Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

Physics B: FyBNVC06 Mechanical Waves, SHO, Sound

Instructions: The Test Warning! There are more than one version of the test. At the end of each problem a maximum point which one may get for a correct solution of the problem is given. (2/3/) means 2 G points, 3 VG points and an MVG quality. Tools Approved formula sheets, ruler, and graphic calculator. You may use one page of a personalized formula sheet which has your name on it. This should be submitted along with the test. 8:10-9:30 Part I 13:40-15:00 Part II The multi-choice problems 1-15 must be answered on the original paper. Part I: Maximum 46 of which 23 are G points and 23 are VG points. Part II: Maximum 20 VG-points and 5 MVG quality minimum 20 points minimum 40 points, minimum 12 VG points minimum 45 points, minimum 24 VG points, MVG-quality work.

Time:

Limits: Pass (G): VG: MVG:

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

1/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

In the multi-choice problems below just circle the correct answer (s) in the test paper and write the answer in the space provided as Answer: _____________ 1. In which type of wave is the disturbance perpendicular to the direction of wave travel? a) b) c) d) Longitudinal Transitional Transverse Circular [1/0]

Answer: Alternative (C): Transverse 2. Mechanical wave motion in a medium transfers a) b) c) d) only mass only energy both mass and energy neither mass nor energy

Answer: Alternative (b): only energy

[1/0] A mechanical wave can

only carry energy. No mass is carried by a mechanical wave. 3. The driver of a car hears the siren of a police car which is moving away from her. If the actual frequency of the siren is 2000 Hz, the frequency heard by the driver may be a) b) c) d) 2200 Hz 2100 Hz 2000 Hz 1900 Hz [1/0] The frequency of a source
f vs 1 + v

Answer: Alternative (d): 1900 Hz

moving away from a stationary observer decreases as: f =

4.

If the frequency of a sound wave in air at STP remains constant, its energy may be increased by increasing its a) b) c) d) velocity wavelength period amplitude

Answer: Alternative (d): Amplitude [1/0]. The energy of a mechanical wave is a function of its amplitude and frequency.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

2/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

5.

An opera singers voice is able to break a thin crystal glass when the singers voice and the vibrating glass have identical a) b) c) d) speed amplitude frequency wavelength [1/0] The thin crystal breaks due

Answer: Alternative (c): frequency

to the resonance phenomenon, i.e. it starts vibrating at the frequency of high pitched opera singer, and due to the fact that crystal glass are rigid, it shatters. 6. The mass of harmonic oscillator of period 1.0 s is increased by a factor of nine, i.e. m2 = 9m1 . The period of the new harmonic oscillator is a) 0.03 s b) 1.0 s . c) 3.0 s d) 9.0 s Answer: Alternative (c): 3.0 s [1/0] T = 2

m is used. The period is k

proportional to the square root of the mass. If mass increases, then period would increase but only proportional to the square root of the mass: T m . 7. Sound waves are fastest in a) solids. b) liquids. c) gases. d) vacuum.
Answer: Alternative (a): solids. [1/0]

Why? Explain below: The speed of sound is greatest in solids. Solids, in

general are denser than liquids and liquids have higher density than gases. Atoms are closer to each other and therefore are able to kick each other faster in liquid and solids than gases: v = B / . Note that solids and specially liquids are much less compressible and have larger elastic moduli, B .
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

[0/1] 3/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

8.

Of the following procedures, which ones will higher the pitch of a guitar string? a) Decrease string tension. b) Increase string tension. c) Shorten the string. d) Lengthen the string. e) Use a heavier string. f) Use a lighter string.
Answer: Alternatives (b), (c) and (f). This is due to the fact that: f = [2/0]

and v =

FT . Therefore if we m/ L

increase the velocity of the propagation of wave v , the frequency will be increased. This can be achieved by either increasing the tension FT or by lowering the density of the string, i.e. by decreasing

m . This L

can be easily achieved by using lighter string. The string therefore may be thinner, or is made of lighter material for example plastic instead of metal. Changing the length is more complicated. This is due to the fact that the length of the wire appears in two places simultaneously. If we consider the fundamental frequency, L =

1
2

1 = 2 L

f1 =

v 1 = 2L 2L

FT 1 = m 2L L

L FT 1 = m 2

FT Lm

Therefore, shortening of the string will increase the frequency! Note that this is identical conclusion that one may get it directly from

v=

FT , but reasoning solely based on v = m/ L

FT is incomplete and m/ L

possibly misleading.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

4/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

9.

