AMAZONPIRE

PASI Field Course, 2011: Information Packet

A PanAmerican Advanced Studies Institute (PASI) in Peru

CourseDates:June28July15,2011

PASIisacollaborationbetweentheNSFfundedAmazonPIREproject(aU.S.Brazilpartnershipincluding theUniversityofArizona,HarvardUniversity,theUniversityofSoPaulo,EMBRAPA,theBrazilianInstitute forAmazonResearch(INPA),,AsociacinparalaConservacindelaCuencaAmaznica(ACCA)/Amazon ConservationAssociation,andtheRAINFORAmazonAndesProject(aU.K.Perucollaborationincluding OxfordUniversity,Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Per, andotherinstitutionsinPeru) www.amazonpire.org

Table of Contents 1 WELCOME TO PASI 2011 FIELD COURSE! 2 COURSE DETAILS

2.1 Course Organization and Activities 2.2 Course Themes and Objectives Methods explored during the PASI will include: Course organization entails: 2.3 Field sites: the Amazon-Andes Transect 2.4 Instructors 2.5 Course materials and readings 2.6 Student Presentations 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 7 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 16 17 17 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 23

3 PREPARING FOR TRAVEL

3.1 A word on International Courtesy 3.2 Preparing Travel Documents 3.3 Arranging Air Travel to Cusco, Peru 3.4 Health and tropical disease 3.5 Money

4 TRAVEL IN PERU
4.1 What to Bring 4.1.1 Essential Travel Documents and Money 4.1.2 Essential equipment for field course 4.1.3 Clothing and Personal Items 4.2 Arriving in Cusco 4.2.1 . Immigration and Clearing Customs 4.2.2 Drinking water and bathroom use 4.2.3 In Cusco: Hotel 4.2.4 From Cusco: Transport to Wayqecha Biological Station field site 4.2.5 From Wayqecha: Transport to Tambopata (Explorers Inn Lodge) field site 4.3 Field Dangers 4.4 International/Emergency Contact Information

5 ANTIDISCRIMINATION AND ANTISEXUAL HARASSMENT POLICY

APPENDIX A. Emergency Contacts Form B. Assumption of Risk and Release Form C. Syllabus and Schedule

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1 Welcome to PASI 2011 field course!

Tropical Ecology and Biogeochemistry, from Andean Cloud Forests to the Lowland Amazon The Amazon Basin contains the largest extant tropical forests on earth, with unparalleled biological diversity, and a vast store of organic carbon. It is a potent engine in the global water and energy cycles. Large changes in Amazonian biodiversity, together with those in biogeochemical cycling of carbon and water, expected to occur with climate change or deforestation, could have global as well as local impacts. It is, therefore, critically important to understand the ecological and biogeochemical mechanisms that drive forest-climate interactions in the Amazon. For the past three years, the Amazon-PIRE Field Course has offered an intensive introduction to the science and field methods for understanding tropical forest ecology and the associated biogeochemistry of water, carbon, and trace gases. In 2011, Amazon-PIRE is offering a Pan-American Advanced Studies Institute (PASI), an intensive field engagement with problems in Tropical Ecology, Biogeochemistry, and Climate. The theme of PASI field projects will be: "What is the future of Amazon forests under climate change?" We will use ecosystem transitions along a Peruvian elevational gradient from a 3,000 m Andean cloud forest to a lowland Amazon forest site as a model for addressing this question. Just as important, the course provides a foundation for sustained international collaboration between South American and U.S. participants. Our intention is to provide post-doctoral and graduate students with an introduction to advanced topics in field methods, which they can use as a springboard for their own related research questions. In addition to the scientific foundation of the course, you will also have the opportunity to experience the culture of ancient Peruvian civilizations, as well as the beauty of Perus natural landscapes. The purpose of this document is to provide you with the information and tools you need to prevent unpleasant surprises. Please read the following information carefully and BRING THIS PACKET WITH YOU TO PERU. Please also check our website (http://www.amazonpire.org/) regularly for updates, as this may include late breaking information about the course, and details about arrival in Cusco and the trip from Cusco to Wayqecha and Tambopata. Feel free to contact us with any questions.

Course Coordinators Scott Saleska, Amazon-PIRE Director Associate Professor, Ecol & Evol. Bio University of Arizona (520) 626-1500 saleska@email.arizona.edu Marianne Ritter, Program Coordinator Amazon-PIRE University of Arizona (520) 626-6942 ritterm@email.arizona.edu Luciana F. Alves, Research Fellow Amazon-PIRE University of Arizona lu.falves@gmail.com Eric Coso, Professor Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Per Lima, Per ecosio@pucp.edu.pe Yadvinder Malhi, Professor Professor of Ecosystems Science Oxford University Oxford, U.K. yadvinder.malhi@ouce.ox.ac.uk Megan MacDowell, Director Amazon Conservation Association Washington, DC - USA mmacdowell@amazonconservation.org

2 Course Details 2.1 Course Organization and Activities

The PASI will take place along an elevational gradient, from the Andean Cloud Forest to the Lowland Amazon of Peru, in fully equipped field sites. For two weeks we will have opportunities for intensive interaction with renowned experts in ecosystem dynamics, remote sensing, eco-hydrology, plant physiology, and trace gas dynamics. Our goal is to integrate focused instruction, interactive discussion, and short fieldbased research projects. The course is organized in two parts: (1) group projects in the field and (2) discussions/presentations concerning the questions the projects will address. The group projects are the most important part of the course. Most of these projects will focus on comparing some aspect of ecosystem function (from biodiversity to the cycling of carbon and water) between a high elevation cloud forest site (the Wayqecha field station, where the course will start) and a lowland tropical forest site (Tambopata Reserve, including the lodge at Explorer's Inn). The projects will be conducted under the guidance of a course mentor. Other faculty members are available for discussion of each topic as well. For the projects, we will be bringing a wide range of equipment and instruments that will allow us to address the questions of each project. In addition to the field

projects, there will also be opportunity to explore, via discussions with social scientists and policy makers, the human dimensions of climate change and sustainability in the Amazon, focusing on policies like those for Reducing Emissions from Degradation and deforestation, known as REDD. An online course reader of materials will be provided in advance of the course, and this will include a list of project ideas. A larger electronic archive of references and articles will also be available. The primary language of the course lectures will be English, but we will organize opportunities for U.S. participants to acquire basic Spanish and Portuguese before and after the course (eventual acquisition of the relevant foreign language is a good predictor of success in long-term international collaboration). Based on previous experience, we expect the discussions and informal interactions to include a mix of English, Spanish and Portuguese, with interpretation flowing freely in both directions. Please note that lodging at the upper site, in the Andean Cloud Forest, will be limited and we expect that some people will be lodged in tents on a camping pavilion at the site, with easy access to facilities such as showers.

2.2 Course Themes and Objectives

The PASI's overall motivating question is: What is the future of Amazon forests under climate change? We will use an ecosystem transition along a Peruvian elevational gradient as a model for addressing this question. The group projects are the core activity of the course: these are intensely focused short field research projects, intended to be conducted in groups of 5-6 with 1-2 mentors each. These group projects will be designed by students in collaboration with their instructor/mentors to address cutting edge research questions with open ended outcomes, with the results of each project presented to all participants of the Institute on the last day. The intent of the group projects is to test new ideas by collecting and analyzing datasets that could form the basis of international research projects to be pursued after the PASI (for example, as graduate or post-doctoral research projects). Methods explored during the PASI will include:

eddy covariance methods in conjunction with plot-based forest inventories and measurements of water isotopes in vapor and liquid gas exchange methods to investigate ecophysiology of canopy leaves and whole-forest canopies Taxonomy and phylogeny of tropical vegetation communities

Soil propert S ties, soil microbial com mmunities , and trace gas bioge e eochemistry Remote sen R nsing of for rest structu (via gro ure ound-based LIDAR an airborne d nd e RADAR) R Data analys techniqu using the R softw D sis ues t ware package.

