Li ni u

Hnh hc l mt trong nhng ngnh c lch s lu i nht. Hnh hc bt

ngun t chnh thc tin ca con ngi v tng bc hon thin v pht
trin theo thi gian tr thnh mt mn khoa hc suy din v tru tng.
Nh ton hc ngi c Christian Felix Klein l ngi u tin a ra
cch phn loi hnh hc theo nhm cc bin i trong n. Da vo cch
phn loi ny th hnh hc cao cp gm c hnh hc x nh, hnh hc affine,
hnh hc Euclid. S lng khi nim v nh l khng nhiu, nhng qua
hnh hc affine chng ta c th suy ra c cc khi nim v nh l ca
hnh hc s cp v gii bi ton hnh hc phng mt cch tng qut.
Sau y em xin gii thiu v php bin i affine. M in hnh l php
thu x.
MC LC
I ) nh ngha
II) Biu thc ta ca php thu x
III)Tnh cht ca php thu x
IV) Mnh
V) Phn loi cc php thu x
VI) Cc dng nh ca mt im qua php thu x
VII) Cc php thu x trong khng gian affine A
2
v A
3
:
VII Cc php bin i affine sinh ra bi cc php thu x :
VII. Bi tp:
1
B
I.)nh ngha:
1.) im bt ng
im M c gi l im bt ng ca php affine f: A A nu f(M) = M.
Theo h qu ca nh l v s xc nh php affine ta suy ra: Php affine l php
ng nht khi v ch khi n c ba im bt ng khng thng hng.
Ta thy rng: Nu php affine f c hai im bt ng phn bit A, B th mi im
nm trn ng thng AB u l im bt ng.
2)nh ngha php thu x :
Trong khng gian affine A cho phng v khng gian vct con (khc {0}),
ca A tha mn A = . Cho l mt s thc khc 0.
Xt nh x f : A A bin M A thnh f (M) xc nh bi t
M
1
= <M , > v f (M) l im tha mn :
M
1
f(M) = M
1
M .
Ta gi f l php thu x vi c s c phng v h s .
Php thu x vi c s c phng v h s = -1 c gi l php i
xng xin theo phng qua phng .
II.Biu thc ta ca php thu x
Gi s cho php thu x f c trc l ng thng d v hai im tng ng l A v
A = f(A), (A khng thuc d). Chn trn d hai im phn bit O v B, t =
= , ta c mc tiu affine . Gi s i vi mc tiu vect c ta = (a,
b), B(1,0), A(0,1), B(1,0), A(a,b)
Khi : f(O) = O = (0,0),
= = = (1, 0), = = = (a, b)
Vy i vi mc tiu , php thu x affine c biu thc ta nh sau:
2
O
A d
x A
Ch rng b 0, v A khng thuc d.
Nu a = 0, b = 1, php thu x l php ng nht
III)Tnh cht ca php thu x
Gi s cho php thu x affine f khng phi l php ng nht
1.Phng thu x
Nu im M v nh M = f(M) khng trng nhau th ng thng MM lun c
phng c nh.
Phng ca cc ng thng gi l phng thu x.
Tht vy, gi s M = (x, y), th M = (x + ay, by).
Khi = (ay, (b - 1)y) = y(a, b - 1). Vy, MM c phng xc nh bi vect
(a; b - 1).
2. Trc thu x
Hai ng thng tng ng m v m = f(m) hoc cng song song vi phng
thu x, hoc ct nhau ti mt im nm trn trc thu x d.
Tht vy: Trng hp ng thng m song song vi trc thu x d th nh m
song song vi d, v d trng vi d, nn m cng song song vi d.
Trng hp ng thng m ct trc thu x d ti im I th m ct d (tc d) ti
I = f(I) = I. Vy m v m ct nhau ti im I trn trc thu x d
3 .T s thu x
Nu M khng phi l im bt ng v ng thng MM ct d ti im M
0
th
(M, M, M
0
) = k, trong k l mt s khng i khc 0 v khng ph thuc M. S
k gi l t s thu x.
Chng minh:
Nu M = (x, y) th chn mc tiu affine nh trn ta c M = (x + ay, by).
im M
0
nm trn d nn M
0
= (x
0
, O). Ta c M, M, M
0
thng hng v (M, M,
M
0
) = k, tc = k , hay ta c: x + ay - x
0
= k(x - x
0
) v by = ky.
V M khng thuc d nn y 0 v do k = b khng ph thuc vo im M.
3
IV) Mnh :
Php thu x vi c s c phng v h s l mt php affinee trn A lin
kt vi nh x tuyn tnh f = p
1
+ p
2
trong p
1
v p
2
ln lt l cc php chiu
t tng trc tip A = ln thnh phn th nht v thnh phn th hai
Chng minh :
Vi mi (M, N A ) , f(M)f(N) = f(M)M
1
+ M
1
N
1
+ N
1
f(N)
= MM
1
+ M
1
N
1
+ N
1
N
= (M
1
N
1
) + (MM
1
+ N
1
N)
Mt khc, ta li c MN = M
1
N
1
+ (MM
1
+ N
1
N)
V M
1
N
1
, (MM
1
+NN
1
)
Nn ta c M
1
N
1
= P
1
(MN) v (MM
1
+ N
1
N) = P
2
(MN).
Vy f(M)f(N) = (p
1
+ p
2
)(MN)
V)Phn loi cc php thu x:
1)Php thu x n:
a)nh ngha :
- Php bin i affine c gi l php thu x n nu c mt siu phng
m mi m ca n u l im bt ng.
- Siu phng c gi l c s nn hay nn thu x.
- Nhn xt rng php ng nht l mt trng hp c bit ca php thu x
n, lc siu phng bt k no ca A u l c s nn ca php thu x.
b) nh l:
N
1
M
N
f (N)
f (M)
4
M
1
Nu f l mt thu x n khc php ng nht th c duy nht mt im bt
ng O sao cho mi ng thng qua O u bin thnh chnh n ( bt bin )
nhng ni chung khng bt ng ( tc l mt im bt k ca ng thng c th
bin thnh mt im khc cng thuc ng thng ) im gi l tm thu
x.
Nhn xt:
- Nu tm thu x O khng nm trn nn thu x th php thu x n
chnh l php thu x tm O v c s thu x l siu phng .
- Nu tm thu x O thuc siu phng th thu x f c gi l thu x
n c bit.
Chng minh:
- Gi s f l php thu x n, khc php ng nht v c c s nn l . Do
l siu phng nn c th chn trong h n im c lp x nh l
{ }
1 2
, ,....,
n
A A A
v c cc vect i din l
1 2
, ,....,
n
e e e
. Gi d l ng
thng bt k khng nm trong v ct ti A. Ly
0 0
v A d A
ta c
'
0 0
( ) A f A
v A
0
, A, A
0
thng hng. Ta c th tm c cc vect e
0
, a, e
0
l
i din cho A
0
, A, A
0
m e
0
= e
0
+ a ( iu ny c th lm c v gi s x, y, z
l ba vect i din cho A
0
, A, A
0
th do ba im A
0
, A, A
0
thng hng nn c
mt vect biu th tuyn tnh qua hai vcto cn li, tc: z = mx + ny, t e
0
= z, e
0
= mx, a = ny cng l ba vect i din cho A
0
, A
0
, A m e
0
= e
0
+ a ).
- Ly E l im c vcto i din l e = e
0
+ e
1
+ +e
n
th ta c
{ }
0 1 2
, , ,...., ,
n
A A A A E
l mc tiu ca
A. Do A thuc nn vcto i din ca n
biu th tuyn tnh qua h vcto
1 2
, ,....,
n
e e e
, tc:
a = a
1
.e
1
+ a
2
.e
2
+ + a
n
.e
n
, vy A = (0 :
a
1
: a
2
: : a
n
) v
5
A
0
= A + A
0
= ( 1 : a
1
: a
2
: : a
n
).
Xt E
0
= A
1
+A
2
++A
n
= (0:1:1::1) do cc A
1
, A
2
,.,A
n
bt ng nn E
0
bt
ng. Gi l php bin i tuyn tnh lin kt vi f . Do
0 0
' ( ) A f A
v A
1
, A
2
,
.,A
n
bt ng, f(E
0
)=E
0
nn ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
. ' . . . .... .
. voi 1, 2,...,
... . ...
Cho 1 , ta c :
... ... ... ...
. . .... . ...
n n
i i i
n n
n n n n
n n n
e k e k e a e a e a e
e k e i n
e e e k e e e
k
e e e e e e e e e e e e
k e k e k e e e e

+ + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + 1, 1,
i
k i n
Ma trn ca f l :
0
0 1
0
0 ... ... 0
. 1 0 ... 0
... 0 ... ... ..
... ... ... ... 0
. 0 ... 0 1
n
k
k a
M
k a
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
Nhn thy ( )
0 0 1 0 2 0
1: : : .... :
n
O k k a k a k a
l mt im
bt ng ca f. By gi chng minh mt ng thng d bt k qua O bt ng.
Ly X = ( x
0
: x
1
: x
2
:.: x
n
) thuc d v
X = f(X) = ( k
0
.x
0
: k
0
.a
1
.x
0
+ x
1
: k
0
.a
2
.x
0
+ x
2
: . : k
0
.a
n
.x
0
+ x
n
)
= X + x
0
.O tc l f(X) thuc ng thng ni O vi X ( l d ). Vy d l
ng thng bt ng. (pcm)
Nhn xt:
Vy mt php thu x no gi bt ng mt siu phng th hoc l thu x
tm hoc l thu x c bit.
2) Php thu x cp:
a) nh ngha:
- Trong A cho m phng () v (n m 1) phng () b nhau, tc l
6
= A
=
ta bo v l (m, n m 1) cp.
- Cho f l mt php bin i ca A , ta ni f l thu x cp ( thu x (m,n m
1) cp ) vi ( , ) l cp nn nu f gi bt ng mi im nm trn v .
Tc l: ( ) , X f X X
.
- Trong trng hp m = 0 th thu x
( 0, n 1 ) cp c gi l thu x tm vi tm l
= O v c s thu x l siu phng .
b) nh l:
Cho f l thu x (m,n m 1) cp nn l ( ,
) m n
P
f id
khi tn ti duy nht { }
\ 0,1 k K
sao cho
( ) th X' X f X X

