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CCE1110 ComputerProgramming http://cce1110.ictnode.com

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Algorithms g Pseudocode Controlstructures Theif selectionstatement Theifelse selectionstatement Thewhile loop Countercontrolledloops C ll dl Sentinelcontrolledcontrolledloops Assignmentoperators Incrementanddecrementoperators
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Beforewritingaprogramtosolveaproblem,oneneedsto haveathoroughunderstandingoftheproblemanda plannedapproachtosolvingit Thesolutioninvolvesexecutingaseriesofactionsina specificorder Aprocedure forsolvingaproblemintermsof

Theactions tobeexecuted,and Theorder inwhichtheyareexecuted

Iscalledanalgorithm Specifyingtheorderinwhichstatementsaretobeexecuted inacomputerprogramiscalledprogramcontrol

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Isanartificialandinformallanguagethathelps youdevelopalgorithms d l l ith SimilartoeverydayEnglishbutnotacomputer language Helpsyouthinkoutaprogrambefore attemptingtowritethecode Carefullyprepared,pseudocodemayeasilybe convertedtoaCprogram Consistsonlyofactionstatements(definitions arenotstatementsbutmessagestothe compiler)
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Normallyprogramisexecutedsequentially However,certainlinesmaytransfercontrolto H t i li t f t lt anotherlinethanthenextoneinsequence Thenotionofstructuredprogrammingbecame synonymouswiththeeliminationofthegoto statement Programscouldbewrittenintermsofthree controlstructures:

Sequencestructure Selectionstructure Repetitionstructure

ThesequencestructureisinherentlybuiltintoC
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Graphicalrepresentationofanalgorithm Aredrawnusingspecialpurposesymbols Symbolsareconnectedbyflowlines and directionarrows Completealgorithmsstartandendwith ovals havingthewordsBeginandEnd Forportionsofanalgorithmsmallcircles areusedinstead Actions arerepresentedbyrectangles Decisions arerepresentedbythe diamond symbol
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Begin

Actionsymbol

Decision symbol

Begin
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Chasthreetypesofselectionstructures:

Theif statement
Calledasingleselectionstatement Eitherperformsnactionifaconditionistrue Orskipstheactioniftheconditionisfalse Calledthedoubleselectionstatement Performsanactionistheconditionistrue Performsadifferentactioniftheconditionisfalse Calledthemultipleselectionstatement Performsoneofmanydifferentactionsdependingonthevalue

Theifelse statement

Theswitch statement
ofanexpression

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Chasthreetypesofrepetitionstructures: yp p

Thewhile Thedowhile Thefor

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g Usedtochooseamongdifferentcoursesof action Example:

Ifstudentsgradeisgreaterthanorequalto60 PrintPassed

Ifconditionistrueprint Passed IfconditionistrueprintPassed Ccode:

if(grade>=60) printf(Passed\n);

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Flowchart

true
grade>=60

printPassed

false

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Usedtospecifydifferentactionstobeperformed whentheconditionistrueandfalse Example:

Ifstudentsgradeisgreaterthanorequalto60 PrintPassed Else printFailed

IftheconditionistrueprintsPassedotherwiseprints Failed Failed Ccode:

if(grade>=60) printf(Passed\n); else printf(Failed\n);

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Flowchart:

printFailed

false

grade>=60

true

printPassed

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?: Closelyrelatedtotheifelsestatement <condition>?<action1>:<action2>; Example:

printf(%s\n,grade>=60?Passed:Failed);

Theformatcontrolstringoftheprintf containstheconversionspecification%sfor t i th i ifi ti % f printingacharacterstring Examplemayberewrittenas:

grade>=60?printf(Passed\n):printf(Failed\n);
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if(grade>=90) g printf(A\n); elseif(grade>=80) printf(B\n); elseif(grade>=70) printf(C\n); elseif(grade>=60) l if( d 6 ) printf(D\n); else printf(F\n);
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p Anactionisrepeatedwhilesomecondition remainstrue Example:

Whiletherearemoreitemsonmyshoppinglist Purchasenextitemandcrossitoffmylist

Conditionremainstrueuntilthelastitemis purchased Atwhichpointtheconditionbecomesfalse andtherepetitionstops