Course organizatio entails: on Field exercis ses and ind dependent projects Research pr R resentation and disc ns cussion Spanish inst S truction an a boat trip nd Hands-on experience with a vari H iety of inst ruments Access to lo A ong-term dataset of data gather d red at all scales hout the PA ASI, we wil learn suc things as ll ch s: Through How to mea H asure multi iple aspect of soil, p ts plant, and f forest ecosystem fu unction, us sing methods ranging from leaf and soil ch g hambers to atmosphe o eric and remote sensing methods; m using these methods to investiga how fo rests respo t ate ond to clim mate change, with a particular focus on effects of elevati w s s ion (a prox for temp xy perature); How to com H mbine these methods to integrat across scales of forest functio e te on, fr rom individ dual leaf, to tree, to ecosystem to region; o e How to address the ch H hallenges of doing fie ldwork in d o difficult env vironments s; How to interact effecti H ively with foreign coll f laborators; ; A visceral (!) apprecia ation for the sea-of-gr e reen, i.e., the Amazo forest. on

2.3 Fie sites: the Am eld mazon-An ndes Transect

The cou urse will be held at tw sites in Peru (see F wo P Figure 1), s spanning the forests of

F 1. Map o the field s Fig of sites of t PASI: W the Wayqecha clo oud f forest site, a Explorer Inn and r's a Tambop and pata river sit (off te t of map). top 4

the east tern Andea flank: from montane cloud fo an orest down the foothills to the v vast lowland forest exp panse that stretches all the way across the continent a y e t.

Fig. 2. Wayqecha field station (3,000 m abo sea leve will be the base for th portion of the W fi ( ove el) e he f cou urse focused on montane rainforest processes. For more de d etails visit their website: http://ww ww.amazonconservation n.org/ourwor rk/research_ _wayqecha.h html 0 W al At 3,000 m, the Wayqecha Biologica Station, provides a base for investigation of the ecology of the surroun t nding cloud forest and nearby fo d d orestgras ssland boundar zone. Th Biological Station was create in 2005. This site i operated ry he w ed . is d under th auspices of ACCA in Cusco. he arby (10 minutes walk) forest plots have b m p been inven ntoried for plant species Two nea composition, and since 2003 these site have bee the focu of a com s 3 es en us mprehensiv ve ments quan ntifying maj carbon stocks and fluxes. These jor d suite of measurem intensiv monitor ve ring plots are presen at all cou nt urse sites a and provide detailed information about forest tree species composition and struc e n cture, tree leaf, stem and oductivity, dead wood dynamics and soil C 2 efflux partitioned into d s, CO d root pro contribu utions from organic lit m tter, roots, mycorrhiz , zae and mi ineral soil. A canop access walkway ar py w round 150 m in length suspende up to 40 m above the h ed 0 ground. This uniqu facility provides an ideal opp ue p n portunity to easily acc o cess and m make m ents within the canop of the fo py orest. in situ measureme

F 3. Cano access walkway nea Fig. opy w ar W Wayqecha fieldstation fi ble Accessib by vehicle from Wayqec cha, about an hour an a nd half by mountain road, is the intermediate (1500 m) site at San Pedro where tw r e t o wo

more intensive monitoring plots have been established, together with a weather station. Facilities at Wayqecha Accommodations and dining facilities for up to 40 visitors (approximately 30 lodged in rooms or cabins, and the balance in well-equipped outdoor camping facilities). A multipurpose meeting space with lab tables and benches 12 km of well-maintained, geo-referenced trails An on-site automatic weather station A scientific library, including in-house field guides to local plant and animal communities A canopy walkway

The lowland site is in the Tambopata National Reserve, with lodging at the Explorer's Inn. The site is set at the confluence of the La Torre and Tambopata Rivers, 40 long miles upriver from the bustling frontier town of Puerto Maldonado, in the province of Madre de Dios. Facilities at Explorers Inn Explorer's Inn tourist lodge (http://www.explorersinn.com/) located inside the Tambopata National Reserve a total of 70 beds in single, double and triple bedrooms spread out in a series of thatched bungalows, built on raised platforms to protect from flooding. Each bedroom has a porch, complete mosquito netting, and a private bathroom with shower, toilet and washbasin. A main lodge building, which includes the dining room, bar and reception A laboratory

Fig 4. Tambopata forest plots and Tambopata river

Fig 5. Tambopata Explorers Inn Lodge accommodations and lab facilities These sites have diesel-generated electricity that supports use of computers and other equipment during the daytime, and potable water. NOTE: The facilities are considered well-equipped for field stations in the Amazon, however, there are still limitations. There is: - No telephone; - No cellular signal; - Intermittent and slow internet access (when available, but be prepared for no access anywhere), - Communication by radio;

2.4 Instructors

Bradley Boyle (Research Associate, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona) Dr. Boyle's research focuses on how history and phylogeny interact with contemporary biotic and environmental factors to determine major patterns of plant distribution and diversity. He has conducted plant inventories in Canada, USA, Mexico, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Peru, and is co-developer of several biodiversity informatics projects, most recently the iPlant Taxonomic Name Resolution Service (http://tnrs.iplantcollaborative.org). Since 1997, Dr. Boyle has coordinated graduate courses in plant systematics and ecology for the Organization for Tropical Studies in Costa Rica. Francina Domnguez (Assistant Professor, Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona) Dr. Domnguez is a hydroclimatologist working on land-atmosphere interactions, particularly the contribution of evapotranspiration to precipitation at the continental scale. She also works on future climate change and how it will impact the surface hydrology. While her work has mostly relied on numerical modeling, one of her current projects uses water vapor isotopes to study the partitioning between evaporation and transpiration in different ecologic systems. Brian Enquist (Professor, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona) Dr. Enquist is a broadly trained ecologist and plant biologist interested in (i) understanding how functional attributes of plants influence larger scale ecological, ecosystem, and evolutionary dynamics and (ii) the origin and maintenance of functional and phylogenetic diversity. His research uses trait-based, physiological, and theoretical approaches to better understand variation in whole-plant physiology and growth and the structure and functioning of plant communities and terrestrial ecosystems. A common theoretical theme focuses on the origin and ramifications of biological scaling laws via developing and assessing metabolic scaling theory. He has worked in tropical forests since 1992 focusing on monitoring and understanding temporal and spatial variation in tropical forest structure and diversity. Rachel Gallery (Staff Scientist, National Ecological Observatory Network [NEON]; beginning August 2011 - Assistant Professor, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona) Dr. Gallery is an ecologist whose interests include the maintenance of diversity in plant communities, soil microbe biogeography and the biodiversity-promoting roles of cryptic plant-microbe interactions. For the past ten years, her research has used experimental manipulations of plant and microbe communities, microbiological culturing, and contemporary genetic tools to investigate the strength of plant-microbe feedbacks on tropical seedling community dynamics. Frank Hajek (Director, Servicios Ecosistmicos Per and Research Associate, Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University) With a background in engineering, conservation and business, Frank worked in biodiversity research and protected area management between 1998 and 2008, first as country representative for the Frankfurt Zoological Society in Peru and then as Chief Technical Advisor to the Zambia Wildlife Authority. Since 2009, he has led a hybrid start-up to develop ecosystem service schemes in southeastern Peru. His research