If the air temperature in a rooms is decreased, the fundamental frequency of the organ pipes a) will be decreased. b) will not be effected. c) will be increased. d) be equal to the frequency of the second harmonics.
Answer: Alternative (a): will be decreased. [1/0] Any decrease in the air temperature will decrease the velocity of the sound in the air due to the fact that: v 331 + 0.60 T m / s where T is the air temperature in centigrade. Lowering velocity, on the other hand will result in lower frequency: f =

10. A standing wave pattern is produced when a guitar string is plunked. Which characteristic of the standing wave immediately begins to decrease? a) speed. b) frequency. c) period. d) amplitude.
Answer: Alternative (d): amplitude. [1/0] The amplitude of the mechanical wave decreses due to dissipative forces like friction that damps the energy of the wave which is directly proportional to the amplitude. This means after a while, even though still the string is vibrating and producing sound, but it is producing such a small amount of energy that is too weak to hear.

11. In which direction will segment S move as the traveling wave passes through it? a) right only b) down only c) up only d) down, then up, then down e) up, then down, then up f) right, then up, then down, then up g) right, then down, then up, then down
Answer: Alternative (d): down, then up, then down again. [1/0]
Rope

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

5/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

12. The diagram below represents a rope along which two pulses of equal amplitude, A , approach point S . As the two pulses pass through point S , the maximum vertical displacement of the rope at point S will be a) 2 A b) A c)

2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0,25 -0,5 -1,0 -1,5

v
Rope
0,75

S 1,25

1,75

2,25

A 2

-2,0

d) 0
Answer: Alternative (a): 2 A . [1/0] Due to the superposition of the waves.

13. The diagram below represents a standing wave. Point S on the standing wave is a) a node resulting from constructive interference. b) a node resulting from destructive interference. c) an antinode resulting from constructive interference. d) an antinode resulting from destructive interference.
Answer: Alternative (b): S is a node resulting from destructive interference. [1/0]
S

14. A 50.0 g block of wood is pressed against a horizontal spring of force constant 20.0 N / m . The spring is compressed 3.0 cm and then the block is released. The wooden block lies on a frictionless horizontal desk. The block leaves the spring at: a) 6.00 m / s . b) 0.60 m / s c) 0.06 m / s d) 12 m / s e) None: ____________ m/s
Answer: Alternative (b): v = 0.60 m / s [1/0]

Why? Show the details of your calculations in the space provided below:
Suggested solution:Data: m = 50.0 g = 0.050 kg , k = 20.0 N / m A = 3.0 cm = 0.03 m ; Problem: v = ? , FT = ? , L = ?

[0/2]

1 2 1 2 mv = kA v = 2 2

k A= m

20 0.03 = 0.60 m / s 0.05

v = 0.60 m / s

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

6/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

15. How long the block in the problem above, is in contact with the spring. a) 3.14 s b) 0.314 s c) 7.85 10 2 s d) None: _____________
Answer: Alternative (c): 7.85 10 2 s [1/0]

Why? Show the details of your calculations in the space provided below: T = 2 m 0.05 = 2 = 2 0.05 = s = 0.314 s k 20 10

[0/2]

The block was in contact for only a quarter of a period:

t contact =

T 0.314 s = = 0.0785 s = 7.85 10 2 s 4 4

[0/2]

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

7/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

16. The A string of a violin has a linear density of 0.60 g / m and an effective length of 33.0 cm . a) Find the tension required for its fundamental frequency to be note A, i.e.: 440 Hz [0/2] b) If the string is under this tension, how far from one end should it be pressed against the fingerboard in order to have it vibrate at a fundamental frequency of note B, [0/2] i.e.: 495 Hz ? Suggested solution: m = 0.60 g / m = 0.60 10 3 kg / m = 6.0 10 4 kg / m , L = 33.0 cm = 0.330 m , Data: L Problem: Note A: f = 440 Hz , FT = ? , L = ? Note B: f1 = 495 Hz
Velocity Wave on a string Velocity of propagation of the wave The velocity of a wave v on a stretched string of mass m and length L under which is under tension FT .

