soils to bake in the sun and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Before replanting next years crop the cotton farmers till the fields which releases yet more CO2.
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By contrast, only 2.4% of the worlds arable land is planted with cotton, yet cotton accounts for 24% of the worlds insecticide market and 11% of the sale of global pesticides. Many of these pesticides are hazardous and toxic. An estimated 1 million to 5 million cases of pesticide poisoning occur every year, resulting in 20,000 reported deaths among agricultural workers and at least 1 million requiring hospitalisation. Even organic cotton farming uses pesticides copper and copper salts. Fertilisers are also applied to cotton fields to increase growth rate and crop yields. 1.29 ECO FRIENDLY BAMBOO
BAMBOO IS THE FASTEST GROWING PLANT ON EARTH: It is known to produce a greater biomass and 30% more oxygen than a hardwood forest of comparable size, while improving watersheds, preventing erosion, restoring soil, providing sweet edible shoots and removing toxins from contaminated soil. Ecologists promote bamboo as a renewable source used for building materials as well as food. Many promote bamboo planting for erosion prevention, and even to reverse the effects of global warming.
BAMBOO HELPS REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE GASES: Carbon dioxide is a known cause of global warming. Some bamboo sequesters up to 12 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare, which makes it a highly efficient plant, and conducive to fresh air. Bamboo can be selectively harvested annually and regenerates without replanting.
BAMBOO IS A NATURAL WATER CONTROL BARRIER: Because of its wide-spread root system and large canopy, bamboo greatly reduces rain run off, prevents massive soil erosion and keeps twice as much water in a watershed. Bamboo helps reduce water pollution due to its high nitrogen consumption, making it a
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solution for excess nutrient uptake of wastewater from manufacturing, livestock farming and sewage treatment.
BAMBOO CAN RESTORE DEGRADED LANDS. It is a pioneering plant and can be grown in soil damaged by overgrazing and poor agriculture. Proper harvesting does not kill the bamboo plant, so topsoil is held in place. Because of its dense litter on the forest floor it feeds topsoil, restoring healthy agricultural lands for generations to come.
SOOTHE THE NERVES Infrared produced by the bamboo charcoal promotes human body blood circulation, active brain cell and soothe the nerves.
ANION EFFECT The anion in bamboo charcoal is penetrable which could relax nerves, purify air and cure headache, insomnia and arthralgia.
HUMIDITY ADJUSTMENT The relative surface of bamboo charcoal is large with hundreds of gaps, which makes it's able to adjust the humidity of environment.
DEODORANT Bamboo charcoal has the function of absorbing the odor of hair, sweat, smell of inhouse and decomposes with detoxification.
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ANTI-BACTERIAL Bamboo contains an antibacterial agent that kills almost all bacteria. The same goes for bamboo fabric. This helps bamboo fabric to stay odour free. It is fresher and healthier than conventional fabrics. it is perfectly suitable for sensitive skin or for anyone suffering from allergic skin reactions.
SOFT, GLOSSY AND SMOOTH Bamboo fabric is inherently tenacity, slippery, good lateral and vertical intensity and smooth, just like a second skin. The feeling of wearing it is as luxurious as silk and cashmere, but without expense or the need for hand washing
HYGROSCOPIC AND BREATHABLE The function moisture absorption, damp release and ventilation of bamboo fibre has proved to be best compared to that of other textile products from authorized test. The cross-section of bamboo fibres are filled with various micro-gaps and micro-holes, it has much better moisture absorption and ventilation. With this unparalleled micro structure, bamboo fibre garment can effectively absorb and evaporate human sweat in a split second, and makes to feel cool in summer and never suffocative in winter. From test figure, apparel made from bamboo fibre is 1-2 degree lower compared with normal clothing in hot summer. This property of bamboo fabric keeps you warm in cold weather, and it can also keep you cool in hot weather because of the same micro structure and its breathable quality.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION RESISTANT Bamboo fiber can be penetrated by 200-400nm ultraviolet radiation which is most harmful for human being, and this is what other textile products cant compete.
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ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY As well as being able to provide you with the best quality bamboo fabrics, organically grown and fertilizer free, bamboo also has other environmentally friendly characteristics. Bamboo fibre is 100% biodegradable without harm to the environment. Moreover, bamboo grows rapidly and therefore helps to improve soil quality in environments where the soil quality has been degraded or where there is soil erosion.