interests include conservation innovation, man's relationship with nature, and the valuation of nature's services. Joost van Haren (Assistant Research Professor at Biosphere 2, University of Arizona) A recent graduate, specializing in biogeochemistry, Dr. van Harens dissertation focused on plant soil interaction and how this affects greenhouse gas production. From 1996 to 2004, he was in charge of the analytical facilities at Biosphere 2, where he currently heads up the research in the tropical biome of Biosphere 2. Travis E. Huxman (Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Director UA Biopshere 2, Director UA Science: Flandrau, University of Arizona) Dr. Huxmans scholarship focuses on trying to understand the evolution of functional traits in plants and the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. He investigates physiological or plant-mediated processes from the spatial scale of cells to that of whole landscapes. His current research program aims to understand how climateecosystem interactions influence the coupling of carbon and water cycles across diverse biome types from around the world. Daniel Metcalfe (Assistant Professor, Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) Dr. Metcalfe has 6 years of research experience in both montane and lowland tropical forest across South America. His research broadly addresses the underlying controls upon, and potential consequences of, shifts in terrestrial carbon cycling using a range of techniques to track the flow and storage of carbon in vegetation subjected to a range of different experimental treatments (e.g.: drought, fire, fertilization) at sites both in the tropics and in Sweden. He was, until recently, responsible for coordinating measurements on carbon stocks and fluxes at sixteen forest plots in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, including those situated near the course field sites. Tracey Osborne (Assistant Professor, School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona) With graduate training from the interdisciplinary graduate program the Energy and Resources Group at the University of California, Berkeley, Dr. Osbornes research focuses on the social dimensions of climate change mitigation in tropical forests. She has investigated questions of sustainable development and resource access for local producers of carbon offsets in Latin America. She is interested in bridging the social and natural sciences in ways that produce broader environmental impacts. Yadvinder Malhi (Professor of Ecosystem Science, Oxford University, UK) The broad scope of Dr. Malhis research interests is the impact of global atmospheric change on the ecology, structure and composition of terrestrial ecosystems, and in particular temperate and tropical forests. This research addresses fundamental questions about ecosystem function and dynamics, while at the same time providing outputs of direct relevance for conservation and adaptation to climate change.

Scott Saleska (Associate Professor, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, US Director of Amazon-PIRE) With a background in physics, ecology, and atmospheric science, Dr. Saleskas research focuses on how climate interacts with plant physiology, demography, and ecological processes to influence or control biogeochemical cycling from local to global scales. He has worked in the Amazon region since 1999. He is Principal Investigator on the grant that funds the U.S. component of Amazon-PIRE, from the National Science Foundations Office of International Science and Engineering. Miles R. Silman (Associate Professor of Biology and Director of the Center for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, Wake Forest University) His work centers on the response of tropical forests to past and future climate change with particular emphasis on community ecology, species distribution and species migration in space and time. Dr. Silman has over 20 years of experience working in the Andes and Amazon and is a coordinator and founding member of the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group. Norma Salinas Revilla (University of San Antonio Abad, Cusco) Norma leads the Botany Department at the National University of San Antonio Abad, Cusco (UNSAAC). UNSAAC was created in 1692, and is one of the oldest universities in South America. Professor Salinas Revilla specializes in botany and ecology, and is the Director of CEPLAM. She collaborates with Drs. Meir, Malhi and Silman on some projects. Her work centers on the response of tropical forests ecosystems to past and future climate changes in the tropical Andes, with particular emphasis on plant community ecology, species distribution and the decay of organic matter in the forest. Scott Stark (Senior graduate student and Amazon-PIRE graduate fellow, University of Arizona) With an undergraduate and field background in empirical tropical and temperate plant community ecology, Starks graduate research is aimed at combining metabolic scaling theory with small-footprint LIDAR remote-sensing measurements to understanding how community processes play out across size classes in tropical forests to influence ecosystem processes like carbon flux. Rafael Silva Oliveira (Associate Professor, Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Brazil) With a background in plant functional ecology, and ecohydrology, Dr. Oliveiras research focuses on the interface and feedback between plants and their environment, with a special emphasis on how plant function influences hydrological processes. He has worked in tropical forests in the Amazon, Atlantic rainforests and Cerrado savannas in Brazil. Robert Sanford (Program Director, National Science Foundation, also Professor, Ecology and Biodiversity, University of Denver) With a background in forest ecology, and soil science, Dr. Sanford's research focuses on how roots and soil charcoal influence and interact with biogeochemical cycling. He has worked in the Amazon region since 1980, and in the tropics since 1977. He has been on leave since 2009 from the University of Denver as a rotator and director of two programs at the National Science Foundation.

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2.5 Course materials and readings

Key course materials will be provided in a bound notebook to you before the course begins. These include: - Detailed schedule and syllabus for the course. - A description of all course projects. - Key journal articles chosen by the faculty that include required and supplemental readings for the course lectures, and background material to help guide the course projects. The pdfs of these materials and a longer electronic archive will also be made available through the course website. However, internet access at the field research stations is extremely limited, so we recommend that you bring a hard copy with you on your journey, both for reading during the long airplane and boat trips, and to consult during the course. For background information about the Amazon basin, tropical forests, and Peru in particular, we recommend: A Mega-Dam Dilemma in the Amazon A huge dam on Peru's Inambari River will bring much-needed development to the region. But at what cost? Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/A-Mega-DamDilemma-in-the-Amazon.html#ixzz1FHuxPvla http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112489035 A neotropical companion (1999), by John C. Kricher. This book gives a good review of the plant and animals in the Amazon ecosystems of the new world tropical forests. Though not a field guide to plants or animals, it provides an excellent source of examples of ecosystem interactions. The Last Forest (2007) Mark London and Brian Kelly. A very readable account of all sides involved in Amazon deforestation that also excellently captures a travelers impressions of Amaznia.

2.6 Student Presentations

At the outset of the course, we will ask everyone to give a brief (2-minute) presentation that describes you and your research interests. Research project presentations will take place on the last day of the course, when you and your group will make a presentation of the findings of your research project to the other students and faculty. These will each be 15-minute presentations, using approximately 15 slides, followed by questions and discussion. In order to facilitate analysis of data and preparation of presentations, it is important for you to bring a laptop computer as part of your participation in the course (see section 4.1.2, Essential materials for the field course).

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3 Preparing for travel 3.1 A word on International Courtesy

U.S. participants will be guests in Peru and we expect respectful behavior towards the local people and fellow course participants during your trip and the field course. Avoid any illegal activity or behavior Violations are taken seriously, and could lead to significant jail time for the individuals involved, and very possibly cause the end of this research program for everybody. U.S. customs also strictly prohibits the entry of animal and plant materials. For information regarding traveling safely in Peru, please refer to the U.S. State Department site: http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_998.html

3.2 Preparing Travel Documents

(NOTE: you should already have secured a passport by the time you receive this information packet)
PASSPORT: valid for at least 6 months prior to its expiration date, and with at least one blank page available for the visa stamp. If you do not have a U.S. passport, or if you have a passport that will expire soon, please coordinate with Marianne Ritter to have it renewed as soon as possible. VISA: You will not need a visa for entry into Peru. VACCINATION RECORD (Yellow Booklet): Officially titled the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, this World Health Organization-approved document is a record of your vaccinations, in particular the yellow fever vaccination. This can be provided to you by your doctors office. Yellow fever is a risk, and is recommended by the U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC) for travel to lowland areas of Peru (including one of the sites of our PASI). See: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-2/yellow-fever-vaccinerequirements-and-recommendations.htm The Peruvian Ministry of Health, however, requires a yellow fever vaccination for entry into Peru. See website: http://www.minsa.gob.pe/portada/viajeros.asp A yellow fever vaccination is also required for entrance into the Tambopata field site, so we therefore require that you obtain a yellow fever vaccination, and bring with you to Peru your yellow World Health Organization record ("Yellow Booklet") (see section below on Health and the website for The US Center for Disease Control: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/peru.htm

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Also, please read medical information from the US Department of State regarding travel in Peru: http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_998.html#medical IMPORTANT FORMS: Before you leave for Peru, we will ask that everyone carefully inspect the risk assessment (attached) for Peru sites, sign a standard University of Arizona Release of Liability form and fill out an emergency contact form (see attachments). Please return these documents to Marianne before departure. There will be some additional forms for you to fill out and those will be emailed to you before your departure. AIRLINE TICKETS: If you have obtained funding for travel (or are covering it yourself) please feel free to purchase your airline tickets to meet the schedule of the course. We will also be arranging travel through a travel agent that is familiar with bookings to Peru. Please contact Marianne directly about this option for travel arrangements (see section below on Travel Arrangements for more details).