v=
v=

= f
FT m/ L

The fundamental frequency of a string is f1 which is related to the length of the string and therefore the wave length of the first harmonic through: L = 1 1 = 2 L 2 FT F 2 m T = v2 FT = v v = 2 m L FT = ( f ) m/ L m/ L L v = f v = f
2 m FT = ( f1 1 ) 2 m 2 2 m L FT = ( f1 2 L ) = 4 L f1 L L = 2 L 1 m 2 2 FT = 4 L2 f12 = 4(0.33) (440 ) 6.0 10 4 = 50.59 N 50.6 N L

Answer: The tension required for violins fundamental frequency to be m note A is FT = 4 L2 f12 50.6 N L
FT FT 1 1 50.59 m FT = 4 L2 f 2 LB = = = m = 0.293 m 2 f1 m 2 (495) 6.0 10 4 L 2 m 4 f1 L L l = L LB = 0.330 0.293 = 0.037 m = 37 mm l = 37 mm Answer: If the string is under this tension, 37 mm from one end (or 29 cm from the other end) should it be pressed against the fingerboard in order to have it vibrate at a fundamental frequency of note B.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

8/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

Second Method:
v f 2 L A LB f v v v f = f1 = = A = = LB = L A A v 1 2 L fB LA fB 2 LB f 440 LB = L A A = 0.330 = 0.293 m l = 0.330 0.293 m = 0.037 m = 37 mm fB 495 Answer: If the string is under this tension, 37 mm from one end (or 29 cm from the other end) should it be pressed against the fingerboard in order to have it vibrate at a fundamental frequency of note B.

Third Method: FT 50.6 = = 290.4 m / s v= m 0.60 10 3 L v v 290.4 m / s 0.586 m f = B = = = 0.586 m LB = B = = 0.293 m fB 495 Hz 2 2
l = L A LB = 0.330 0.293 m = 0.037 m = 37 mm

Answer: If the string is under this tension, 37 mm from one end (or 29 cm from the other end) should it be pressed against the fingerboard in order to have it vibrate at a fundamental frequency of note B.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

9/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

17. At a recent concert, a dB meter registered 120 dB when placed 4.0 m in front of a loudspeaker on the stage. a) What was the power output of the speaker, assuming uniform spherical spreading of the sound and neglecting absorption in the air? [0/2] b) How far away would the intensity level be a somewhat reasonable 80 dB ? [0/2] Suggested solution: Data: Sound wave = 120 dB , r = 4.0 m , Problem: P = ? , r = ? to the intensity = 80 dB a) Answer: The power output of the speaker, assuming uniform spherical spreading of the sound and neglecting absorption in the air was: P 200 w .

= 120 dB = 10 log

I = 1012 I 0 = 1012 10 12 P I= w / m 2 P = A I w = 4 r 2 I w A 2 [0/1] P = 4 (4.0 ) 1.0 w = 201.1 w 200 w

I I I = 120 dB log = 12 = 1012 I I0 I0 0 2 [0/1] = 1.0 w / m

P 200 w

I P w / m 2 and using: = 10 log , log x = a x = 10 a , I 0 = 10 12 w / m 2 , I = I A 0 the surface area of a sphere of radius r : A = 4 r 2 .

b) Answer: r 400 m away from the speaker the intensity level is a somewhat reasonable 80 dB .
I I I = 80 dB log = 8 = 108 I I0 I0 0 8 8 12 4 I = 10 I 0 = 10 10 = 10 w / m 2

= 10 log

[0/1]

I=

P P P P m2 r = w / m2 A = m2 r 2 = m 4 I A I 4 I
[0/1]
r 400 m

201.06 r= m r = 400 m 4 4 10

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

10/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

18. In a car engine, each piston moves up and down in an approximation of SHO. A typical piston has a mass of 500. g , a total travel (stroke) of 12.0 cm and a frequency of oscillation of 60 Hz . Find the maximum force it experiences. [0/4] Suggested solutions: Data: m = 500. g = 0.500 kg ; f = 60 Hz Using: ma = kx 2 x = A sin ( t ) d x = k x F = m a dt 2 m v = dx = A cos( t ) a max = 2 A dt F = k x 2 = k dv d 2 x m = 2 = A 2 sin ( t ) = 2 x = 2 f a = dt dt
Fmax = ma max = m 2 A = m(2 f ) A Fmax = 4m 2 f 2 A
2

