Suggested solutions V2 FyBNVC05 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves - Sound

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In the multi-choice problems below just circle the correct answer (s) in the test paper. 1. The mass of harmonic oscillator of period 1.0 s is reduced to one fourth of its original m value, i.e. m2 = 1 . The period of the new harmonic oscillator is [2/0] 4 a) 0.5 s b) 1.0 s . c) 2.0 s d) 4.0 s Answer: Alternative b: T = 2

m2 T2 m T2 = , , = m1 T1 k T1

1 = 0.50 , 4

Tnew = 0.50 s

2.

A pendulum whose period on the earths surface on sea level is 1.0 s is installed in a satellite that orbits the earth in an orbit of radius r = 4.0 RE , where RE is the average radius of the Earth. The period of the pendulum in the satellite is [0/2] a) 0.25 s . b) 1.0 s c) 2.0 s d) 4.0 s e) 16.0 s Answer: Alternative d: TS = 4.0 s Suggested solution: Mm M 11 On the Earth: F = G 2 = m G 2 mg , G 6 . 67 10 R R Mm m M g g = G 2 m gS In the satellite: FS = G 2 16 (4.0 R ) 16 R 16
T = 2
// 2 // 2

N m / kg

L g L / gS L / gE gE = gS gE / = 16 = 4 T = 4 T S E gE / 16

TS = TE

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3.

Sound waves are slowest in a) solids. b) liquids. c) gases. d) vacuum.

[1/0]

Answer: Alternative d: Sound waves can not propagate in vacuum. In a relative vacuum, i.e., a very low pressure gas, its velocity is slowest. 4. The period of a simple harmonic oscillator does not depend upon its a) potential energy, E P . b) mass, m . c) force constant, k . d) amplitude, A . e) frequency, f . f) velocity, v . Answer: Alternatives a, d, and f.: T = 2 [2/0]

1 m L or T = 2 and f = g T k

The period and frequency of a harmonic oscillator are independent of the amplitude, energy, and velocity of the oscillation, . 5. A sound wave that has frequency higher than 20.0 kHz is a) supersonic b) ultrasonic waves. c) infrasonic. d) beats. Answer: Alternative b. Ultrasonic waves [1/0]

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6.

A 500.0 g block of wood is pressed against a horizontal spring of force constant 50.0 N / m . The spring is compressed 7.0 cm and then the block is released. The friction is negligible. The block leaves the spring at: a) 0.70 m / s . b) 3.5 m / s c) 70.0 m / s d)
35 m / s

e) 0.5 J f) 0.014 m / s Answer: Alternative a: v = 0.70 m / s Suggested solutions: Data: m = 500.0 g = 0.500 kg , k = 50.0 N / m , A = 7.0 cm = 0.070 m Conservation of energy requires that: E1 = E2 1 1 k A2 = m v 2 / / 2 2 k v 2 = A2 m k v= A m v= 7. 50 0.070 = 100 0.070 = 0.70 m / s 0.500 Answer:
v = 0.70 m / s

How long the block in the problem above, is in contact with the spring. a) 0.0025 s b) 0.25 s c) 2.5 s d) 0.05 s Answer: Alternative a: t in
contact

[0/2]

= 0.05 s

The block is in contact with the spring only for t = 0.25 T , i.e. one fourth of a period: m T = 2 k T = 2
t in
contact

0.5 5 = 2 = 0.2 s 50 500 = 0.25 T = 0.25 0.2 s = 0.05 s

t in

contact

= 0.05 s

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8.

Of the following procedures, which one (s) will lower the pitch of a guitar string? [2/0] a) Decrease string tension. b) Increase string tension. c) Shorten the string. d) Lengthen the string. e) Use a heavier string. f) Use a lighter string.

9.

v FT , 1 = 2 L , and f = . If the m/ L velocity of the wave is decreased the frequency will be reduced. This may be achieved, either by decreasing the tension (alternative a) or by using a heavier string (alternative e). The higher frequency also may be achieved by lengthening the wire which in turn increases the wavelength of the sound. If the air temperature in a room is increased, the fundamental frequency of the organ pipes [2/0] a) will be decreased.
Answer: Alternative a, d, and e: using v = b) will be increased. c) will not be effected. d) Be equal to the frequency of the second harmonics.