3.3 Arranging Air Travel to Cusco, Peru

(NOTE: you should already have secured plane reservations by the time you receive this information packet)
There is only one port of entry in Peru - Lima. Nearly all flights to Peru from the US go via Miami, Houston or Atlanta. Delta, Continental, and American airlines are the main carriers serving Peru from the US. From Europe, the most common routes are via Amsterdam on KLM, via Madrid on Iberia, or via Frankfurt on Lufthansa. We can help in booking the ticket and finding good fares. ticket yourself here are some options: If you want to book your

Use a travel agent, e.g., those that specialize in adventure or foreign travel, Book your ticket through internet sites such as Expedia, Orbitz, etc.

Check your medical or homeowners insurance policies to see if you are insured for travel (for example, standard UA student medical insurance covers students while traveling). If not, consider purchasing special travel coverage, which is relatively inexpensive. If you purchase travel insurance, make sure that you get the coverage you want, which might include emergency medical care, evacuation and hospitalization.

3.4 Health and tropical disease

While the image of the Amazon forest conjures up fear and wonder for many Americans, our research sites are exotic but not especially dangerous. We have years of experience in the field without serious disease or injury, and malaria is not endemic in this region of the Amazon. Field sites are equipped with first aid equipment. The forest has hazards familiar in Arizona (poisonous snakes, scorpions, and centipedes) that can pose some risk if cornered. In case of emergency,

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Wayquecha is approximately a six hour drive from Cuzco and Tambopata is around three hours by boat from the town of Puerto Maldonado. As stinging insects are a hazard to those with allergies, susceptible students and researchers are required to carry injectable epinephrine (Epipens is available by prescription). The field course will include a safety training component to inculcate basic precautions for field work and basic first aid. It is important to behave responsibly and safely since we will be in remote areas and the consequences of injury are serious. Mountain sickness: or soroche, is a risk for people visiting high-altitude places such as Cusco (around 3,300 m asl) or Wayqecha (2,950 m asl) and need to be treated seriously. Anti-nausea medication should be on the list along with plans for altitude sickness. The use of alcohol at high elevations can be dangerous, so its use is discouraged. More information about mountain sickness is found under Medical Facilities and Health Information: http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_998.html#medical The basic health-related requirements for participating in the course are: You must have proof of health insurance to participate in this course (see attached emergency contact sheet). If you do not already have health insurance, you must arrange for coverage during the course. If you are allergic to insect stings or to particular foods or medications, or have other medical conditions that could pose a potential problem, please inform the Amazon-PIRE office before your departure. You must provide us with at least one emergency contact person prior to travel. Prior to travel you should consult your health care provider, travel clinic (for students at the University of Arizona, you can also consult the Campus Health Center Immunizations/Travel Clinic, and arrange for vaccinations there), or health department on the recommended immunizations and medication. The CDC website (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/peru.htm) is also an excellent source of medical travel information. Another useful site for information is: http://travel.state.gov/. If you have a question about any of the vaccines, or whether you should not get one, we recommend that you speak to your healthcare professional. There is more information regarding vaccine and reactions to vaccines at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/should-not-vacc.htm#hepa. You may consider having a physical and dental check-up prior to your trip. There is basic and emergency equipment at our field site, but specialized medical attention is not available onsite.

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We are not medical professionals, but can offer the following recommendations based on information from official travel websites regarding diseases and recommended immunizations: Recommended vaccinations: yellow fever (required for entrance into field site), hepatitis A, hepatitis B, typhoid, diphtheria, tetanus/diphtheria, and polio. You very likely already have the last three vaccinations on this list, but diphtheria and tetanus might not be current. Please check the CDC website for recommendations about routine vaccinations: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/peru.htm Since the course is taking place in the winter and because of its high elevation, you will most likely not be exposed to many insects at Wayqecha, the upper site. Tambopata, however, is located in the lowlands and you can expect to encounter mosquitos and other biting insects during both the day and night. Each bed at Tambopata is equipped with a mosquito net (see photo 5), but it is recommended that you bring an ample amount of mosquito repellent with DEET as well as wear long-sleeve cotton t-shirts and field pants. Some basic background on tropical diseases is outline below: Yellow fever: there are occasional outbreaks of yellow fever in some areas of tropical South America, therefore, yellow fever vaccination is recommended for travel into the Amazon region. Plan a visit to your local travel health department or clinic well in advance to obtain the vaccination, and make sure to include your vaccination record (a standard yellow card) among your travel documents (see section on Essential Travel Documents, above). Hepatitis A: make sure you are immunized against hepatitis A. If you have had the first step of the vaccine within the past year, get a booster that will give you protection for 10 years. Hepatitis B: make sure you are immunized against hepatitis B. Dengue: Dengue is characterized by muscle, joint pain, and fever, which typically last up to a week or more before subsiding. There is no vaccine against the dengue virus (carried by mosquitos), and primary prevention is insect repellent and a mosquito net. Dengue is endemic in some cities of South America (including Puerto Maldonado), but relatively rare in the forest, where we will be spending most of our time. Malaria: is currently very rare in the city of Cusco and the surrounding region, however, there is a risk in some forested areas of the Amazon region. Most of the research and teaching staff who have been working in the Amazon for many years do not take medical malaria prophylactic because there isnt recent malaria incidence in the areas where we work, and we feel that mosquito netting largely minimizes the residual risk. If it makes you feel more comfortable, you may obtain malaria prophylactic (e.g. mefloquine, often called by its brand name Lariam, doxycycline, or atovaquone/proguanil, brand name Malarone) from your doctor before the trip. Malaria medicines can have side effects, and not everyone can take them. It is important to check with your doctor to advise you regarding risk and medications. Chagas disease: though rare around Cusco, one can easily prevent this

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potentially debilitating and deadly disease. The best method of prevention is a mosquito net. Schistosomiasis: this disease can be transmitted by swimming in contaminated rivers and lakes. Leishmaniasis: this disease is caused by protozoan parasites which are transmitted to humans by the bite of certain sand flies (genus Lutzomyia), causing skin sores/ulcers which can lead to severe tissue damage if left untreated. Treatment is traditionally by a month-long course of heavy metal (antimony) injections, though new oral treatments with fewer side effects are becoming available. Daytime insect precautions are strongly recommended, as well as a mosquito net, long-sleeve shirts and field pants, and insect repellent with DEET.

3.5 Money
Money in Peru is the Nuevo sol (or sol), whose symbol is S/. The value of the Nuevo sol varies slightly from day to day. See http://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/ for daily values. You can change US dollars into Nuevo soles (S/) in some US airports (e.g. Miami, Atlanta), and in many major Peruvian airports. Perhaps the most efficient approach is to use your ATM/bank card to make withdrawals from within Peru. This is easy at most airports, and within the city of Cusco there are a large number of banks with ATM machines that will accommodate international withdrawals. Such machines are clearly labeled with logos indicating access to international bank networks such as VISA and CIRRUS, or StarNet. Be aware that after 9 pm and on Sundays you might be limited on how much cash may be withdrawn. You may also change currency to Peruvian soles from U.S. dollars, etc. You should bring with you some Peruvian Nuevo soles equivalent to $US100-$200 in small amounts (5 and 10 sol bills) in case you encounter any problems withdrawing money from ATMs. You can also exchange currency in your bank before your departure. You may also use a Visa credit card for purchases at many large shops and most hotel lodgings. Although the option to pay by credit card is increasingly frequent in the Peru (especially in the large cities like Lima and Cusco), it is not universal. It is good practice to notify in advance both your credit card company and the bank which holds your ATM card that you will be traveling abroad to Peru. This will increase the odds that your bank will not invoke security precautions and suspend your card due to unusual or unexpected activity. No money will be needed at the field station; accommodations and meals are prepaid by Amazon-PIRE. However, Tambopata has a bar, so if you would like to purchase drinks there, you should bring some Peruvian money. Also, you may wish to bring some Peruvian money in case there is an option to pay for laundry services at the field site.