Noting that in the piston the amplitude is half of the total travel distance: 12.0 A= cm = 6.0 cm = 0.060 m 2 2 Fmax = 4m 2 f 2 A = 4 0.500 2 (60 ) (0.060 ) = 4263.7 N 4.3 kN The maximum force experienced by the piston is Fmax = 4m 2 f 2 A 4.3 kN Second Method: 1 k k 2 f = 4 2 f 2 = k = 4 2 f 2 m = 4 2 (60 ) (0.5) = 71 061 N m 2 m m 0.12 Fmax = k A Fmax = 71061 = 4 263 N 4.3 kN 2 The maximum force experienced by the piston is Fmax = 4m 2 f 2 A 4.3 kN Third Method: Conservation of mechanical energy requires that: mv 2 1 2 1 2 kA = mvmax k = max 2 2 A2 Using: vmax = 2f A
k= m(2f A) = 4 2 f 2 m 2 A 2 2 k = 4 f 2 m = 4 2 (60 ) (0.5) = 71061 N
2

0.12 = 4 263 N 4.3 kN 2 The maximum force experienced by the piston is Fmax = 4m 2 f 2 A 4.3 kN Fmax = k A Fmax = 71061

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

11/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

19. An ambulance is rushing in a straight highway a seriously injured patient to hospital at 120. km / h . It emits siren at 400 Hz . a) What is the frequency of the siren heard by a stationary hospital guard? [2/0] b) What is the frequency of the siren heard by a police officer moving at 90. km / h in the opposite direction as the police car approaches the ambulance and as it moves away from the ambulance? [0/4] Suggested Solutions:

Doppler Effect
Physical Quantity Velocity of sound Observed frequency Observed frequency Observed frequency Observed frequency a) Definition Source moving at vs toward stationary observer Source moving at vs away from stationary observer Observer moving toward stationary source Observer moving away from stationary source Formula v = 343 m / s f f= vs 1 v f f= vs 1 + v v f = f 1 + o v v f = f 1 o v

vs = 120. km / h =
f= f vs 1 v =

120 1000 100 // = m/ s 3600 // 3

[0.5]

400 = 443 Hz 33.3 1 343

[0.1] Answer: f Guard = 443 Hz

[0.5]

90 1000 // = 25 m / s 3600 // The frequency of the siren heard by a police officer moving at 90. km / h in the opposite direction as the police car approaches the ambulance: (v + vO ) = 400 (343 + 25) = 475 Hz f v v [0/2] f = f 1 + O = 1 + O = f (v vS ) (343 33.3) v vS v 1 v The frequency of the siren heard by a police officer moving at 90. km / h in the opposite direction as the police car moves away from the ambulance: vO = 90. km / h =

b)

(v vO ) = 400 (343 25) = 338 Hz f v 1 O = f = (v + vS ) (343 + 33.3) v 1 + v S v Answer: Moving toward f = 475 Hz . Moving away: f = 338 Hz
v f = f 1 O v
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

[0/2]

12/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

20. When a 440 Hz tuning fork is struck simultaneously with the playing of the note A on a guitar, 4 beats per second are heard. After the guitar string is tightened slightly to increase its frequency, the beat frequency increases to 6 beats per second. What is the frequency of the guitar string after it is tightened? What should we do to tune the guitar string to exactly 440 Hz? [0/3] Suggested solutions: The original frequency of the guitar string was either 436 Hz or 444 Hz . This is due to the fact that 4 beats per second was heard initially, i.e.: f B = f1 f 2 4 = f G 440

f G = 436 Hz or f G = 444 Hz
If the original guitar frequency was f G = 436 Hz the tightening of the string, i.e. increasing the tension in the string, would result in decreasing of the beat frequency. This is due to the fact that increasing tension FT directly increases the velocity of the wave in the string: v = which in m/ L v turn increases the frequency: f = . Therefore, due to the fact that the beat frequency increases from 4 to 6 when the tension in the string is increased, we may conclude that the original frequency of the guitar was rather f G = 443 Hz and we must slightly decrease the tension in the string by loosening it a little.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