Bed skirts Table cloths Mattress pads Drapes Television covers With the air quality inside a house getting as bad as the areas outside because of pollution
and allergens, bamboo fabric is perfect for the bedroom retreat. Hypo-allergenic, it keeps allergens away from most people. Anti-bacterial molecules mean that it can keep people from getting sick as quickly. The absorptive
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The choice to use bamboo fabric for intimate apparel is a very simple one to make. First, the antibacterial properties of the fabric are perfect for keeping odor at bay as well as protecting children and pregnant women. The absorbent properties make the intimate apparel more comfortable as it doesn't stick to the skin like cotton would and can keep a person cooler during the hotter months.
These products can be made out of bamboo fabric and be extremely beneficial to the body simply because they absorb water quickly, leaving you dry while being plush to the touch and absorbing odor causing bacteria, leaving your towels free of that smell they can sometimes get. Bamboo fabric also ensures that other bacteria that may be harmful for you will have a shorter life span in the bathroom.
This range of product include: Bamboo fabric pocket square towel (white, yellow, pink, grass green, claret, violet, cerulean, blue, aqua, size: 26x28 or 34x34), dishcloth (creamy, size: 30mm x 32mm ), Towel (white, yellow, pink, grass green, claret, violet, cerulean, blue, aqua, size: 34mm x 76mm), Jacquard Towel, Bath Towel, Men's bathrobe and Women's bathrobe. Bamboo non-woven fabric is another product of the process that creates the finished bamboo fabric. It is more akin to viscose fibers (fibers that are much like those that are used to make rayon and cellophane) though, than the regular fabric, and can be used for more practical items. These items include: Sanitary napkins Face masks (industrial and medical) Food-grade packaging (like cellophane) Mattresses
This form of bamboo fabric is used in these industrial applications because of the antibacterial state of bamboo. Because of a bio-agent in the bamboo called bamboo kun, it is remarkably disease resistant and very little bacteria can survive and incubate on bamboo. Luckily, this trait continues when bamboo is processed as the bamboo kun is a part of the molecular structure of bamboo. Bamboo is also used for this because of the economically friendly and environmentally responsible ways that bamboo is processed.
Of course, the anti-bacterial properties aren't the only reason that bamboo fabric is used for medical supplies. Because of the gentle make-up of the fibers, there are very few people who are allergic to bamboo fabric. It is also light and durable, more so than many other fabrics out there that are much more expensive to produce.
2. HISTORY
OF COTTON
No one knows exactly how old cotton is. Scientists searching caves in Mexico found bits of cotton bolls and pieces of cotton cloth that proved to be at least 7,000 years old. They also found that the cotton itself was much like that grown in America today. In the Indus River Valley in Pakistan, cotton was being grown, spun and woven into cloth 3,000 years BC. At about the same time, natives of Egypts Nile valley were making and wearing cotton clothing. Arab merchants brought cotton cloth to Europe about 800 A.D. When Columbus discovered America in 1492, he found cotton growing in the Bahama Islands. By 1500, cotton was known generally throughout the world. Cotton seed are believed to have been planted in Florida in 1556 and in Virginia in 1607. By 1616, colonists were growing cotton along the James River in Virginia. Cotton was first spun by machinery in England in 1730. The industrial revolution in England and the invention of the cotton gin in the U.S. paved the way for the important place cotton holds in the world today.
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Eli Whitney, a native of Massachusetts, secured a patent on the cotton gin in 1793, though patent office records indicate that the first cotton gin may have been built by a machinist named Noah Homes two years before Whitneys patent was filed. The gin, short for engine, could do the work 10 times faster than by hand. The gin made it possible to supply large quantities of cotton fiber to the fast-growing textile industry. Within 10 years, the value of the U.S. cotton crop rose from $150,000 to more than $8 million.