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4 Travel in Peru 4.1 What to Bring 4.1.1 Essential Travel Documents and Money
When you travel, be sure to bring these essential travel documents: Your valid passport. Make sure it has at least two pages with space for entry and exit stamps Your yellow booklet containing your vaccination record. This booklet is provided to you by your physician or through the campus health travel office. A copy of this information packet; Emergency contact information for you to contact in case of problems: ACCA Cusco Office Av. Oswaldo Baca 402 -Urb. Magisterio Cusco - Per (084)222-329 / (084)252-937 (http://www.acca.org.pe/) 24-hour cell phone emergency number: 984-903017 (NOTE: 51 in the numbers above is the Peruvian country code, and is only used when dialing from outside Peru.) Comment about travel documents: in all likelihood you will not be asked to show the documents listed above except for the passport. However, occasionally Peruvian officials will seek to verify that foreign involvement in Peruvian projects is in fact properly authorized, and if this occurs, having the documents listed above will be necessary. Please bring them. Money for Expenses: You should be prepared for certain expenses in Peru, including: Cost of meals and incidental transportation (e.g. taxis from the airport, which usually are charged at a rate of S/ 15 per taxi). Cost of any additional overnight stays in Cusco may cost $35(for a hostel) or more, depending on accommodations and in Lima $50 or more, depending on accommodations, which can be paid for with visa credit card). The bureaucracy for foreign involvement in scientific activities in Peru sometimes seems onerous, but as international researchers we are guests of a foreign country. It is thus important that we all be respectful of Peruvian sovereignty and regulations in exchange for the privilege of being able to continue scientific work in Peru. Emergency Travel Money: It is advisable to make sure you have about US$100200 in Peruvian currency. Also bring an ATM or Visa card. (See section 3.5 Money about changing money or using ATMs in Peru).

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4.1.2 Essential equipment for field course

Most of the equipment and materials for the course are supplied by Amazon-PIRE. Several additional items, however, are needed for you to be prepared for work in the field and for study, including: - Laptop computer. Essential for data entry, reading of electronic documents, data analysis, and preparation of your groups presentation on the last day (you probably will not be able to use your computer for internet access, as there is one slow connection to a single community computer). - Memory stick/flash drive. To back-up and share data. - Copy of this information packet. - Your Amazon-PIRE Course Reader. (see section 2.5, Course materials and readings). This will be sent to you shortly before the course. - Day pack for field use. Good for carrying samples, notebooks, poncho/umbrella, camera, and other essentials for a day in the forest - Water bottle or canteen: large, since you will drink a lot in the forest. Camelbak for hands free access to drinking are popular. - Pocket knife. A good field scientist does not leave home without it, the Swiss army knives or leathermans are especially handy (make sure they are packed in checked baggage). - Watch. A simple cheap and water resistant digital watch makes coordination and sampling easier during a field campaign. - Lecture notebook. For taking notes during the lectures. Or use your laptop if you prefer. - Field notebook(s). Waterproof rite-n-rain notebooks and waterproof pen(s) or pencils are recommended and easy to get (any University bookstore has them). Bring multiple of each since the notebooks are small and fill up rapidly and pens are easily lost in the forest. - Felt pens (sharpies) for marking samples. - Clip-board. Handy surface to take notes, especially the metal closable ones are very good. -Plastic ziplock bags, one pack of 100 zippered sandwich bags is sufficient.

4.1.3 Clothing and Personal Items

LODGING Lodging at Wayqecha, the upper site, will be in cabins and by camping in tents, at a sheltered pavilion set up for this purpose, with nearby facilities. Approximately 5-7 of the participants will be camping here. Let us know if you have a strong preference either for camping or for cabin lodging, it will facilitate the lodging assignments.

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Lodging at Tambopata, the lower site, will be in light cabins with beds. PACKING Travel as light as possible, but please note that you will be in two different climatic zones. It will be winter in Wayqecha, and because of the high elevation, night temperatures can reach close to freezing. There is no heat in the cabins, so please bring clothing that you can layer. For clothing at Tambopata, since temperatures will be warm, light weight clothing is best as it is cooler, holds little water and dries fast. A backpack may be the best type of luggage to carry because of field sites being located in either steep terrain or by the river, and the likelihood of having to carry your luggage for at least short distances. We will be spending most of our time in the forest, as such bring clothes and personal items (clothes, hat, glasses, watch, etc.) that you do not mind getting sweaty, muddy, or lost. There is limited space for luggage in the boats to Tambopata and you will only be allowed one small suitcase, rucksack or backpack. Any excess luggage can be left ahead of time in the lodges office in Puerto Maldonado. You will have to take care of your own laundry at the basecamp (where water is available for washing), although there may be an option for you to pay basecamp employees to do laundry. - Shirts. Bring two or more long-sleeve field shirts for work in the forest (to protect against sun and insects), and short-sleeve T-shirts for comfortable wear in camp in Tambopata. In Wayqecha you will need lightweight sweaters during the day and warmer clothing at night. - Pants. Light-weight field pants from which the pant legs can be unzipped are convenient for combination field and camp wear. - Shorts. During classroom and leisure time at camp, shorts or skirts are the optimum clothing items at the warmer Tambopata site. - Underwear. Light-weight as well, but bring as many pairs as you can fit. Underwear is also great to fill suitcase spaces. - Socks. Simple socks, long enough to tuck pant legs into for protection when ants are crawling up your pant legs. - Footwear. Solid boots like timberlands or rubber boots are recommended. Soles with excellent profile are recommended for scaling fallen trees and walking on wet clay-rich soils. At camp at Tambopata you can wear flip-flops, or sandals. Running shoes are recommended for the avid runner and sports person. Make sure that your footwear is comfortable and broken in. - Light sweater/jacket. The climate is warm and nights are mild at Tambopata but in Wayqecha, bring a medium weight sweater, jacket, and gloves. - Laundry bag/pillowcase. Good for keeping dirty clothes between washings - Hat. The sun is very strong, even though it is often rainy and shady within the forest. We recommend that you bring a shade hat, which will also protect your head and neck from falling insects. - Bandanas. Come in handy to keep sweat out of your eyes. - Sunglasses. Same with the hat; Polarized sunglasses provide eye protection, especially along the river.