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Actualexample: Consideraprogramsegmentdesignedtofind thefirstpowerof2largerthan1000

product=2; while (product<=1000) product=2*product

Productisinitializedto2 Onsuccessiveloopproducttakesthevalues: 4,8,16,32,64,128,256and1024 Loopterminateswhenproductbecomes1024

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Flowchart:

true
Product<=1000

Product=2*product

false

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Illustrationofalgorithmdevelopment g p
Aclassof10studentstookaquiz.Thegrades (integersbetween0and100)areavailable. Determinetheclassaverage

Classaverageisthesumofthegrades dividedbythenumberofstudents Algorithmmust

acceptthegrades Performaveragecalculation Printtheresult

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Pseudocode
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Settotalto0 Setgradecounterto1 Whilegradecounteris<=10 Inputthenextgrade Addthegradetothetotal g Addonetothestudentcounter Settheclassaveragetothetotaldividedby10 Printtheclassaverage

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#include <stdio.h> int main( void ) oid { int counter; int grade; int total; int average; total = 0; counter = 1; while( counter <= 10 ) { printf( Enter grade: ); scanf( %d, &grade ); ( , g total = total + grade; counter = counter + 1; } average = total / 10; printf( Class average is %d\n, average ); return 0 }

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Generalizationoftheclassaverageproblem Noindicationisgivenofhowmanygradesareto beentered. Thiscontrolstructureisoftencalledindefinite repetition becausethenumberofrepetitionsis notknown Avalueisneededtoindicateendofdataentry Thesentinelvaluemustbechosensothatit cannotbeconfusedwithavalidinputvalue 1isanacceptablevalueforthisproblem
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Developaclassaveragingprogramthatwillprocessan arbitrarynumberofgradeseachtimetheprogramisrun

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Labexercise4 4 Deitle&Deitle Page76Fig3.8

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Althoughonlyintegergradesareentered,the averagingcalculationislikelytoproduceadecimal number. Typeint cannotrepresentsuchanumber Datatypefloat isrequiredtohandledecimalnumbers Variableinitialization:

int counter; int grade; int total; i tt t l float average; average=(float)total/counter;

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Thisiscalledexplicitconversion p Thecastoperatorisaunaryoperator (it takesonlyoneoperand) Otherunaryoperatorsare:theplus(+5)and minus(7) Castoperatorsassociatefromrighttoleft Havethesameprecedenceasotherunary operators

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printf(%.2f\n,3.446); printf(%.1f\n,3.446); i tf(% f\ 6)

/*prints3.45*/ /*prints3.4*/ /* i t */

Thefspecifiesthatafloatingpointvaluewillbe printed The.2istheprecisionofthevaluethatwillbe displayed.Ifnotspecified,thedefaultprecision is.6(6decimalplaces) is 6(6decimalplaces) Floatingpointvaluesprintedwithprecisionare roundedtotheindicatednumberofdecimal positions

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Notalways100%precise y p Buttheyareadequatefornumerous applications Normallydevelopthroughdivision Example:10dividedby3gives3.3333 recurring Computerallocatesonlyafixedamountof C ll l fi d f memoryspacetoholdsuchavalue Thestoredfloatingpointvaluecanonlybe anapproximation
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Whenonecontrolstatementisusedwithin anothercontrolstatement Awhile outerstructure Anifelse insidethewhile

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Labexercise5 5 Deitle&Deitle Page81Fig3.10

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c=c+3;

canbeabbreviatedwiththeaddition b bb i d i h h ddi i assignmentoperator+=

c+=3;

Thearithmeticassignmentoperatorsare:

+= = = *= /= %=
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Unaryincrementoperator++ Unarydecrementoperator U d t t Preincrement:++a;incrementsaby1,thenuse thenewvalueofaintheexpressioninwhichit resides Postincrement:a++;usethevalueofainthe expressioninwhichitresides,thenincrementits valueby1 Thesameappliesfora anda Whenusedinastatementbyitselfthe preincrementandpostincrementhavethesame effect
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g Algorithms Pseudocode Controlstructures Theif selectionstatement Theifelse selectionstatement Thewhile loop Countercontrolledloops C ll dl Sentinelcontrolledcontrolledloops Assignmentoperators Incrementanddecrementoperators
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Discussion

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