which the reectivity of the structure is lower than 10 dB at normal incidence.

Similarly, broadband performance at oblique incidence is observed in Figure 6(b), and for operation over the angular range 0 40 , the common 10 dB reectivity bandwidth (TE/TM) of the FSS backed absorber is 71%, which compares favorably with the 43% value shown in Figure 2 for a conventional Salisbury screen [1].
4. CONCLUSIONS

This article has presented a technique, which exploits the spectral response of a resistively loaded spiral FSS to signicantly increase the reectivity bandwidth and reduce the angular sensitivity of a simple Salisbury screen absorber. An important outcome from this work is that it opens up the possibility of employing Salisbury screens for applications such as radar backscatter reduction from wind turbines and aerospace platforms which were not viable previously because of the trade-off between thickness and bandwidth [2].
REFERENCES 1. B.A. Munk, P. Munk, and J. Pryor, On designing Jaumann and circuit analog absorbers (CA absorbers) for oblique angle of incidence, IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag 55 (2007), 186193. 2. F.C. Seman, R. Cahill, and V. Fusco, Low prole Salisbury screen radar absorber with high impedance ground plane, Electron Lett 45 (2009), 1012. 3. F.C. Seman, R. Cahill, and V. Fusco, Performance enhancement of Salisbury Screen absorber using a resistively loaded high impedance ground plane, Proceedings of 4th European Conference on Antenna and Propagation (EUCAP 2010), Barcelona, Spain, 2010. 4. F.C Seman, R. Cahill, V. Fusco, and G. Goussetis, Design of Salisbury screen absorber using frequency selective surfaces to improve bandwidth and angular stability performance, IET Microw Antennas Propag 5 (2010), 149156. 5. P. Callaghan and E.A. Parker, Experimental investigation of closely packed spiral element FSS yields narrowband designs, In: Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP), New York, 1991, pp.636639. 6. A. Vallecchi and A. Schuchinsky, Entwined spirals for ultra compact wideband frequency selective surfaces, Proceedings of 4th European Conference on Antenna and Propagation (EUCAP 2010), Barcelona, Spain, 2010. 7. D.M. Pozar, S.D. Targonski, and H.D. Syrigos, Design of millimeter wave microstrip reectarrays, IEEE Trans Antennas and Propag 45 (1997), 287295. 8. Y shield EMR protection. Available at: www.yshield.com. 9. EeonyTexTM conductive textiles. Available at: www.eeonyx.com.
C V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

half adder/subtractor arithmetic can be formed by using the dark-bright soliton conversion control within the system. The input logic 0" and 1" are performed by using dark and bright soliton pulses, respectively. By using the dark-bright soliton conversion behavior with in the p/2 phase shift device (i.e., an optical coupler), the arithmetic unit can perform simultaneously at the drop- and through- ports, respectively. In application, the proposed concept can be recognized as a simple and exible scheme for performing the logic switching system, which can be C used for advanced logical system. V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:15411544, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26039 Key words: all optical adder/subtractor; optical arithmetic; photonic circuits; dark-bright soliton conversion

1. INTRODUCTION

Optical device has become the interesting tool that can be involved in various applications, for instance, E/O (electrical/optical) and O/E (optical/electrical) signal converters, optical signal processing, optical sensor, optical communication and medicine, etc. More interesting applications have been appeared, especially, when the device dimension has reached the micro/ nanoscale regime, in which many aspects of investigation become the challenge. In this article, we propose the new design of the electronic arithmetic and logic circuit for ultrahigh speed information processing, in which the optical signal in electrical domain can be formed by using the optical converter and anticipated to confront the speed and bandwidth limitation. In operation, a binary half adder/subtractor is the most importance operation of two digits because the half adder/subtractor can be used to implement a full adder/subtractor. However, many optical arithmetic and logic have been proposed, such as semiconductor optical amplier [13], quantum dot [4, 5], terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer-based interferometer device [6], cascaded microring resonators [7], and all-optical arithmetic unit [8, 9]. However, the searching of new techniques remains; therefore, in this article, we propose the simultaneous operation of half adder/subtractor arithmetic and logic gate based on darkbright soliton conversion behavior, in which the coincidence dark and bright soliton can be separated after propagating into coupler at p/2 phase shift device (an optical coupler). The proposed scheme is based on a 1 bit binary compared with the complex logic circuits, which can be compared with any 2 bits, when logic 0" and 1" using the dark and bright soliton, respectively.
2. DARK-BRIGHT SOLITON CONVERSION

