BTK 4401 Experiment 2 /Biological Oxygen Demand

Introduction
BRIEFINTRODUCTION ON ENVIROMENT Definition Settling is the process by which particulates settle to the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment. Particles that experience a force, either due to gravity or due to centrifugal motion will tend to move in a uniform manner in the direction exerted by that force. For gravity settling, this means that the particles will tend to fall to the bottom of the vessel, forming a slurry at the vessel base. Settling is an important operation in many applications, such as mining, wastewater treatment, biological science, space propellantreignition,[1] and particle mechanics. ettleable solids are the particulates that settle out of a still fluid. Settleable solids can be quantified for a suspension using an Imhoff tank or cone. The solid-gas flow systems are present in many industrial applications, as dry, catalytic reactors, settling tanks, pneumatic conveying of solids, among others. Obviously, in industrial operations the drag rule isnt simple as a single sphere settling in a stationary fluid. However, this knowledge indicates how drag behaves in more complex systems, which are designed and studied by engineers applying empirical and more sophisticated tools. For example, Settling tanks are used for separating solids and/or oil from another liquid. In food processing, the vegetable is crushed and placed inside of a settling tank with water. The oil floats the top of the water then is collected. In water and waste water treatment a flocculant is often added prior to settling to form larger particles that settle out quickly in a settling tank leaving the water with a lower turbidity. In winemaking, the French term for this process is dbourbage. This step usually occurs in white wine production before the start of fermentation. The settleable solids test is the measurement of the volume of solids in one liter of sample that will settle to the bottom of an Imhoff cone during a specific time period. The test indicates the volume of solids removed by settling in sedimentation tanks, clarifiers or ponds. The settleable solids test indicates whether the primary and secondary processes are functioning properly.
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BTK 4401 Experiment 2 /Biological Oxygen Demand

Calculation No calculation is needed DEFINITION OF AMMONICA NITROGEN

Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), is a measure for the amount of ammonia, a toxic pollutant often found in landfill leachate[1] and in waste products, such as sewage, liquid manure and other liquid organic waste products[2]. It can also be used as a measure of the health of water in natural bodies such as rivers or lakes, or in man made water reservoirs[3]. The term is used widely in waste treatment and water purification systems. Ammonia can directly poison humans and upset the equilibrium of water systems. The ammoniacal nitrogen levels can be lowered using a sequencing batch reactor. The values of ammoniacal nitrogen in water or waste liquids are measured in milligram per liter and are used for specifying water treatment systems and facilities. The typical output of liquid manure from a dairy farm, after separation from the solids is 1600 mg NH3-N /L[4]. Sewage treatment plants, receiving lower values, typically remove 80% and more of input ammonia and reach NH3-N values of 250 mg/L or less[5]. The ammonium nitrogen value is also used in the context of properly designed landfill systems, where the leachate is being pumped to the surface and treated before it enters the ground water, testing the quality of the water exiting the treatment system. The term NH3-N removal is also commonly used in scientific publications as a short way to depict Ammonia in water, and not the measure of it's quantity[6]. Ammonium is an ionized form of ammonia. The chemical structure for ammonium is NH4+. The chemical structure for ammonia is NH3. Ammonia is highly soluble in water. Ammonium reacts with water (H2O) and forms the ionized form: NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHThe reaction is reversible. The hydroxide ion (OH-) plus NH4+ forms NH3 + H2O.
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BTK 4401 Experiment 2 /Biological Oxygen Demand

The percentage of ammonia increases with increasing alkalinity of dissolved ammonium in water. Ammonium ions are formed with increasing acidity of dissolved ammonia in water. Ammonia is toxic to fish and humans. The toxicity is decreased with lower alkalinity and increases with higher alkalinity as ammonia is converted to ammonium. [edit]Ammonia and mineral forms of Nitrogen

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE WHAT IS THE FORMULA USED TO CALCULATE

Objective To determine the amount of settleable solid and to determine Ammonica-Nitrogen concentration in both organic food waste and palm oil mill effluent Apparatus

imhoff cone

spectrophotometer 640 nm

Materials Mineral Stabilizer Nessler reagent

BTK 4401 Experiment 2 /Biological Oxygen Demand

Methodology

(i)

settleable solid The organic food waste and the palm oil mill effluent samples were diluted to appropriate dilution.

The samples then is filled in the imhoff cone and filled up with distilled water up to 1L and was mixed well

The samples then are allowed to settled for 1.5 hours

The volume of the settleable solid in the imhoff cone is read

(ii)

Ammonica-Nitrogen

The organic food waste and Palm Oil Mill Effluent is diluted with an appropriate dilution.

The samples was diluted in the 100ml volumetric flask,then 25ml of the sample is filed on 25 ml volumetric flask and one balnk consist 25 ml distilled water.

3 ml of mineral stabilizer is added to each sample and the blank.

The flask is inverted for several times to allow it to mixed well, then 1ml of nessler reagent is added.

BTK 4401 Experiment 2 /Biological Oxygen Demand

10ml from each samples is put in the 10ml cuvette and the absorbance is measured at 425nm using the spectrophotometer.

The data is recorded and calculated using the formula.

Results

POME Group Dilution factor Spectrophotometer Reading on Food waste (460nm) 1) group 1. Group 2 10000x 2 3 Averag e 5.8 5.8 x 10000x 58000 mg/L 20000x 2.3 2.3 x 20000x BOD5(mg/L)

46000 mg/L

Group 3

50000x

2.45

2.45 X 50000x

122500 mg/L Group 4 40000x 3.8 3.8 X 40000x

152000 mg/L

BTK 4401 Experiment 2 /Biological Oxygen Demand

Palm Oil Mill EffluentI (POME) Group Dilution factor Spectrophotometer Reading on POME(460nm) 1 group 1. Group 2 10000x 2 3 Averag e 5.8 5.8 x 10000x 58000 mg/L 20000x 2.3 2.3 x 20000x BOD5(mg/L)

46000 mg/L

Group 3

50000x

2.45

2.45 X 50000x

122500 mg/L Group 4 40000x 3.8 3.8 X 40000x

152000 mg/L

Conclusion References
1. Reid, George K. Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries (1961) Van Nostrand

Reinhold pp.317-320

BTK 4401 Experiment 2 /Biological Oxygen Demand

2. Clair N. Sawyer, Perry L. McCarty, Gene F. Parkin (2003). Chemistry for

Environmental Engineering and Science (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill3.

3. Alan

Scragg;

ENVIROMENTAL

BIOTECHNOLOGY

,SECOND

EDITION,

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS(2008).