Suggested answer: Answer: Alternative b: According to v = 331 + 0.60 T m / s , velocity of sound is an increasing linear function of the temperature, and frequency of the wave is also proportional to the velocity of it in the medium. Since the change in the length of the pipe is minimal in the temperature range of interest, the fundamental wavelength of the sound is independent of the temperature. Therefore, the frequency of the sound increases (higher pitch) as a function v 331 + 0.60 T of the temperature: f 0 = = Hz . 4 L 0 Note that, the incremental increase in the length of the pipe due to its thermal expansion is negligible in the room temperature range. [2/0] 10. A sound wave whose frequency is 12 kHz a) is relatively long. b) is relatively short. c) is relatively fast. d) has a relatively short wavelength. e) has a relatively long wavelength. f) is relatively energetic. Answer: Alternative d: f = wavelength.
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11. A violin string vibrates at f = 294 Hz when unfingered. At what frequency will it vibrate if it is fingered one third of the way down from the end? Suggested solution: Data: Fundamental frequency or the first harmonics of the violin is : f1 = 294 Hz Answer: If the violin is fingered at one third of way down from the end, the violin string will vibrate at f 3 = 882 Hz , which is the frequency of the third harmonics:

f 3 = 3 f1 f 3 = 3 f1 = 3 294 = 882 Hz f 3 = 882 Hz This may be achieved also by using the fact that v v v v f = = = = 3 = 3 f1 2L 2L 1 2 L1 3 12. A string 120 cm long has a fundamental frequency of the musical note E above C of the frequency 330 Hz . What is the length of an identical string under the same tension whose fundamental frequency is that of the musical note C , i.e.: 262 Hz : a) 151 cm .
b) 95 cm c) 120 cm d) 110 cm Answer: Alternative a: LC = 151 cm L = 0 , v = f , v = f (2 L ) , v = 2 f L , v = 2 f E LE , v = 2 f C LC 2 330 f 120 = 151 cm f C LC = f E LE , LC = E LE , LC = 262 fC

LC = 151 cm

13. When you walk with a cup of coffee (diameter d = 8 cm ) at just the right pace of about one step per second, the coffee builds up its sloshing until eventually, after a few steps, it starts to spill over the top. What is the speed of the waves in the coffee? [1/1] Suggested solution: Data: d = 8 cm , f = 1 Hz Problems: v = ? Due to the pace of f = 1 Hz a fundamental or first harmonic is developed in the coffee cup, where the nodes are developed at the boundary of the cup-coffee and antinodes at the centre. Therefore, the wavelength of the wave developed in the coffee is related to the diameter of the cup as:

= d = 2d = 2 8 = 16 cm 2 v = f v = 16 1 = 16 cm / s Answer: The coffee wave in the coffee cup travels at v = 16 cm / s .

= 16 cm
v = 16 cm / s

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14. If the speed of sound is 340 m / s , what are the allowed frequencies and wavelengths for standing waves in a one end closed tube 75.0 cm long? [3/0] Suggested solution: Data: v = 340 m / s , L = 75.0 cm , f = ? = ?
Standing wave: Harmony 2m + 1 . One-end-closed pipe 2m + 1 th Harmonic

Harmony 2m + 1 . One-end-closed pipe of length L . Standing wave

f 2 m+1 = v

L = (2m + 1)

(2 m+1)
4

2 m +1

(2m + 1) v
4L v = (2m + 1) f1 4L

f (2 m+1) = (2m + 1) f1

f 2 m +1 = (2m + 1) L=

4 1 = 4 L 1 = 4 75.0 = 300 cm = 3.00 m Fundamental wavelength: 1 = 3.00 m [1/0] Fundamental frequency: v v 340 f1 = = = 113 Hz 1 4 L 3.00
L = (2n + 1)

(2 n +1)

4L 4 0.75 3.00 = m = (2n + 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 1) 3.00 [1/0] (2 n +1) = m (2n + 1) (2n + 1) v v = f 2 n +1 = 2 n+1 4L (2n + 1) th harmonics 340 [1/0] f 2 n +1 = (2n + 1) Hz 3.00

(2 n +1) =

4 15. Two pulses shown in the figure below are moving toward each other. Sketch the shape of the string at the moment directly overlap. a Sketch the shape of the string a few moments later. b

[0/2] [2/0]

Superposition of two waves 6 0 0 -6

x/m

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

-12 -18 -24

t/s

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Suggested solution:

Superposition of two transverse waves 6 0 0 -6

x/cm

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

-12 -18 -24

t/s

Superposition of two traveling transverse waves

6 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

-6
x/cm

-12 -18 -24

t/s

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16. At what displacement from the equilibrium is the energy of a simple harmonic oscillation half kinetic energy and half potential energy? [0/2] b) At what displacement from equilibrium is the speed half the maximum value? [0/2] Suggested solution: The total energy of a simple harmonic oscillation SHO is given by: 1 2 1 1 1 Etot = mvmax = kA2 = kx 2 + mv 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 a Problem x = ? where E KE = mv = kx = E PE 2 2 2 A 0.707 A from the equilibrium, the kinetic energy of the system is Answer: At x = 2 equal to the potential energy of the SHO. a)