ALL OPTICAL HALF ADDER/ SUBTRACTOR USING DARK-BRIGHT SOLITON CONVERSION CONTROL
P. Phongsanam,1 S. Mitatha,1 C. Teeka,2 and P. P. Yupapin2 1 Hybrid Computing Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand 2 Nanoscale Science and Engineering Research Alliance, Advanced Research Center for Photonics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; Corresponding author: p.phongsanam@gmail.com Received 21 September 2010 ABSTRACT: We propose a new design of all-optical circuit using microring and nanoring devices, in which the simultaneous operation of

In the operation, the dark-bright soliton conversion using a ring resonator optical channel dropping lter [10, 11] is composed of two sets of coupled waveguide, as shown in Figures 1(a) and 1(b), when for convenience, Figure 1(b) is replaced by Figure 1(a). The relative phase of the two output light signals after coupling into the optical coupler is p/2 before coupling into the ring and the input bus, respectively. This mean that the signals coupled into the drop- and through-ports are acquired a phase of p with respect to the input port signal. In application, if we performed the coupling coefcients appropriately, the eld coupled into the through port on resonance would completely extinguish the resonant wavelength, and all power would be coupled into the drop port. When the dark-bright conversion is show in Eqs. (1)(8). Era jj1 Ei s1 Erd ; (1)

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TABLE 1 Input X 0 0 1 1 Y 0 1 0 1

Truth Table of the Half Adder/Subtractor Half Adder Sum 0 1 1 0 Carry 0 0 0 1 Half Subtractor Difference 0 1 1 0 Borrow 0 1 0 0

Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a simultaneous optical logic device. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Erb expjxT=2 expaL=4Era ; Erc s2 Erb jj2 Ea ; Erd expjxT=2 expaL=4Erc ; Et s1 Ei jj1 Erd ; Ed s2 Ea jj2 Erb ;

frame moving at the group velocity T t b1z, where b1 and b2 are the coefcients of the linear and second-order terms of  2 Taylor expansion of the propagation constant. LD T0 jb2 j is the dispersion length of the soliton pulse. T0 in the equation is the initial soliton pulse width, where t is the soliton phase shift time, and the frequency shift of the soliton is x0. This solution describes a pulse that keeps its temporal width invariance as it propagates, and thus is called a temporal soliton. When a soliton peak intensity (b/CT2 ) is given, then T0 is known. For the soli0 ton pulse in the nanoring device, a balance should be achieved between the dispersion length (LD) and nonlinear length LNL 1=C/NL , where C n2k0, is the length scale over which dispersive or nonlinear effects make the beam become wider or narrower. For a soliton pulse, there is a balance between dispersion and nonlinear lengths, hence LD LNL.
3. A SIMULTANEOUS ARITHMETIC OPERATION