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The cottonseed is crushed in order to separate its three products oil, meal and hulls. Cottonseed oil is used primarily for shortening, cooking oil and salad dressing. The meal and hulls that remain are used either separately or in combination as livestock, poultry and fish feed and as fertilizer. The stalks and leaves of the cotton plant are plowed under to enrich the soil. Some cottonseed also is used as high-protein concentrate in baked goods and other food products.
litter that covers the soil surface. Producers who employ conventional tillage practices, plow or list the land into rows forming firm seed-beds for planting. Producers in south Texas plant cotton as early as February. In Missouri and other northern parts of the Cotton Belt, they plant as late as June. Seeding is done with mechanical planters which cover as many as 10 to 24 rows at a time. The planter opens a small trench or furrow in each row, drops in the right amount of seed, covers them and packs the earth on top of them. The seed is planted at uniform intervals in either small clumps (hill-dropped) or singularly (drilled). Machines called cultivators are used to uproot weeds and grass, which compete with the cotton plant for soil nutrients, sunlight and water. About two months after planting, flower buds called squares appear on the cotton plants. In another three weeks, the blossoms open. Their petals change from creamy white to yellow, then pink and finally, dark red. After three days, they wither and fall, leaving green pods which are called cotton bolls. Inside the boll, which is shaped like a tiny football, moist fibers grow and push out from the newly formed seeds. As the boll ripens, it turns brown. The fibers continue to expand under the warm sun. Finally, they split the boll apart and the fluffy cotton bursts forth. It looks like white cotton candy. Since hand labor is no longer used in the U.S. to harvest cotton, the crop is harvested by machines, either a picker or a stripper. Cotton picking machines have spindles that pick (twist) the seed cotton from the burrs that are attached to plants stems. Doffers then remove the seed cotton from the spindles and knock the seed cotton into the conveying system.
Conventional cotton stripping machines use rollers equipped with alternating bats and brushes to knock the open bolls from the plants into a conveyor.
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A second kind of stripper harvester uses a broadcast attachment that looks similar to a grain header on a combine. All harvesting systems use air to convey and elevate the seed cotton into a storage bin referred to as a basket. Once the basket is full, the stored seed cotton is dumped into a boll buggy, trailer or module builder.
At the textile mill, the bales are opened by machines, and the lint is mixed and cleaned further by blowing and beating. The short lint that comes out usually is separated and sold for use in other industries. The best part of the lint consists of fibers about 1 inch to 1 inches long.
The mixed and fluffed-up cotton goes into a carding machine which cleans the fibers some more and makes them lie side by side. The combing action of the carding machine finishes the job of cleaning and straightening the fibers, and makes them into a soft, untwisted rope called a sliver. On modern spinning frames, yarn is mare directly from the sliver. The spinning devices take fibers from the sliver and rotate it up to 2,500 revolutions in a second twist that makes fibers into a yarn for weaving or knitting into fabrics. Machines called looms weave cotton yarns into fabrics the same way the first hand weaving frames did. Modern looms work at great speeds, interlacing the length-wise yarns (warp) and the crosswise yarns (filling). The woven fabric, called gray goods, is sent to a finishing plant where it is bleached, pre-shrunk, dyed, printed and given a special finish before being made into clothing or products for the home. Other machines make knits for use in shirts, sweaters or blankets.
FINENESS OF COTTON FIBER Longer the fibre, finer the fibre in case of cotton fibre. It is expressed in term of decitex and it varies from 1.1 to2.3 decitex. Indian= 2.2-2.3dtex american= 2.1-2.2 dtex egyptian= 1.2-1.8 dtex sea island= 1.0-1.1 dtex fineness may be more in case of immature fibre. So it is necessary to express maturity with fineness.
STRENGTH AND EXTENSION OF COTTON FIBER Cotton fibre is fairly among natural fibres in relation to tenacity which is 33.5g/dtex. Its tensile strength is between wool and silk fibre but disadvantage is low extension at break which is 5-7%.
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF COTTON Recovery from deformation of cotton fibre, yarn or fabric from applied load is very low. By applying heat it cant be achieved. This property can be achieved by -1.chemical treatment to improve crease recovery, but the problem is the materials become harsher due to chemical treatment 2. Blending or mixing of cotton with elastic fibre, e.g. Polyester, blend ratio depends on the end use of the fabric. The initial modulus is fairly high=0.5 g/dtex (wool=0.25 g/dtex)
CROSS-SECTION Cross-section of cotton fibre is some what ribbon like. The cell wall is rather thin and the lumen occupies about two-third of the entire breadth and shows up very prominent in polarized light. Fibre cross-section becomes round when mercerized.
APPEARANCE
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Cotton fibre is fairly short, fine and creamy white color. Color of the fibre depends on soil of growth. By adding chemicals in the soil, color of the cotton fibre may be varied.
CRIMP Cotton fibre is more or less twisted on its longitudinal axis which cab not be seen from out side is called convolution. The twist in the fibre does not to be continuous in one direction i.e. If at first right direction, then left direction. This property of cotton fibre helps in spinning.