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- Spare eyeglasses, contact lenses, or prescriptions. It will not be possible to replace lost eyeglasses, contact lenses, or prescriptions once at the course site. - High rated sunscreen. Sun protection is essential in Peru. Sunscreen is available in Lima, Cusco, and Puerto Maldonado. - Insect repellant. Insect repellant with high DEET content works. - Rain-poncho. Bring a light foldable rain poncho to protect you, your field gear and notebooks against strong tropical downpours. - Umbrella. Like a rain-poncho, it may come in handy in the forest, and in town. - Flash light. The generator at Wayqecha and Tampobata sites will be turned off around 10-11 pm, which leaves the camp pitch-black. Head-lamps are especially handy. - Extra batteries. If you run out during the course, it will not be possible to purchase any additional batteries close to the field camps. - Digital camera. This may be a trip of a lifetime, therefore, you will be glad to share it with your family and friends. - Binoculars. To observe flora and fauna up close - Music. MP3 player or iPod make travel more enjoyable and are good to provide personal space in crowded conditions. - Silica gel (or dry rice grains). To keep important things dry. - Clothespins. To hang your clothes to dry, close bags, etc. - Toiletries. Make sure you bring your preferred soaps, shampoos, toothpaste, etc. These items are available in Cusco or Puerto Maldonado, but very likely not your brand, nor do they come cheap. - Personal medical supplies. Field camps have basic infirmary supplies for generic first aid, and the PIRE project will bring wilderness first aid supplies. But if you have any medical condition that requires medication, including allergies/sensitivity to bees and/or other insect stings, please bring an abundant supply of the prescription or epipens with you. You may consider bringing a basic personal first-aid kit as well, including antihistamine (for allergies), antihistamine lotion (for insect bites), an antiseptic ointment (like Neosporin or something similar), Tylenol/Aspirin, antacid, anti-diarrheal, antibiotic topical cream, antinausea/motion sickness, alitude sickness medicine. You may obtain from your doctor a prescription for a strong systemic antibiotic (like Cipro) for emergency use in the event of serious intestinal upset or other infection. - Hammock. Hammocks are not generally used in Peru, and lodgings are not usually outfitted with hammock hooks (as, for example, in the Amazon of Brazil). - Sleeping bags/tents. Sleeping bags and tents will be provided for anyone who wishes to camp at Wayqecha. - Bedclothes/towels. Not supplied at field camps, so bring a towel and a set of sheets and a pillow for use on your bed in Peru.

4.2

Arriving in Cusco

You should be arriving in Cusco no later than midnight on the night of the June 28th, since we will transfer to Wayqecha in the afternoon of the 29th. You may also arrive in Cusco a day earlier, which will allow you to adjust to the altitude and get to know the area before the class starts.

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4.2.1. Immigration and Clearing Customs

All nationalities need a tourist card called tarjeta de embarque to enter Peru, issued on the plane before landing in Lima. You will also be given a Customs form to fill out about what you are bringing into the country. Filling these out should be straightforward. On the entry/exit card, there is no option for declaring your purpose to be research or education, but you may check that the purpose of your visit is Other. (For Customs, if you are bringing equipment into the country for research or for the PIRE course, please consult further with Joost about the necessary documents for temporary importation of goods). At your initial port of arrival in Peru (Lima) you will have to first go through immigration, showing your passport, and receiving from them a copy of your Tarjeta de Entrada/Salida, the entrance/exit card. KEEP YOUR COPY. You will be asked for it again by immigration upon your departure from Peru. Then you can pick up your checked bags in order to clear customs, after which they can be re-checked for your connecting flight. When going through customs after baggage claim, each person will need to push a button. If the light is green, they hand over their customs declaration then walk right through. If the light is red, their bags will be searched. CAUTIONARY NOTE: airline officials at domestic points of departure in the U.S. will occasionally tell you that your bags are checked all the way through to your final destination, but unless your final destination is also your port of entry (e.g. Lima itself), this is incorrect! Bags must be claimed at a port of entry in order to clear customs. Another note: For internal flights, you will need to pay an airport tax, at the Puerto Maldonado airport, so please have some cash available. The procedure is first to check in at the counter, then pay the tax, then proceed through the security checkpoint to board the airplane.

4.2.2 Drinking water and bathroom use

We advise against drinking water out of the tap from city water supplies in Lima, Cusco or other towns of the Peru. Bottled water is readily available at most hotels, restaurants, and shops. Water at the field site is filtered from deep wells onsite and is regularly and safely used as a source of drinking water and cooking by camp residents and researchers. When using toilet facilities in bathrooms while traveling in Peru, place no waste paper, not even toilet paper, into the toilet, as plumbing systems are sensitive and will easily clog. Bathrooms are typically equipped with separate waste receptacles for the disposal of used toilet paper. Please use these.

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4.2.3 In Cusco: Hotel

Please confirm with us before you leave that we have your correct flight information for arrival into Lima and Cusco. For most participants, we plan to arrange to have someone meet you at the airport, with transport to taxi to hotel. If you want to make your own arrangements, please let us know. We plan to stay at: CLUB HOTEL Adress: Av. Tomasa Titto Condemayta 903 - Wanchaq Phone: 084 -223320 Cusco http://www.peruhotel.net/hotels-in-peru/cusco-hotels/club-hotel-cusco.html If you have enough time, you may have time to sightsee in Cusco. We will have some suggested plan of activities for you.

4.2.4 From Cusco: Transport to Wayqecha Biological Station field site

The course will begin on June 29 at Wayqecha Biological Station (see syllabus schedule attached as an Appendix to this information packet). A bus will transport everyone from Cusco to Wayqecha. The plan at this writing is for the bus to depart the hotel at 8 am, arriving between 1 and 2pm.

4.2.5 From Wayqecha: Transport to Tambopata (Explorers Inn Lodge) field site
A bus will transport everyone from Wayqecha to Cusco early in the morning of July 6th. This trip will take approximately 6-6/12 hours to arrive in Cusco. We will then leave by bus on July 7th, for a 10-12 hour trip along the picturesque highway to Puerto Maldonado. Upon arrival to Puerto Maldonado, the group will check into a hotel to spend the night. In the morning of July 8th, a bus will pick up the group at the hotel and take us to the dock for transfer to Tambopata. Please be dressed in field clothing for the 3 hour boat trip.

4.3 Field Dangers

The biggest danger in a tropical forest such as the Amazon is getting lost! Close on the list to becoming lost is the risk of injury from an accidental fall. Therefore it is strictly required that all students enter the forest with at least one person familiar with the forest.

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Yes, the forest contains more exotic potential dangers, like jaguars, poisonous snakes, huge stinging ants, and black scorpions. These tend to loom large in peoples imagination, but the chances of encountering, let alone get bitten or stung by a creature that poses imminent serious or life-threatening injury is relatively small. At the same time, it is important not to be cavalier about the risks inherent in working and living at a remote site with little in the way of infrastructure and limited medical facilities. All participants should understand and acknowledge that the PASI 2011 field course at forest sites involves an element of risk. This risk includes, but is not limited to, getting lost in the forest, serious or life threatening physical injury, contracting insect-borne illnesses, and possible encounters with lethally poisonous snakes, scorpions, spiders and other wild animals and some dangerous plants. Thus, it is important to at all times be aware of your surroundings and do not try to do something rapidly or without first taking a good look around for potential danger. While in the forest follow the suggestions of the local guides, who are intimately familiar with the dangers of the forest and can help you from disturbing potentially dangerous animals.

4.4 International/Emergency Contact Information

In Wayqecha: ACCA Cusco Office Av. Oswaldo Baca 402 -Urb. Magisterio Cusco - Per (084)222-329 / (084)252-937 Celular : 984-903017 In Tambopata: PERUVIAN SAFARIS S.A. Av. Elmer Faucett s/n km 6.30 Puerto Maldonado MADRE DE DIOS Telf: 829-700-090 The field camp is outfitted with a radio connection and limited internet access. Occasional email is the main option for external communication. In case of an emergency, friends and family can contact the ACCA Cusco office who can radio a message to the field station during business hours.