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) In operation, the binary arithmetic is performed by the same decimal arithmetic way, which is presented by the logic gate operation. In the design, for simplicity, the multiple input ports are required to form the device functions, where rst of all, the required half adder/subtractor truth table is given and shown in Table 1. For the half adder/subtractor with two binary inputs, the simplied Boolean equation is obtained, in which the sum of product for each output is given by Eqs. (11)(14) for half adder and half subtractor, respectively. The simplied output of sum and difference can be also implemented with XOR gate as shown in Figure 2, in which the addition and subtraction operations can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder.   Sum XY XY Carry XY   Difference XY XY  Borrow XY (8) An all-optical half adder/subtractor system is as shown in Figure 1(c). When the input and control light pulse trains are input into the rst add/drop optical lter (MRR1), in which the (11) (12) (13) (14)

where Ei is the input field, Ea is the added (control) field, Et is the throughput field, Ed is the dropped field, EraErd are the fields in the ring at the point ad, j1 is the field coupling coefficient between the input and the ring, d, j1 is the field coupling coefficient between the ring and the output bus, L is the circumference of the ring (2pR), T is the time taken for one round trip, T Lneff/c, and a is the power loss in the ring length. q per unit We assume that lossless coupling, i.e., s1;2 1 j2 and the 1;2 output power/intensities at the drop- and through-port are given by   j1 j2 A1=2 U1=2 s2 s1 AU 2  Ei Ea  : jE d j  1 s1 s2 AU  1 s1 s2 AU    s2 s1 AU j1 j2 A1=2 U1=2 2 Ei Ea  : jE t j2   1 s s AU 1 s1 s2 AU 1 2
2

(7)

Where A1=2 expaL=4 (the half-round-trip amplitude), A A2 , U1=2 expjxT=2 (the half-round-trip phase contri1=2 bution), and U U2 . The input and control elds at the input 1=2 and add ports are formed by the dark-bright optical soliton [12, 13] as shown in Eqs. (9) and (10).      T z Ein t A0 sec h exp ix0 t T0 2LD      T z Ein t A0 tan h exp ix0 t T0 2LD (9) (10)

Where A and z are optical eld amplitude and propagation distance, respectively. T is soliton pulse propagation time in a

Figure 2 (a) A half adder and (b) a half subtractor. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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Figure 3 Simulation results of the output logic gates when the input logic states are (a) DD, (b) DB, (c) BD and (d) BB, respectively. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

dark soliton (logic 0) or the bright soliton (logic 1) is formed the within the device, rst, the dark soliton is converted to be dark and bright soliton via the add/drop optical lter [14], which they can be seen at the through- and drop-ports with p phase shift [15], and then it can form inverter gate (NOT gate), respectively. By using the add/drop optical lter (MRR2 and MRR3), both input signal are generated by the rst stage add/drop optical lter. In the next procedure, the input data Y with logic 0 (dark soliton) and logic 1 (bright soliton) are added into both add ports, the dark-bright soliton conversion, in which the p phase shift is operated again. For large scale [Fig. 1(c)], results obtained are simultaneously seen by D2, D3, T2, and T3 at the drop- and through-ports for optical logic operation. In Figure 1(c), the optical logic operation using dark-bright soliton conversion behavior can be described as following. When the optical pulse train X, Y is fed into MRR2 by the input and add ports, respectively, the optical pulse trains that appear  at the through- and drop-ports of MRR2 will be X:Y and X.Y, respectively, whereas the aforementioned assumption is provided. Here, the symbol represents the logic operation AND. Similarly, when the optical pulse train X, Y is fed into MRR3 by the input- and add-ports, respectively, the optical pulse trains  that appear at the through- and drop-ports of MRR3 will be X:Y  and X:Y, respectively. To generate the all-optical half adder/subtractor, it can be easily done by using beam splitters (BS) or beam combiner. The BS to be used here are not polarizing, and reect (and transmit) 50% of the light that is incident. In simulation, the add/drop optical lter parameters are used and are xed to be js 0.5, Rad 1.5 lm [16], Aeff 0.25 lm2, and a 0.05 dB mm1 for all add/drop optical lters in the system. Results of the simultaneous optical logic XOR and XNOR logic gate are generated by using the dark-bright soliton conversion with wavelength center at k0 1.50lm pulse width 35 fs and the input data logic 0 (dark soliton) and logic 1