13/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

21. A 75. cm long guitar string of mass 1.80 g is placed near a tube open in one end, and also of the same length 75. cm . How much tension should be in the string if it is to produce resonance (in its fundamental mode) with the third harmonics in the tube? [0/4/] Suggested solutions:
Data: L = 75. cm = 0.75 m ; Fundamental mode: String: L =

1String
2

m = 1.80 g = 1.80 10 3 kg ; One end open pipe: Third harmonics: L = 3

3Pipe
4

Tension FT = ? , if f1String = f 3 Pipe ; Speed of sound in air (SPT) v = 343 m / s

f 3 Pipe = v = 343 3 343 3 343 Hz = 343 Hz = = 4L 4L 4 0.75 3 = 343 Hz [0/1]

3 Pipe

[0/1]

f1String = f 3 Pipe

L=

1String
2

1String = 2 LString = 2 0.75 = 1.50 m

f =
v=

v = f1 1 v = 343 1.5 = 514.5 m / s , [0/1]

FT F m T = v 2 FT = v 2 m/ L m/ L L

3 2 1.80 10 FT = (514.5) [0/1/] FT 635 N 0.75 = 635.3 N Answer: The tension should be FT 635 N in the string if it is to produce resonance (in its fundamental mode) with the third harmonics in the tube.

Second method: FT F m T = v 2 FT = v 2 v = m/ L m/ L L F = ( f )2 m T L f = v v = f Third harmonics in one end open Pipe: v 343 3 343 3 343 f 3 Pipe = Hz = 343 Hz = = = 3 Pipe 4 L 4L 4 0.75 3 Fundamental frequency of the string:

f1String = f 3 Pipe = 343 Hz

L=

1String
2

1String = 2 L = 2 0.75 = 1.50 m ;

3 2 m 2 1.80 10 FT = ( f ) = (343 1.50) FT 635 N 0.75 = 635.3 N L Answer: The tension should be FT 635 N in the string if it is to produce resonance (in its fundamental mode) with the third harmonics in the tube.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

14/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

22. A source emits sound of wavelength 2.34 m and 2.86 m in air ( T = 20C ) a) How many beats per second will be heard? b) How far apart in space are the regions of maximum intensity? Suggested solutions: Data: 1 = 2.34 m , 2 = 2.86 m , v = 343 m / s ; f B = ? ; B = ?

[0/4/]

343 [0/1] = 146.58 Hz 147 Hz 1 2.34 v 343 [0/1] f2 = = = 119.93 Hz 120 Hz 2 2.86 f B = f1 f 2 = 146.58 119.93 = 26.65 Hz 27 Hz [0/1] v 343 B = = = 12.87 m 13 m f B 26.65 Answer: 27 beats per second will be heard: f B = f1 f 2 15 Hz . The regions of maximum intensity are B 13 m apart in space. [0/1/] f1 = =

Corrections: Beat frequency must be actually small, possibly less than 5 Hz, otherwise we may not notice or detect (hear) it. The wavelengths emitted by the source must, therefore, be much closer to each other, may be: 1 = 2.34 m , 2 = 2.46 m , v = 343 m / s ; f B = ? ; B = ?
f1 = 343 = 146.58 Hz 147 Hz 1 2.34 v 343 f2 = = = 139.43 Hz 140 Hz 2 2.46 = v

f B = f1 f 2 = 146.58 139.43 = 7.15 Hz

v 343 = = 47.97 m 48 m f B 7.15 Answer: 7 beats per second will be heard: f B = f1 f 2 7 Hz . The regions of maximum intensity are B 48 m apart in space.