1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Using: Etot = mvmax = kA2 = kx 2 + mv 2 and E KE = mv 2 = kx 2 = E PE 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / / Etot = kA2 = kx 2 + mv 2 = kx 2 + kx 2 = kx 2 kA 2 = kx 2 x = A 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

x=
b Problem x = ? where v = vmax Answer: At x =

2 A 0.707 A 2

3 A 0.866 A from the equilibrium, the speed of the system is equal to 2 the maximum speed of the SHO. 1 2 1 1 1 Using: Etot = mvmax = kA2 = kx 2 + mv 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 1 1 v 1 2 1 2 2 2 mvmax = kx 2 + m max mvmax = kx 2 + mvmax mvmax = kx 2 + mvmax / / / 2 2 2 2 4 4

1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 / / kx 2 = mvmax mvmax = mvmax = mvmax = kA2 = kA2 kx 2 = kA2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
x=

3 A 0.866 A 2

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17. A particular organ pipe can resonate at 264 Hz , 440 Hz , and 616 Hz , but not any other frequencies between 264 Hz and 616 Hz . a) Is this open or closed organ. Why? Motivate. [0/2] [0/4] b) What is the fundament frequency of this pipe? Suggested solution: Data: f n1 = 264 Hz f n = 440 Hz , and f n+1 = 616 Hz , Standing Wave: Both end open pipe L . Standing wave L= 1 Fundamental 1 First harmonic (Fundamental) 2
wavelength

Open end pipe

Fundamental wavelength

One-closed-end pipe Standing Wave m th harmonic.

Both-end-closed string

One-closed-end pipe of length L . v f1 = 4L Both-end-closed string of length L . Both-end-open pipe of length L . Harmony 2m + 1 . One-end-closed pipe of length L . Standing wave
f 2 m+1 = v =

L=

1
4

L=m

Open end pipe

Standing wave: Harmony 2m + 1 . Overtones One-end-closed pipe 2m + 1 th Harmonic Overtones

2 f m = mf1

L = (2m + 1)

(2 m+1)
4

(2m + 1) v
4L

2 m +1

f (2 m+1) = (2m + 1) f1

One-end-closed pipe f (2 m+1) = (2m + 1) f1 f 2 m+1 f 2 m1 = (2m + 1) f1 (2m 1) f1 = 2 f1 If the pipe is an open tube: f n+1 f n = 616 440 = 176 Hz

v = (2m + 1) f1 4L (Both) Open end pipe f m = mf1 f m+1 f m = (m + 1) f1 m f1 = f1

f 2 m +1 = (2m + 1)

f n f n 1 = 440 264 = 176 Hz

would require f n+1 f n = f1 = 176 Hz f f f 264 440 616 = 1.5 int eger ; n = = 2.5 int eger and n+1 = = 3.5 int eger , But n1 = 176 176 176 176 176 176 [0/2] that implies that the pipe is not an open tube. On the other hand, if the pipe is closed tube, as demonstrated above, the difference between two consequent overtones is f 2 m+1 f 2 m1 = 2 f1 . Therefore, it is expected that the fundamental frequency of the pipe to be f 2 m+1 f 2 m1 = 440 264 = 176 Hz = 2 f1 , which implies that 176 f1 = Hz = 88 Hz [0/2] 2 f Checking the requirement f (2 m+1) = (2m + 1) f1 or (2 m+1) = 2m + 1 = int eger : f1 f f 2 n1 264 f 440 616 = = 3 ; 2 n+1 = = 5 and 2 n+3 = = 7. 88 88 88 88 88 88 Therefore, the pipe is a closed tube with the fundamental frequency f1 = 88 Hz , and three consecutive overtones f 3 = 264 Hz , f 5 = 440 Hz , and f 7 = 616 Hz . [0/2]
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18. A balsa wood block of mass mBlock = 50 g floats on a lake, bobbing up and down at a frequency of f Block = 2.5 Hz a What is the value of the effective spring constant of water? [1/1] A partially filled water bottle of mass mbottle = 0.25 kg and almost the same size b and shape of the balsa block is tossed into the water. At what frequency would you expect the bottle to bob up and down? Assume simple harmonic oscillation. [1/1] Suggested solution: Data: mBlock = 50 g , f Block = 2.5 Hz , mbottle = 0.25 kg Problem: k = ? , f Bottle = ? a Answer: The effective spring constant of water is k 12 N / m .