(bright soliton). In Figure 3, the simultaneous output optical logic gate is seen. Case 1: When the simultaneous output logic gate input data logic 00 is added, the obtained output optical logic is 0001 [Fig.3 (a)]. Case 2: When the simultaneous output logic gate input data logic 01 is added, the output optical logic 0010 is formed [Fig. 3(b)]. Case 3: When the simultaneous output logic gate input is 10 added, the output optical logic 1000 if formed [Fig. 3(c)]. Case 4: When the simultaneous output logic gate input data logic 11 is added, we found the output optical logic 0100 is obtained [Fig 3(d)]. The simultaneous all-optical half adder/subtractor and logic is concluded in Table 2. We found that the output logic in the drop port, D2, D3 are optical logic XNOR gate, whereas the output logic in the through ports, T2 and T3 are optical logic XOR gates, where the simultaneously logic gate operations can be formed for half adder/subtractor arithmetic, respectively.

TABLE 2

Conclusion Output of the Optical Logic Gate (T2) (T3) D B D D (D3) B D D D Sum/Difference (XOR) XNOR B D D B

X D D B B

Y D B D B

 X:Y
D D B D

(D2) X.Y D D D B

 X:Y

 X:Y

  X:Y X:Y
D B B D

 X:Y X:Y

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4. CONCLUSION

We have shown that the simultaneous logic gate operation between half adder and subtractor can be formed by using the dark-bright soliton conversion system via the add/drop optical lter, which is formed by all-optical circuit using microring and nanoring device structures, in which the advantage of the simultaneous logic gate operation between the half adder and subtractor arithmetic are seen. By using the dark-bright soliton conversion system, the input data logic 0 (dark soliton) and logic 1 (bright soliton) is established, in which the logic status results simultaneously at the drop- and through-ports, respectively. In application, this device will be the great component to use for digital photonic circuit design and recognized as the simple and exible system for logic switching system, which can be extended and implemented for any higher number of input digits by a proper incorporation of dark-bright soliton conversion control base optical switches.
REFERENCES 1. J. Cong, X. Zhang, and D. Huang, A propose for two-input arbitrary Boolean logic gates using single semiconductor optical amplier by picosecond pulse injection, Opt Exp 17 (2009), 77257730. 2. S.H. Kim, J.H. Kim, B.G. Yu, Y.T. Byun, Y.M. Jeon, S.Lee, and D.H. Woo, All-optical NAND gate using cross-gain modulation in semiconductor optical ampliers, Electronic Lett 41 (2005), 10271028. 3. J. Hun, Y.M. John, Y.T. Byun, S. Lee, D.H. Woo, and S.H. Kim, All-optical XOR gate using semiconductor optical ampliers without additional input beam, IEEE Photon Tech Lett 14 (2002), 14361438. 4. S. Ma, Z. Chen, H. Sun, and K. Dutta, High speed all optical logic gates based on quantum dot semiconductor optical ampliers, Opt Exp 18 (2010), 64176422. 5. T. Kawazoe, K. Kobayashi, K. Akahane, M. Naruse, N. Yamamoto, and M. Ohtsu, Demonstration of nanophotonic NOT gate using near-eld optically coupled quantum dot, Appl Phys B 84 (2006), 243246. 6. J.N. Roy and D.K. Gayen, Integrated all-optical logic and arithemetic operation with the help of a TOAD-based interferometer device-alternative approach, Appl Opt 46 (2007), 53045310. 7. L. Zhang, R. Ji, L. Jia, L. Yang, P. Zhou, Y. Tiam, P. Chen, and Y. Lu, Demonstration of directed XOR/XNOR logic gates using two cascaded microring resonators, Opt Lett 35 (2010), 16201622. 8. D.K. Gayen and J.N. Roy, All-optical arithmetic unit with the help of terahertz-optical-asymmetric-demultiplexer-based tree architecture, Appl Opt 47 (2008), 933943. 9. J.N. Roya, A.K. Maitib, D. Samantac, and S. Mukhopadhyayc, Tree-net architecture for integrated all-optical arithmetic operations and data comparison scheme with optical nonlinear material, Opt Switch Netw 4 (2007), 231237. 10. P.P. Absil, J.V. Hryniewicz, B.E. Little, F.G. Johnson, and P.-T. Ho, Vertically coupled microring resonators using polymer wafer bonding, IEEE Photon Technol Lett 13 (2001), 4951. 11. R. Grover, P.P. Absil, V. Van, J.V. Hryniewicz, B.E. Little, O.S. King, L.C. Calhoun, F.G. Johnson, and P.-T. Ho, Vertically coupled GaInAsP-InP microring resonators, Opt Lett 26 (2001), 506508. 12. S. Mitatha, N. Pornsuwancharoen, and P.P. Yupapin, A simultaneous short-wave and millimeter-wave generation using a soliton pulse with in a nano-waveguide, IEEE Photon Technol Lett 13 (2009), 932934. 13. V. Van, T.A. Ibrahim, P.P. Absil, F.G. Johnson, and R. Grover, Optical signal processing using nonlinear semiconductor micro ring resonators, IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 8 (2002), 705713. 14. S. Mitatha, N. Chaiyasoonthorn, and P.P. Yupapin, Dark-bright optical solitons conversion via an optical add/drop lter, Microw Opt Technol Lett 51 (2009), 21042107.