B =

This is much better! Beat frequency must be actually small, possibly about 5 Hz, otherwise we may not notice it.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

15/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

23. Michael hears a pure tone coming from two sources that seems to be in the 500 1000 Hz range. The sound is loudest at points equidistance from two sources. In order to determine exactly what the frequency is, Michael moves about and finds that the sound level is minimum at a point 18.5 cm farther from one source than the other. What is the frequency of the sound? [0/3/] Suggested solutions: Data: = 18.5 cm = 0.185 m , v = 343 m / s ; f = ? ; Due to the fact that at equidistance points the sound is loudest, we may conclude that the sources are in harmony, and oscillate at the same frequency. On the other hand destructive interference occurs at the points where the path difference is an odd numbers of half of the wavelength:
[0/1] 2 The waves from the distinguished sources reach the point completely out of phase and they end up completely annihilating killing each other. If we assume the path difference is =

= (2n + 1) .

=
f =

2 v

[0/1]

= 2 = 2 (0.185) = 0.37 m

343 = 927 Hz 0.37 This is within the expected limits. [0/1/] Answer: The sources oscillate at identical frequency of f = 927 Hz =
On the other hand if = 3

. The implication is:

2 2 0.185 = = 0.123 m 3 3 v 343 m / s f = = = 2781 Hz 0.123 m This is well beyond the expected values!

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

16/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

24. A highway overpass was observed to resonate as one full loop when a small earthquake shock the ground vertically at 4.0 Hz . The highway department put up a support at the center of the overpass, anchoring it to the ground. a) What resonance frequency would you now expect for the overpass? b) It is noted that earthquakes rarely do significant shaking above 5.0 Hz or 6.0 Hz . Did the modification do any good? Why? Explain. [0/3/] Suggested solutions: Data: f = 4.0 Hz ; = 2 L

v v = 4.0 Hz = 8.0 Hz [0/1] 2L L Now the resonance frequency of the new situation is related to the new L length of the bridge, Lnew = : 2 L Lnew = new new = 2 Lnew = 2 = L [0/1] 2 2 v v The eventual earthquake vibrates the bridge at f new = = = 8.0 Hz . new L Answer: The expected resonance frequency of the new bridge is f new = 8.0 Hz which is rare! The modification succeeded. [0/1/] f = =
Note that the higher harmonics of the new situations are all out of range of the earthquake frequency: ( f new )n = 8.0 n Hz

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

17/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

25. a) Show that if the tension in a stretched string is changed by FT , the frequency of the fundamental is changed by F [0/4/] f = T f 2 FT b) By what percent must the tension in a piano string be increased or decreased to raise [0/2] the frequency from 436 Hz to 440 Hz ?
Suggested Solutions: Wave on a string Velocity The velocity of a wave v on a stretched string of mass m and length L under which is under tension FT . Velocity of propagation of the wave v= FT m/ L

v=

= f

v=

FT FT = f 2 2 = f . Square it: m/ L m/L m m : FT = f 2 2 L L

[0/1]

Multiply both sides of the equation by Differentiate w.r.t. f :

dFT m = 2 2 f [0/1] df L m Multiply both sides by df : dFT = 2 2 f df L m m FT Using FT = f 2 2 2 = 2 and substituting it in the equation above: L f L F 2 FT F m df dFT = 2 2 f df = 2 T2 f df = 2 T df dFT = [0/1] f f L f f Multiply both sides by : 2 FT / / 2 FT f f f f / [0/1] df dFT = df df = dFT = dFT / / f 2 FT 2 FT 2 FT 2 FT / Rearrange the terms and change the infinitesimal change in frequency and tension: df and dFT to small changes in them, i.e.: df f and dFT FT : F QED. [0/0/] f = T f 2 FT F f FT f = T f = f 2 FT 2 FT Answer: To increase the frequency from 436 Hz to 440 Hz , we must raise f the tension in the wire by 1. 8 % : f FT FT f FT f 4 2 [0/2] = =2 = 2 = = 0.0182 = 1.82% 1.8% f FT f FT 440 110 2 FT
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

18/19

Suggested Solutions V1 FyBNVC06 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound

NV-College

Second method: F FT 2 v= = f T = ( f ) m/ L m/L 2 2 m FT = f L 2 2 F + FT ( f + f ) f 2 + 2 f f + (f ) T = = FT f2 f2 F + F = ( f + f )2 2 m T T L 2 Due to the fact that (f ) << f we may ignore this term:

FT + FT f 2 + 2 f f FT f2 F 2 f f 1+ T 1+ FT f2 FT 2 f f QED FT f2

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

19/19