5 Anti-Discrimination and Anti-Sexual Harassment Policy

The University of Arizona prohibits unlawful discrimination, including harassment, on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, veterans status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. Sexual harassment is a form of sex

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discrimination that is specifically prohibited by this policy. The Universitys Sexual Harassment Policy is based on the provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Education Amendments of 1972, and other applicable laws that prohibit discrimination because of sex. A pdf copy of the policy can be obtained at the following website: http://fp.arizona.edu/affirm/shpolicy.htm. Anyone interested is encouraged to review the policy, regardless of whether you are concerned about an offense, an allegation of offense, or just interested. phone (520) 626-6942 and/or email at: amazonpire@arizona.edu or ritterm@email.arizona.edu

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APPENDIX A. Emergency Contacts Form B. Assumption of Risk and Release Form C. Syllabus and Schedule

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Amazo on-PIRE
PARTNERSH FOR INTERN HIP NATIONAL RESEARCH AND EDU UCATION AMAZON-C CLIMATE INTERA ACTIONS

EMERG GENCY CO ONTACTS IN THE U.S OR OTHE N S. ER: Name: ___________ _ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ _ Phone Nu umber: ____ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ __________ Address: _________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ __________ Email: ___________ _ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ _

Name: ___________ _ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ _ Phone Nu umber: ___ ___________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ _ Address: _________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ __________ Email: ___________ _ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ _ INSURA ANCE INFO ORMATION N: Health In nsurance Co and Policy Number____ N __________ ___________ __________ _ Phone: ___________ _ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ __________ Internatio Insuran Co and Policy Numb ________ onal nce P ber __________ __________ Phone: ___________ _ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ __________ STUDEN INFORM NT MATION: Name (pl lease print)_ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ _ Do you have a disabi h ility? yes no If yes, do you requ any spec accommodations? y no uire cial yes Please ex xplain______ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ _ ________ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ _ Known food allergies _________ f __________ ___________ __________ ___________ _ Dietary restrictions? _________ r ___________ __________ ___________ __________ __ Have you read the he u ealth informa ation in the info packet? _________ i ? __________ __ Have you had the req u quired yellow fever vacc w cination? ___ __________ ___________ _ What oth vaccinati her ions have you received for the course ________ f e? __________ __ ________ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ _ Your sign nature: ____ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ _ Date: __ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ ___________ __________ __

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Amazo on-PIRE
PARTNERSH FOR INTERN HIP NATIONAL RESEARCH AND EDU UCATION AMA AZON-CLIMATE INTERACTION E NS

ASSU UMPTION OF RISK AN RELEAS O ND SE

Name: ___ _____________ ____________ ____________ _____________ ____________ _____________ ____________ _____
Last/ First/ Middle Name/Initia M al

Date of Bir ______/__ rth: _____/______

month day ye ear

t nd D tination: Peru; Countries to be Visited an Expected Dates of Travel for Each Dest . Expected dates of travel: before and aft attendance of field course. Course dates June 28-July 15, 2011 d ter o s: y Name of Academic Progr and Facult Sponsor for Trip: A ram ty Amazon-P PIRE (Partnersh in International Research and Education PASI PIRE; Professor Sc R. Saleska hip n)/ cott By signing this document, I agree to the following: g e 1. Risk of Travel Abroa I understand that internati ad: ional travel as p of my part part rticipation in th University o he of Arizona pr rogram specifie above involv risks not fo ed ves ound in study a the Universi campus. Th at ity hese include, bu are ut not limited to, risks invol d lved in travelin to and within and returnin from, one or more foreign countries; fore ng n, ng r eign political, le egal, social, an economic co nd onditions; diffe erent standards of design, safe and mainte ety, enance of build dings, public plac field sites, and conveyanc and local medical and w ces, ces; m weather conditio ons. I understa that field w and work may involv exposure to snakes, scorpi ve ions, spiders, or other animals to dangerous plants, and to diseases. I s, s o understand that it is requi d ired that I will familiarize my yself with infor rmation about the country an nd/or region I a am going to, in ncluding the most current trav warnings and consular in m vel a nformation shee issued by th U.S. Depart ets he tment of State (ht ttp://travel.stat te.gov) and the most current health warning issued by the U.S. Centers for Disease Co h gs e ontrol and Preven ntion (http://ww ww.cdc.gov/tra avel), which may contain info ormation about the inherent d t dangers and difficulties specific to the country or reg s e gion of my des stination. 2. U.S. Sta Departmen Warning St ate nt tatus: I unders stand that one or more of the countries that I plan to visit may have a trav warning issu by the U.S State Departm that desc vel ued S. ment cribes a heighte ened risk of tra in that area I avel a. understand that travel wa d arnings may ch hange to more urgent status w little or no notice. I under u with rstand and agre that ee a change in U.S. State De n epartment trave warning stat or other saf el tus fety concerns m result in th University may he suspending academic pro g ograms and off ficial travel in the affected cou t untries, and tha I may be dir at rected to return to n the U.S. or relocate to a safer location. By signing this document, I c r s B s certify that I ha read and un ave nderstand the University of Arizonas Interim Policy Concerning St I tudy, Travel, an Research in Countries Un nd n nder U.S. State Departmen Travel Warn nt nings. The polic is available online at: cy http://polic cy.web.arizona a.edu/~policy/In nterim_Travel.pdf 3. Indepen ndent Activity I understand that, in additio to the other provisions of t agreement the Universit is y: on this t, ty not responsible for any in njury or loss I may suffer whe I am traveli independen or am othe m en ing ntly erwise separate or ed absent from any Universi m ity-supervised activities. 4. Health and Safety: I am aware of all applicable personal medica needs. I have arranged, thr a a al e rough insurance or otherwise, to meet any an all needs for payment of medical costs w nd r m while I participa in this trave I recognize that ate el. the Univer rsity is not obligated to attend to any of my medical or me d edication needs and I assume all risk and s, e responsibil for those needs. I unders lity n stand that field work location s may be remo from medic facilities, an that ote cal nd

NOTE This is a release of you legal righ E: r ur hts. Read and underst tand both si ides of this d document be efore you sig gn.

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the instructors and staff at field work locations are not trained medical personnel. If I require medical treatment or hospital care in a foreign country during my travel, the University is not responsible for the cost or quality of such treatment or care, or injuries arising from or related to such care. 5. Personal Property: I understand that I assume the risk of damage to or loss of my personal property and that neither the University of Arizona nor the Amazon-PIRE/PASI Project is responsible for my personal property at any time during the Amazon-PIRE/PASI Field Course, including any damage to luggage or personal effects during air travel , river travel, or road travel to or from any site or location within or en route to Peru. 6. Standards of Conduct: A. I understand that each foreign country has its own laws and standards of acceptable conduct, including dress, manners, morals, politics, drug use, and behavior. I recognize that behavior which violates those laws or standards could harm the Universitys relations with those countries and the institutions therein, as well as my own health and safety. I also understand that the University is not responsible for providing any assistance, legal or otherwise, in dealing with the laws or standards of foreign countries. I will become informed of, and abide by, all such laws and standards for each country to or through which I will travel, and accept any consequences of violations thereof. B. I agree to comply with the Universitys rules, standards, and instructions for student behavior. I waive and release all claims against the University that arise at a time when I am not under the direct supervision of the University or that are caused by my failure to remain under such supervision or to comply with such rules, standards, and instructions. C. I agree that the University has a right to enforce the standards or conduct described above, in its sole judgment, and that it will impose sanctions, up to and including expulsion from this travel and/or the University, for violating these standards or for any behaviors detrimental to or incompatible with the interest, harmony, and welfare of the University, other participants or third parties. I recognize that due to the circumstances of foreign study programs, procedures for notice, hearing, and appeal applicable to disciplinary proceedings at the University do not apply. If I am expelled, I consent to being sent home at my own expense with no refund of fees. 7. Assumption of Risk and Release of Claims: Knowing the risks described above, and in consideration of being permitted to participate in this travel, I agree, on behalf of my family, heirs, and personal representative(s), to assume all the risks and responsibilities surrounding my travel as part of this University program or activity. To the maximum extent permitted by law, I release and indemnify the Arizona Board of Regents, The University of Arizona, and the officers, employees, and agents, from and against any present or future claim, loss, or liability for injury to person or property which I may suffer, or for which I may be liable to any other person, during my participation in this travel activity (including periods in transit to or from any country that is part of this program).