15. S. Mookherjea and M.A. Schneider, The nonlinear microring adddrop lter, Opt Exp 16 (2008), 1513015136. 16. Q. Xu, D. Fattal, and R.G. Beausoleil, Silicon microring resonators with 1.5-lm radius, Opt Exp 16 (2008), 43094315.
C V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A HIGH DUTY FACTOR 35-GHz PULSE COMPRESSION WEATHER RADAR AND RAINFALL OBSERVATION
Hoon Lee and Yong-Hoon Kim School of Information and Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500712, Republic of Korea; Corresponding author: yhkim@gist.ac.kr Received 29 September 2010 ABSTRACT: A new millimeter wavelength vertical weather radar system has been developed. It uses pulse compression technique and has the characteristics of more than half of duty factor with 5 W solid-state power amplier. Nonlinear FM waveforms based on Blackmanharris function at transmitter are generated for range sidelobe suppression. We successfully obtained equivalent radar reectivity and Doppler mean velocity and these were compared with MRR at moderate rain events for C the system verication. V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:15441547, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26026 Key words: weather radar; millimeter wave radar; pulse compression; nonlinear waveform

1. INTRODUCTION

Out of many meteorological sensors, radar has a signicant role especially in a short-term prediction and for the warnings of hazardous weather. Current operational weather radars are mostly Sor C-band, bulky, high power, long range, pulse radars. These cannot be effective for the network extension in surroundings with much terrain blockages like the mountainous area. There are researches to supplement or substitute such long range radar networks with short-wavelength distributed networks of small radar systems via groups such as CASA [1]. Meanwhile, there are researches to use a pulse compression technique in weather radar to get a ner range resolution with a lower peak power. For a given resolution, as opposed to pulse radar, it is estimated to provide increased sensitivity, possibility of lower measurement error and higher scan speeds [2]. Although FMCW radars have been used for certain application, linearity is critical for the range accuracy, but for pulse compression modulation is not limited to linear chirp. We started to base our research on two streams above. We developed a test-bed and performed initial experiments [3]. In this article, detailed description of our radar structure is stated and new experimental results are presented. For nonlinear waveform generation in the transmitter BlackmanHarris window function is selected. We observed moderate rainfall and estimated equivalent reectivity and mean velocity. They were compared with the data by Micro Rain Radar (MRR) which is vertically pointing 24-GHz FMCW radar [4].
2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

A block diagram of the developed Ka-band radar is shown in Figure 1. This radar system consists of a waveform generator, a transmitter, two antennas, a receiver, two local oscillators, data

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