ABSORBENCY
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Cotton absorbs liquid well, in a large capacity. Cotton fabric can absorb up to 27 times its weight in water, according to the Sewing and Craft Alliance sewing guide. This makes cotton clothing comfortable, because it absorbs sweat. It also explains why cotton is used for towels and washcloths.
SHRINKAGE Cotton fabrics will shrink the first time they are washed. Some cotton clothes come pre-shrunk so shoppers will not have to worry about them getting smaller after the first wash. When sewing with cotton, the Sewing and Craft alliance recommends washing the fabric first, so that the finished product isn't damaged after washing.
BREATHABILITY Cotton fabric allows air to flow through freely. The fabric absorbs sweat and releases it on its surface. This is often described as the fabric "breathing," and is considered an asset in clothing, particularly in warm climates.
2.8 WEAVING
Weaving is a major process of making fabric or cloth. In it, two distinct sets of yarns called the warp and the filling or weft are interlaced with each other to form a fabric. Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres. The lengthwise yarns which run from the back to the front of the loom are called the warp. The crosswise yarns are the filling or weft. A loom is a device for holding the warp threads in place while the filling threads are woven through them. Yarns made from natural fibres like cotton, silk, and wool and synthetic fibres such as weaving. Yarn intended for the warp goes through operations such as spooling, warping and slashing to prepare them to withstand the strain of the weaving process.
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WEAVING OPERATION Four major operations are involved in weaving- Shedding, Picking, Beating up battening and taking up and letting off. SHEDDING Each alternate warp yarn is raised to insert the filling yarn into the warp to form a shed.
PICKING As the warp is raised, the filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a carrier device. Different types of looms are used for carrying the filling yarn through the shed- Shuttle loom, shuttle less looms, circular looms etc. BEATING UP (BATTENING) With each picking operation, the reed pushes or beats each filling yarn against the portion of the fabric that has already been formed. Reed is a comb like structure attached to the looms. It gives the fabric a firm, compact construction. TAKING UP AND LETTING OFF With each shedding,Picking, Battening operation, the new fabric must be wound on the cloth beam which is called 'taking up'. At the same time, the warp yarns must be released from the warp beam which is called l 'letting off'. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the width of the shed, a self edge is woven which is called selvage or selvedge. The selvage prevents the fabric from muddling. It is usually more compact and strong than the rest of the fabric. There are different kinds of selvages depending upon the expected use of the fabric- Plain Selvages, Tape Selvages, Split Selvages, Fused Selvages, Leno Selvages and Tucked Selvages Plain Weave: Plain weave is the simplest of all type of weave and is the most widely used fabric weave to produce produce, durable, flat, tight surface compatible to printing and other finishes. Plain weave is a basic style of weaves, which has the weft and warp threads
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intertwined in an alternate way to produce a checkerboard effect. It is also known as oneup-one-down weave or over and under pattern. Plain weave is the simplest and most common interlacing of warp and weft. In this, the warp and weft are of equal tension and spacing and it is equally visible on the surface. It is also known as taffeta weave.
-It is snag resistant. -It wrinkles. -It has lower tear strength. -It does not ravel easily. -It has less absorbency than other weaves.
blinds, upholstered furniture, and cambric pocket handkerchief. Matt weave finds extensive uses for a great variety of fabrics such as dress materials, shirtings, sail cloth, duck cloth etc.
Chiffon Cendal Habutai Honan Mousseline de Soie Ninnon Organza Pongee Rajah (trade name) - warp yarn is 4 thread organized - filling is heavier. Shantung Sharkskin Sheer - Mostly plain but could be various weaves. Spun Rayon Taffeta Tissue Taffeta Warp-print Taffeta Tussah - Usually plain but also in twill.
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Coloring was the process of directly applying an image with color to the fabric. Patterning was painting (or printing) with resists in patterns and then coloring the image on the fabric.
and the ideas spread to Japan, where the Japanese used the forms to create beautiful patterning on fabrics. Fabric painting continued to expand into other parts of the world including Peru and parts of South America. The technique is used today in America and in all parts of the world.
not to pre-wash at all. Its entirely up to you. Silks must be treated differently and it is advisable to consult an expert before prewashing; discuss this with the storeowner where you purchased your fabric or with mailorder fabric-supply companies, which are often staffed by knowledgeable fabric artists.
