Lesson 9: Linear Kinetics: Linear Impulse Momentum Applications

Assignment Read Chapter 5. Complete the review questions. Take the quiz for Lesson 9. Objectives Define horizontal impulse-momentum. Define vertical impulse-momentum. Define braking and propulsion impulse. Solve impulse-momentum problems. Impulse Momentum Relationship Impulse can be computed either by measuring the force and the time of force application, or by measuring the change in velocity before and after the force is applied and computing the change in momentum. Average Force times Time = Change in Linear Momentum ( )

The Area under the Force Time Curve = Change in Linear Momentum The two equations above are general equations for computing impulse. They do not differentiate between horizontal and vertical impulse. In this lesson we will differentiate between horizontal and vertical impulse and then apply the above equations to data sets on running, walking and the jumping. Horizontal Force and Horizontal Impulse in Running Braking Impulse The figure below shows horizontal force and horizontal velocity for a runner during ground contact. In addition, the free-body diagram is shown for three phases of the motion: heel-strike, mid-stance and toe-off. Begin by examining the horizontal force from t = 0 to t = .112 s, notice that the force is negative. In the FBD for heel-strike the horizontal force (Rx) is shown as negative. Since this force is opposing the runners motion it will cause the runner to decelerate, also notice that the Rx force causes the runners center of mass to have a negative horizontal acceleration (ax). In biomechanics, it is customary to refer to the impulse caused by this force which opposes motion as a braking impulse. The result of this braking impulse is to decrease the horizontal velocity of the runners center of mass from Vx = 3.0 m/s at heel-strike to Vx = 2.79 m/s at mid-stance. A propulsion impulse is defined as an impulse where the direction of the impulse is the same as the direction of motion. In the horizontal force graph below the

force Rx is positive from t = .113 to t = .235 s, the propulsion impulse from this positive force causes the runners horizontal velocity to increase from mid-stance to toe-off. Example: Use the average force and area under the curve impulse-momentum formulas to compute the Vxf for the runner below. Average Force times Time = Change in Linear Momentum ( )

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The Area under the Force Time Curve = Change in Linear Momentum

After experiencing the braking impulse the runners center of mass has slowed down to 2.79 m/s. Next we will now compute the impulse for the propulsion phase.

Propulsion Impulse The propulsion phase begins at mid-stance at t = .113 s. At the start of propulsion the horizontal velocity is 2.79 m/s, so the final velocity from the previous step (braking phase) becomes the initial velocity for propulsion. Average Force times Time = Change in Linear Momentum ( )

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The Area under the Force Time Curve = Change in Linear Momentum

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Vertical Force and Vertical Impulse in Running When computing vertical impulse it is necessary to account for the vertical impulse caused by the force of gravity. The figure below shows the free-body diagram for a runner. Substituting the kinematic formula for vertical velocity into Newtons second law of motion gives the vertical impulse-momentum equation. Similar to the general equation for impulse-momentum, vertical impulse-momentum can be computed using either the average vertical force or integrating to get the area under the vertical forcetime curve. {IM-App-1.gif}

The figure below shows vertical force and vertical velocity for a runner during ground contact. In addition, the free-body diagram is shown for three phases of the motion: heel-strike, mid-stance and toe-off. The vertical force (Ry) is positive throughout ground contact. At heel-strike the vertical velocity of the center of mass (Vy) is negative. Since the force Ry is opposing the runners motion it will cause the vertical velocity of the runners center of mass to change to change from negative (Vyi = .6 m/s) at heel-strike to positive (Vyf = .48 m/s) at toe-off. Example: Use the average force and area under the curve impulse-momentum formulas to compute the Vyf for the runner below. Average Force times Time = Change in Linear Momentum ( ( ( ) ) ) ( ) ( )

The Area under the Force Time Curve = Change in Linear Momentum

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Horizontal Force and Horizontal Impulse in Walking The horizontal force and horizontal velocity for walking are shown in the figure below. Horizontal force in walking typically begins with a brief propulsion phase, following by braking and propulsion. Example: Use the average force and formula to compute the horizontal velocity (Vx) for each phase of the horizontal force curve for the walking curve below.

Average Force times Time = Change in Linear Momentum First Propulsion Phase ( )

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Braking Phase ( )

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Second Propulsion Phase ( )

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Vertical Force and Vertical Impulse in Walking The figure below shows vertical force and vertical velocity for a walker during ground contact. In addition, the free-body diagram is shown for three phases of the motion: heel-strike, mid-stance and toe-off. The vertical force (Ry) is positive throughout ground contact. At heel-strike the vertical velocity of the center of mass (Vy) is negative. Since the force Ry is opposing the walkers motion it will cause the vertical velocity of the walkers center of mass to change to change from negative (Vyi = .18 m/s) at heel-strike to positive (Vyf = .13 m/s) at toe-off. Example: Use the area under the curve impulse-momentum formula to compute the Vyf for the walker below. The Area under the Force Time Curve = Change in Linear Momentum

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Impulse Momentum in the Vertical Jump The vertical force and vertical velocity for a vertical jump are shown in the figure below. At the start of the jump the vertical velocity Vy = 0 m/s. At approximately 0.26 s the vertical velocity attains the greatest downward value of 0.8 m/s. The jumper stops moving downward at t = .42 s and finally at takeoff the vertical velocity is 2.06 m/s. Use the area under the force time formula to compute the vertical velocity at takeoff as follows.