I have carefully read this Assumption of Risk and Release before signing it. No representations, statements, or inducements, oral or written, apart from the foregoing written statement, have been made.
Signature: ______________________________________________ Date: ________________________________

File completed forms with the UA Academic Department that is Sponsoring the Travel.

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C. Syllabus and Schedule 1. Syllabus

As indicated by the course description, the proposed course consists of three integrated components: focused instruction, interactive discussion, and field-based short research projects. The Focused instruction component covers the core subject matter and associated field methods of the course, including: Ecology and Botany of the Andean slope of the Peruvian Amazon. Ecophysiology of tropical trees Soil biogeochemistry and fluxes of CH4, N2O and CO2 Remote sensing of tropical forest structure and function (including groundbased surveys with upward-looking LIDAR and using hyperspectral imaging to characterize leaf traits) Biological scaling laws and methods, from leaf traits to landscapes Biosphere-Atmosphere water, energy and carbon dioxide exchange The material will be developed in lectures and associated course readings (which will be drawn from the primary literature). The lectures will be complemented by the second component, interactive discussions on selected evenings. These discussions will focus on cutting edge debates and questions about tropical forest function and climate, where the principals involved in the debates include the course instructors. These questions, along with associated key references are: What is the carbon balance of tropical forests? (Phillips et al, 1998; Saleska et al, 2003; Malhi et al, 2009a; Aragao et al, 2009) and can we reconcile methodsbased controversies about this question? (e.g atmospheric vs. ground based methods: Wofsy et al., 1988; Chou et al. 2002; Lloyd et al. 2007; Gatti et al, 2010 or selection bias in forest plot selection: Fisher et al. 2008 vs. Gloor et al., 2009) What is the seasonality of tropical forest metabolism? (Borchert, 1983; Van Schaik et al; 1993; Huete, et al., 2006; Saleska et al., 2009) What is the effect of climate extremes on tropical forest function? (Hutyra et al., 2005, 2007; Fisher et al 2007; Nepstad et al. 2007; Phillips et al., 2009) And, can we use remote sensing methods to reliably assess forest response to climate variation? (Saleska et al., 2007 vs. Samanta et al., 2010; Brando et al., 2010) What is the fate of biological diversity of tropical rainforest systems? (Bush et al, 2005; Silman et al, 2006) Is the distribution and abundance of tropical tree species and their associated traits also important for biogeochemistry? (van Haren et al., 2005, 2010; Townsend et al., 2008; Baker et al., 2009) What is the fate of Amazon forests under climate change? (Betts et al., 2004; Malhi et al, 2008, 2009b)

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The third component is group research projects It is with projects at the different sites that we will directly explore the theme of the course: Can we use differences along the transect in climate, forest structure, ecophysiology, hydrology, and soil biogeochemistry to give insights into the fundamental question: What is the future of Amazon forests under climate change? We will bring to the field a suite of equipment and instruments to enable sophisticated measurement and analysis for cutting edge experiments and projects. The instrumentation includes: Licor 6400 photosynthesis systems for leaf-gas exchange and florescence measurements (e.g. Dominguez et al., 2005; Doughty et al. 2006); Hyperspectral leaf absorbance/reflectance scanning systems for characterizing the optical properties (and hence photosynthetic capacity) of leaves (e.g. Rascher and Pieruschka, 2008); Portable backpack LIDAR system for measurement of forest canopy structure (e.g. Parker et al., 2004); Balloon system and associated gas analyzers for conducting atmospheric profiles of CO2 and water vapor to enables estimates of nighttime boundary layer budgets (Acevedo et al. 2008); Portable gas chromatograph system for measurement of important greenhouse gases: methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide (van Haren et al; 2010); Proposed research projects enabled by this instrumentation includes: (1) Are previously detected differences in aboveground productivity and biomass (Malhi et al., 2006, 2009a) of forests along the Amazon transect reflected in differences in physical forest structure along gradients from cloud forest to lowland? This student project will use ground LIDAR surveys in RAINFOR forest survey plots to detect and quantify forest structure, and possibly to compare to recently completed airborne LIDAR surveys. (2) Community ecology and ecophysiology from cloud forest to lowland: a. At each site a project will compare canopy ecophysiology in RAINFOR plots (which ties in with already-published papers on tree growth rates): what is the relation between tree growth, height from the water table, and pre-dawn water potentials and ecophys measurements (and associated leaf spectra?) b. at sites with tower or canopy access, we will focus on canopy as well as subcanopy plants; looking for relations between, e.g., eddy flux tower-derived light response curves and leaf level light curves or other ecophys/spectral characteristics. (3) We will conduct a project on soil fluxes and nutrient dynamics in cloud and lowland forests (or to test a hypothesis motivated by Zimmerman et al. 2009b that there is no differences across tree lines). CO2, N2O, CH4 fluxes will be measured along with the soil type and nutrient status. (4) We will use balloon measurements of CO2 in the atmospheric boundary layer to interpret eddy flux tower data in complex forest terrain (as in Acevedo et al., 2008). These projects provide the opportunity for multiple-layered collaboration between groups. For example, measurements of leaf optical properties, which can

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be remotely sensed, can be overlaid on a project measuring leaf ecophysiology so that the two measures may be compared in a systematic way.

2. PASI Course Schedule

Planning Schedule: 28th June to 15th July 2011 Tuesday 28th June Arrival in Cuzco. Group check-in into hotel early. Optional short tour around the historic center of Cusco. Meet for group dinner and outline travel schedule for the next day. Wednesday 29th June Leave around 8 a.m. on several minibuses/one large bus for Wayqecha, arrive around 1-2 p.m. 14:00 14:20: Introduction to the course (Scott Saleska) 14:20 14:40: Wayqecha Biological Station 14:40 15:00: Cloud forest diversity, biogeochemistry and climate (Miles Silman/ Dan Metcalfe) 15:00 17:00: Guided walk around the Wayqecha Moore monitoring plot and/or canopy walkway. 18:00 19:00: Dinner 19:30 21:30: Overview of group projects and break-out discussions among project groups (ALL INSTRUCTORS) Thursday 30th June Tuesday 5th July Morning: fieldwork Afternoon: field or lab work (Group Projects) After dinner: RESEARCH SEMINARS, INTERACTIVE DISCUSSIONS AND DEBATES Research seminars with tutorial front end; related to work that is or could be, happening in Peru (field projects) Interactive discussions/debates: these will be split into daily themes: Tropical climatology (Monday), Forest carbon inventory methods (Tuesday), Plant ecophysiology (Wednesday), Remote sensing and modeling (Thursday) Wednesday 6th July Leave around 7 a.m. on several minibuses/one large bus for Cusco, arrive around lunchtime. Check entire group into one hotel by late afternoon. Thursday 7th July Leave around 9 a.m. by bus from Cusco to Puerto Maldonado (10-12h trip). Group check-in into hotel in Puerto Maldonado. Friday 8th July Early am transfer to boat, travel by boat up the river and arrive at Tambopata (Explorers Inn Lodge) INSTRUCTOR PRESENTATIONS.

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15:00 15:40: Lowland forest diversity, biogeochemistry and climate (Scott Saleska/Yadvinder Malhi) 16:00 17:00: Guided walk 18:00 19:00: Dinner 19:30 21:30: Planning meeting among groups (All instructors) 22:30 00:00: Optional guided night walk through the forest. Saturday 9th Wednesday 13th July Morning: fieldwork Afternoon: field or lab work (Group Projects) After dinner: RESEARCH SEMINARS, INTERACTIVE DISCUSSIONS AND DEBATES Thursday 14th July GROUP PRESENTATIONS Final analysis of project data and writing of 20-minute presentations Friday 15th July Leave Tambopata around 6:00 a.m., Departure by plane to Cusco/Lima. Leave that day or the next from Cusco to final destination.

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