Plastic or Styrofoam plates: for disposable painters palettes Spray bottle Paper towels Brayer
until its quite gloppy, and then roll the brayer over the fabric in long strokes. Allow the fabric to dry naturally. Fill a bucket with water, add a small amount of paint, stir, and submerge fabric for several hours or a few days. Remove the fabric, squeeze out the diluted paint, and allow the fabric to dry undisturbed in a tight ball for one week. Open the fabric ball and iron flat; note the lovely wrinkle patterns. This technique also works with strong black tea or coffee.
3.5.6 CLEANUP
If you covered your work surface and surrounding floor with plastic, cleanup should be a snap. Simply wipe down the plastic with a damp sponge to remove any spills, dry the plastic, and store it for later use. Discard used paper towels. Wash out all brushes and sponges with warm water and mild detergent and rinse them until the water runs clear. Store brushes flat or with the tips up. Squeeze out the moisture from your sponges. Rinse out your buckets and store them for later use.
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The material needed for fabric painting through screen printing include a ready-to-print screen, a squeegee, fabric paint, fabric, and a printing table having a soft surface. The table can be covered with a blanket and then with a plastic sheet to give it a soft surface. The screen is placed in a face down position on the fabric. Fabric Paint is placed across the top portion of the screen above the design. The frame is hold in position with one hand while placing the squeegee between the top of the frame and the paint. The squeegee is pulled down firmly to the bottom of the screen. If thick fabric like duck fabric is used, the paint may be needed to pull down more than once so as to get a good print. On thin fabrics, the process done once is enough. The screen is then carefully lifted from the fabric. The design can be repeated but care has to be taken that the front side of the screen which is placed on the fabric does not have any paint on it.
3.6.4 SCRATCHING
Scratching is similar to reverse stamping and the extender base is again the main material here. However, instead of removing the paint using a stamp, one can draw into or scratch directly onto the fabric with the help of a knitting needle or the back of a paintbrush or some other item having pointed tip. Poplin fabric is a great choice for this technique apart from unbleached cotton. The brush strokes are much more visible on poplin which gives a beautiful effect to the fabric painting. These and many other techniques can be used alone or by mixing with each other such as stamp and stencils can be used alone or together to give unique effect to the painted fabrics; scraping can be used along with scratching; and many other techniques can be invented as per one's requirement and imagination. Fabric painting is basically a creative work and it can't be limited by any one technique.
Always try to select washable natural fiber and natural blended fabrics. Fifty- fifty cottonpolyester blends are the best for doing fabric painting. Rayon fabrics and silk fabrics also give good results. It is best to try a sample square to check the results on these fabrics.
Always iron the fabric well before starting fabric painting. If doing it on clothing then always ensure that you get wrinkle free clothing for the purpose. Wrinkles can destroy the design beyond repair.
Always test paint in a hidden area of the fabric piece or the apparel to be painted in order to ensure its compatibility with the paints. Paint colors may give different appearance on colored or textured fabrics for example a paint may look lighter on cotton fabric but the same color may look dark on cotton fabric textures such as denim fabric.
Always wash and dry new fabric items in order to remove the sizing chemicals. The sizing added during textile manufacture prevents the paint from adhering to the fabric surface. Never skip this step and also do not use fabric softeners. You need to bring the fabrics in their natural state and do not need to add further chemicals to them.
There are different ways to transfer a design onto light colored fabrics and dark colored fabrics. When using light colored fabrics, slip the art pattern under the fabric and use a disappearing ink pen to trace over the lines. If transferring multiple images then move pattern in various places and trace accordingly. Paint over the lines and when the painted design is wholly dry, spray quickly some water over residual lines of disappearing ink to remove.
To transfer designs onto dark colored fabrics, use a chalk pencil and tulle netting made of tulle fabric. For it, tape down the line art pattern onto the fabric and then tape the tulle netting over the pattern. Trace the pattern onto the tulle with the help of black permanent marker. Now position the tulle netting in place on the fabric and tape it to secure. Retrace the lines with a chalk pencil. Finally remove the tulle netting to reveal the lines made with chalk.
It's also important to take care of the fabric painted pieces in the proper way. If the clothing or fabric can be machine washed as per the care instructions then turn it inside out and use warm water on gentle cycle with a mild detergent in a warm rinse. Cold water sometimes lead the fabric paint to crack. Line dry. Never opt for dry cleaning nor use harsh detergents, and bleaching chemicals.