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The red dashed line and red circles on the graph below shows the point in the motion when the jumper is moving downward the fastest, at this point the jumpers center of mass has a vertical velocity of 0.8 m/s and the vertical force is equal to the jumpers body weight. The blue dashed line and blue circles on the velocity and force curves indicate the point in the motion when the jumper has stopped moving down and is about to begin moving upward. From the perspective of muscle mechanics this point is then end of the eccentric loading of the knee extensors and the hip extensors. {IM-App-5.gif}

Relationship between Force and Acceleration Remember from Newtons second law of motion that acceleration is directly related to force and that acceleration occurs in the direction of the net force. The shape of the acceleration curve is ALWAYS the same as the shape of the force curve. If you divide the force curve by mass then you have an acceleration curve. For a vertical force you must subtract the weight of the object/person before dividing by mass. The graph below shows the direct relationship between force and acceleration for a vertical jump. {IM-App-5a.gif}

Speed Up Slowing Down and Constant Velocity Run/Walk Curves The graph below shows typical horizontal force curves with braking and propulsion impulses and the change in horizontal velocity for: speeding up, constant velocity and slowing down. When running or walking at a constant velocity the area of braking is equal to the area of propulsion. According to the impulse momentum relationship the change in horizontal velocity will be zero or close to zero. When speeding up (accelerating) during walking or running the area of propulsion will be greater than the area of braking and the change in velocity will be a positive number. Finally when slowing down (decelerating) the area of braking will be greater than the area of propulsion and the change in horizontal velocity will be negative.

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Comparison between Horizontal and Vertical Force for Walking and Running The figure below shows both horizontal and horizontal forces for walking and running. The magnitude of the forces for running is greater than the magnitude for walking. The time of ground contact is much longer for walking than running.

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Computing Acceleration and Velocity in Excel from a Force Curve Download the Excel File: Lesson 9 walk Practice.xls When you first open up the file it should look like the figure below. Follow the instructions below to compute ax, ay, vx, vy and impulses. {IM-Excel-0-a.png}

Horizontal Acceleration To compute ax enter the following equation in cell D2 and copy it down the rest of the column to row 757, where the data end.

=B2/$L$2 The equation above is derived as follows. {IM-App-8.gif}

Vertical Acceleration To compute ax enter the following equation in cell E2 and copy it down the rest of the column to row 757, where the data end. =(C2+($L$2*-9.8))/$L$2 The equation above is derived as follows. {IM-App-9.gif}

Horizontal Velocity To compute ax enter the following equation in cell F3 and copy it down the rest of the column to row 757, where the data end. =((B3*0.001)+($L$2*F2))/$L$2 The equation above is derived as follows. {IM-App-10.gif}

Vertical Velocity To compute ax enter the following equation in cell G3 and copy it down the rest of the column to row 757, where the data end. = (((C3 + ($L$2*-9.8))*0.001) + ($L$2*G2)) / $L$2 The equation above is derived as follows. {IM-App-11.gif}

Computing Impulses in Excel The figure below shows the horizontal force curve and the Horizontal Impulse-Momentum section of the Excel spreadsheet. After making a graph of horizontal force, you must enter the start and end row numbers where the force curve CROSSES the Y = 0 AXIS. These row numbers should be placed in columns M and N. The graph below show the corresponding rows where the force curve crosses the Y = 0 axis. {IM-Excel-0.png}

To find these row numbers look in Column B. As shown in the figure below the force is negative from rows 2 8 and row 9 is the start of the positive phase. Enter 2 in cell M6 and 8 in cell N6 to indicate the

start and end of the first negative phase. Then scroll down to find the end of the positive phase that begins in row 9. {IM-Excel-1.png}

Enter 9 in cell M7 and 51 in cell N7 to indicate the start and end of the first positive phase. Then scroll down to find the end of the negative phase that begins in row 52. {IM-Excel-2.png}

Enter 52 in cell M8 and 455 in cell N8 to indicate the start and end of the first negative phase. Then scroll down to find the end of the positive phase that begins in row 456. {IM-Excel-3.png}

Finally, enter 456 in cell M9 and 757 in cell N9 to indicate the start and end of the first negative phase. Then scroll down to find the end of the positive phase that begins in row 9. {IM-Excel-4.png}

When you have completed your work you can compare the results to the completed file. Lesson 9 walk.xls

The horizontal and vertical impulse-momentum variable sections are designed to automatically compute impulses using both the change in momentum and the average force times dt. Once you enter the start and end rows, it computes the velocity for the start and endpoints, the time between the two points, the average force and the impulse using both methods. The horizontal and vertical impulse sections are programmed to compute the impulse variables for up to 8 different regions on a curve. {IM-Excel-5.png}