Chapter 3 Packet

The Biosphere

Vocabulary Review 1. 2. 3. 4. Chemosynthesis Consumer Ecosystem Evaporation 5. 6. 7. 8. Species Decomposer Photosynthesis Population

Nutrient a chemical substance that an organism needs to survive

Section 3-1 What is Ecology? 1. It is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. 2. It contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water, and atmosphere. 3. They ask those questions to understand relationships within the biosphere.

Section 3-1 What is Ecology?

Level Species Definition A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Population

Community An assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area Ecosystem A collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their physical environment Biome A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities

Section 3-1 What is Ecology? 5. The highest level is the entire biosphere itself. 6.
a. Observing b. Experimenting c. Modeling

7. An ecologist might do that to imitate and manipulate conditions that organisms would encounter in the natural world.

Section 3-1 What is Ecology? 8. They occur over long periods of time or on such large spatial scales. 9. They make models to gain insight into complex phenomena. 10. True

Section 3-2 Energy Flow 1. At the core is its need for energy to power lifes processes. 2. Such organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds. 3. They are organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food. 4. They make their own food.

Section 3-2 Energy Flow 5. They use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starch. 6.
a. Land: Plants b. Upper layers of ocean: Algae c. Tidal flats and salt marshes: Photosynthetic bacteria

Section 3-2 Energy Flow 7. It is the process by which organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates. 8. They live in remote places, such as volcanic vents on the deep-ocean floor and hot springs in Yellowstone Park. They also live in more common places, such as tidal marshes along the coast.

Section 3-2 Energy Flow 9. Heterotrophs are also called consumers. 10. Plant and animal remains and other dead matter are collectively called detritus.

Section 3-2 Energy Flow

Type Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Detritivore Definition Heterotroph that obtains energy by eating only Examples Cows, rabbits plants

Heterotroph that eats animals Snakes, dogs, owls Heterotroph that eats both Humans, bears, plants and animals crow Heterotroph that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter Heterotroph that breaks down organic matter Mites, earthworms, snails, crabs Bacteria, fungi

Decomposer

Section 3-2 Energy Flow 12. It flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic chemicals to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers).

Section 3-2 Energy Flow

Relationship Description

Food Chain

Food Web

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten A network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Section 3-2 Energy Flow 14. It links together all the food chains in an ecosystem. 15. It is a step in a food chain or a food web. 16. Producers 17. It depends on the trophic level below it.

Section 3-2 Energy Flow 18. It is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web. 19. That is because organisms use much of the energy that they consume for life processes.

Section 3-2 Energy Flow

.1% 1% 10%
Light or chemical energy

Section 3-2 Energy Flow 21. It is the total amount of living tissue within a trophic level. 22. It represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem. 23. It shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. 24. That is because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below.

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter 1. The four are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. 2. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. 3. Matter moves through an ecosystem in biogeochemical cycles. 4. They connect biological, geological, and chemical aspects of the biosphere.

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter 5. Water can enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of transpiration. 6. A, B, C 7. They are all the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life. 8.
a. Carbon cycle b. Nitrogen cycle c. Phosphorus cycle

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter 9. Why is carbon especially important to living systems? It is a key ingredient of living tissue. 10.
a. As carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere b. As dissolved carbon dioxide in the oceans c. As coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock found underground

11. Photosynthesis 12. They require it to make amino acids, which in turn are used to build proteins.

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter

Kind Examples

Biological processes Geochemical processes Mixed biogeochemical processes Human activity

Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition Release of CO2 to the atmosphere by volcanoes Burial of carbon-rich remains of organisms and their conversion to fossil fuels Mining, burning fossil fuels, cutting and burning forests

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter 14. The atmosphere is the main reservoir. 15. It is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia. 16. It is the process by which some soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas. 17. The process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again. 18. A and B

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter 19. It forms part of important life-sustaining molecules such as DNA and RNA. 20. It is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers. 21. It will limit an organisms growth.

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter 22. It is called that when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly. 23. Nitrogen 24. Phosphorus

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter 25. The result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers, which is called a bloom. 26. They occur because when there are more nutrients available, the producers can grow and reproduce more quickly.

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter The process by which organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates is chemosynthesis. A collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their physical environment, is a(an) ecosystem. A chemical substance that an organism requires to live is a(an) nutrient. Autotrophs, which make their own food, are also called . A group of ecosystems that have the same

Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter Autotrophs, which make their own food, are also called producers. A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities is a(an) biome. A process in which elements, chemical compounds, or other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and biogeochemical cycle.