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1. Set up your easel, place canvas on your easel and get your paints and paint-brushes out
and ready to go. 2. Choose a smaller brush and dip it in a subdued yellow paint and apply it to the canvas in a circular shape (size will depend on intended flower size). Choose a few other brown and yellow colors to give the flower of the center depth and apply them as you see fit.
3. Now choose the base color of your flower petals and create each petal one by one (be
sure to start smaller because you can always add size, but you can't take it away). 4. Fill in your flower petals with other colors as desired to add realism. 5. Create your stems and leaves by using an olive green paint as a base and working in other greens, browns and yellows for depth and texture.
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6. If you choose to paint them inside of a vase create the leaves and stems after. You will use the same painting techniques (layering colors) to create the vase to your desires and standards. 7. Allow to dry and frame if desired and then clean the brushes with the acrylic paint remover.
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1. The first thing that you need to do when painting anything is figure out what color you want it to be. Let's go with pink since we are talking about flowers. 2. Grab a palate. If you do not have one aluminum foil is a great spread for paints. If your paints are runny, bend the sides of the aluminum foil to create walls around your paint so that they do not run off the foil or into other colors. 3. For pink flowers you will need to mix red and white until you reach the desired color. It is best to have your flower drawn on your canvas before you paint it. That way you know exactly where to paint. 4. Using a paintbrush that is smaller than the area you are painting, dab the tip into your mixed paint and rub the excess off of the sides of your brush. Paint the entire flower this color, except for the stem and any pollen areas. 5. You will want to add shadows to your flower as well as light sources. Figure out where you want the light to come from. Add a litte bit of red to your existing pink color and mix it. Then paint the edges of each petal on your flower, only where the shaded areas will be. On the opposite side you will use a lighter pink color, which you can make by adding white to your already mixed pink. 6. After you have Blended the dark pink and the light pink into the base color it is time to add light. You will need yellow. There is two ways to do this. You can blend bits of yellow into the light pink or you can dab dots of yellow sporadically over the light pink color. This depends on what style you want. For the stem and pollen areas, use the same technique. Start with a base color, then add dark and light colors from the base color. Then add your light source (yellow). This should get you on the right track to a great looking acrylic flower.
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Bamboo is a very durable yarn with great stability. It is softer than silk yarn and feels very smooth to the touch. Bamboo yarn can easily be dyed to create a wide variety of colors. Bamboo has natural antibacterial, anti-static and anti-fungal properties and, when incorporated into clothing, protects you from harmful ultraviolet rays.
Bamboo yarn is very absorbent, making it a suitable choice for clothing, as it will wick perspiration away from the skin almost immediately. Bamboo yarn is breathable and adapts to the temperature around you. The fibers have an internal structure that is filled with tiny gaps and holes, which allow for ventilation, keeping you cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter, when those same gaps trap warm air close to the skin.
Cotton Yarns are warmth, light weight, durability and softness. cotton yarns are the least expensive. Yarns are made up of a number of singles, which are known as plies when grouped together. These singles of yarn are twisted together in the opposite direction to make a thicker yarn. Depending on the direction of this final twist, the yarn will be known as stwist or z-twist. Cotton is an eco-friendly and its make cooler in summer season.
Plain weave is the simplest of all type of weave and is the most widely used fabric weave to produce produce, durable, flat, tight surface compatible to printing and other finishes. Plain weave is a basic style of weaves, which has the weft and warp threads intertwined in an alternate way to produce a checkerboard effect. It is also known as one-up-one-down weave or over and under pattern. In this, the warp and weft are of equal tension and spacing and it is equally visible on the surface. It is also known as taffeta weave. This technique is used in producing the bamboo cotton blend fabric.
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ABCD is a rectangle represents a double layer of paper fold along BC . AB = 1/4th chest + 1 BC = dress length On AB mark BE = 1/12th chest B E1 = half back width On BC mark BG= 1/4 BH = 1/12 + Connect EG for back neck line and EH for front neck line On AD mark AI = chest Draw E1 O parallel to and equal to AI Mark F1 =1 below E1 for shoulder slope. Mark Y =1/4 away from X as shown . Connect FXI for back armscye and FYI for front armscye .
6.5 SLEEVE
Draw rectangle ABCD with AB= 1/4th chest AD= sleeve length. Mark BE = 1/2 AB and DF = lower arm+1/2.
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Connect AE, EF. Divide AE into 4 equal parts and mark a, b, c. Mark cd=3/8, bf = , ae=3/8 Connect AfE for back and AebdE for front sleeve cap seam line.