k 4 2 m 1 1 k = 2 = 4 2 f 2 k = 4 2 m f 2 f = = m T k T 2 m 2 2 3 k = 4 50 10 (2.5) = 12.337 N / m k 12 N / m b Answer: The partially filled water of mass mbottle = 0.25 kg may oscillate at the rate of
Using T = 2

f Bottle 1.1 Hz .
T = 2 m 1 1 f = = k T 2 1 12.337 7.025 k = Hz 1.1 Hz f Bottle = 2 0.25 2 m

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19. An earthquake-produced surface wave can be approximated by a sinusoidal transverse wave. Assuming a frequency of f = 0.50 Hz (typical of earthquakes, which actually include a mixture of frequencies), what amplitude is needed so that objects begin to leave contact with the ground? [2/4/] Suggested solution: Suggested solution: Data: f = 0.50 Hz , x = A sin(2 t ) m x = A sin(2 0.50 t ) m Problem: A = ? At the top (antinodes) of the oscillation, where the vertical acceleration of the earthquake wave is maximum and downwards, we may express the second law of motion as: r r Fnet = ma mg FN = mamax FN = mg mamax where FN is the normal force which by definition FN 0 . If the object is airborne, i.e. no longer on the ground FN = mg mamax = 0 a max = g . Physically, if amax g , FN = 0 the object is airborne. In fact it is rather the ground that is receding faster and with a higher acceleration than the object, and as a result the object is airborne. On the other hand: x = A sin(2 0.50t ) m = A sin( t ) m

v = A cos( t ) m / s 2 a = A 2 sin( t ) m / s 2 amax = A 2 m / s 2 g Therefore: amax = A 2 m / s 2 g A 2 A 1 m

Answer: If the amplitude of the earthquake is larger or equal to 1 m, A 1 m , the object is airborne at the top of the oscillation. Second method: It is reasonable to approximate the earthquake as a simple harmonic oscillation, and therefore we may calculate the spring constant of the earthquake. The object starts to leave the surface of the earth if the Hooks force is larger than the weight of the object, i.e. mg kA > mg k > A Conservation of mechanical energy requires that: 1 2 1 E KEMAX = E PEMAX mvmax = kA2 / / 2 2 mg mg 2 2 2 2 A / vmax > gA Substitute the value of k > in mvmax = kA2 mvmax = k A2 > / A A x = A sin(2 0.50t ) m = A sin( t ) m v = A cos( t ) m / s vmax = A m / s Equations above yield: 2 vmax > gA g 9.8 g / / A2 2 > gA A 2 > g A > 2 = 2 1 m A > 2 1 m vmax = A Answer: the amplitude of the sinusoidal earthquakes waves at f = 0.50 Hz must at least be g A = 2 1 m in order that objects start leaving the conduct with the ground.

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20. a) Show that if the tension in a stretched string is changed by a small amount FT ,

b)

f [0/4/] By what percent must the tension in a piano string be increased or decreased to [0/2] raise the frequency from 438 Hz to 442 Hz ?
Does the formula in (a) apply to the overtones as well? Explain. [0/2]

1 F the frequency of the fundamental is changed by an amount f = T 2 FT

c)

Suggested solution: a) Answer: If the tension in a stretched string is changed by a small amount FT , the

1 F frequency of the fundamental is changed by an amount f = T f 2 FT

Wave on a string

[0/4/]

Frequency

The velocity of a wave v on a stretched string of mass m and length L under which is under tension FT . Number of oscillations per second.

v=

FT m/ L

f =

1 v = T

f = f =

1 FT L L 1 v 1 1 1 = = = FT = (FT ) 2 T m/ L m m

1 L (FT ) 2 m Differentiating the frequency, f , w.r.t. FT , and using the fact that if f (x ) = A x n then f ( x ) = A n x n 1 results in:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L L df L 1 = (FT ) 2 df = (FT )2 = (FT ) 2 dFT 2 2 m m dFT 2 m

If we divide both sides of the relationship by f =

1 L (FT )2 m

/ L 1 1 (FT ) / 2 m / df = dFT 1 f 1 / L (F ) 2 / m T /
1 2

1 df = dFT 2 FT f

Multiply both sides of the equation by f : df =

1 FT 1 dFT f f = 2 FT 2 FT

QED.

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b)

Answer: The tension in a piano string must be increased by

FT = 1.83% to raise the FT

[0/2]

frequency from 438 Hz to 442 Hz . FT =? Data: f i = 438 Hz , f f = 442 Hz , FT

f =

1 FT 2 FT

FT f = 2 FT f f f fi FT = 2 FT fi FT 442 438 = 2 = 0.0183 = 1.83% FT 438

c) Answer: The formula f =

1 FT 2 FT

f may not apply to the overtones.

This is the fact that, the formula was developed to relatively small changes in the tension. The difference in the overtones is too large to bridge just by decreasing or decreasing the tension by a small amount. [0/2]

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