Draw a rectangle ABCD with AB = neck measurement. BC = collar width 1 to 1 1/2. DS = back neck measurement. Round off the centre front edge of the collar through point O if desired.
6.7 LAYOUT
Fold the cloth crosswise and keep the paper pattern on it with the straight grain line parallel to the selvedge.
Attach front and back shoulder line . Make a slit on the centre front of the neck line for placket opening. Finish the placket by continuous placket . Attach the collar to the neck line. Attach the sleeve and hem the sleeve bottom.
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Finish the side seam from sleeve hem to slit opening. Finish the slit opening. Finish the bottom hem line.
6.9 PYJAMA
ABCD is a rectangle represents a double layer of paper fold along BC and with extension of 2 beyond AB and AD. AB = 1/3rd hip BC = full length Mark AE = 1/3rd hip Draw E E1 parallel to AB Take BL = E1 H = HIP + 1 Connect HL. Mark HJ = 1/3rd AE . Connect EJ. This is the centre front and centre back seam. DS = 1 to 2. Connect ES. This is the inside leg seam.
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6.13 LAYOUT
Fold the cloth crosswise and keep the paper pattern on it with the straight grain line parallel to the selvedge.
Finish the centre front seam and the centre back seam. Join the waist line to the centre front and centre back. Finish lower hem. Join inside leg seam. Finish waist line by elastic.
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BC = bodice length
7.5 LAYOUT
Fold the cloth lengthwise and keep the paper pattern on it with the straight grain line parallel to the selvedge.
Fold the square along its middle, first lengthwise and crosswise to make a smaller square ABCD.
Note that there are 4 thickness of fabric and that AB= BC= Skirt length+1/6th waist. Connect BD as shown. Mark BE=BF=BO= 1/6th waist.
Connect EOF as shown. Make sure that AE=FC= skirt length Mark P parallel to O which is the centre of AC. Connect APC as a curve for bottom hem line. Draw cutting line for waist , beyond EOF. Now cut the pattern along this line and hem line.
7.7 LAYOUT
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Finish the front bodies with facing by attaching the strap together. Make two parts of back bodies and attach strap and finish with facing. Attach zipper in back bodies Finish the side seam of bodies. Attach the circular skirt with lining to the waist line. Finish the bottom hem line.
paints and paint-brushes out and ready to go. 2. Mark the places of flowers to be painted with pencil in light stroke.
3. Choose a round brush and dip it in a pink paint and apply it in a flower shape (size will
you see fit. 5. Now choose the base color of your flower petals and create each petal one by one (be sure to start smaller because you can always add size, but you can't take it away). 6. Fill in your flower petals with other colors as desired to add realism.
7. Create your stems and leaves by using an olive green paint as a base and working in other
greens, and yellows for depth and texture. 8. Allow to dry and iron it on the reverse side of painting after 24 hours.
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paints and paint-brushes out and ready to go. 2. Mark the places of flower to be painted in equal distance. 3. Prepare the stencil of flower shape for outlining.
4. Choose a smaller brush and dip it in a red paint and apply it inside the stencil in a flower
shape (size will depend on intended flower size). Choose yellow colors to give the flower of the center depth and apply them as you see fit. 5. Now choose the base color of your flower petals and create each petal one by one (be sure to start smaller because you can always add size, but you can't take it away). 6. Fill in your flower petals with other colors as desired to add realism.
7. Create your stems and leaves by using an olive green paint as a base and working in other
greens, browns and yellows for depth and texture. 8. Allow to dry and iron it on the reverse side of painting after 24 hours.
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Results established using a method of restricted extraction for hand evaluation of pure cotton and blended cotton/bamboo fabrics show that interblending bamboo fiber into cotton fabric composition significantly improves fabrics hand . Additional softness could be achieved using softeners, the efficiency of which is much more significant to finished as well as raw fabrics interblended with bamboo fibers, if compared to those of pure cotton. Interblending bamboo fibre into cotton fabric weft gives an opportunity to increase the softness of the fabric and to extend the assortment of natural fabrics.
BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES:
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BOOKS:
Fiber to fabric- Bernard P. Corbman
APPENDIX
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1. BAMBOO
2. FLOWERING BAMBOO
BAMBOO
SHENZHEN BIENNALE
9. BAMBOO FIBRE
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22. SPINNING
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