th ng thng ni X v X ct ti A v ct ti B
u c t s kp ca hng 4 im (ABXX) = k.
Chng minh:
Gi f l php thu x (m,n m 1) cp nn l ( , ) vi l ci phng m
chiu (m < n) v l ci phng (n m 1) chiu b vi v hai ci phng ny
cha ton nhng im kp ca f. V dim = m nn c th chn trong m+1
im c lp x nh l
0 1
, ,....,
m
A A A . V dim = n m 1 nn ta c th
chn trong n m im c lp x nh l
1 2
, ,....,
m m n
A A A
+ +
. Chn thm
mt im E khng nm trn v ( iu ny c th lm c v v l hai
phng cho nhau ) ta c mt mc tiu x nh trong Pn l
{ }
0 1 1
: , ,...., , ,..., ,
m m n
R A A A A A E
+ . Gi
{ }
0 1 1
, ,...., , ,...,
m m n
e e e e e
+
l c s nn ca mc tiu R. i vi mc
tiu trn th m - phng c phng trnh l
1 2
... 0
m m n
x x x
+ +

cn (n m 1 ) phng c phng trnh l
0 1
... 0
m
x x x
.
7
Qua php thu x f cc im thuc v u kp nn ta suy ra biu thc
ta ca f i vi mc tiu chn c dng :
'
'
. . voi p 0 v 0,1,... .
. . voi q 0 v 1, 2,... .
i i
j j
kx px i m
kx qx j m m n

'
+ +

Ma trn A ca f c (m + 1) s p v c (n m) s q trn ng cho chnh, cc

phn t khc u bng 0, tc:
1
0 . . . . 0
0 . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . 0
0 . . . . 0
n
p
p
A p
q
q
+
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
]
Nu p = q th f l nh x ng nht.
Nu X v X l hai im tng ng ca f ( tc l X = f (X) ) vi X khng
l im kp ca f. Gi s X = (x
0
:x
1
::x
m
:x
m+1
:.:x
n
) v X khng thuc (do
X khng l im kp ca f ) nn trong cc s x
0
,x
1
,,x
m
phi c t nht mt s
khc 0 v trong cc s x
m+1
,.,x
n
phi c t nht mt s khc 0 (do X khng
thuc ). Ta c X = (px
0
:px
1
::px
m
:qx
m+1
:.:qx
n
). Gi s ng thng ni X
v X ct ti A v ct ti B. im A thuc ng thng XX nn A c ta
l:
[ ] [ ] [ ] . . ' A X X +
, mt khc A thuc nn ta ca A tha
phng trnh ca .
Gi s
[ ] [ ]
0 1 1
: :...: : :....:
m m n
A a a a a a
+

th
1 2
.... 0
m m n
a a a
+ +
.
Ta c:
. . . 0 voi 1, 2,...,
j j j
a x qx j m m n + + +
. V c t
nht mt x
j
0 nn
. 0 q +
, ta ly
1 v q
khi
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
0 1
. ' ( ) : ( ) : .... : ( ) : 0: .... : 0
m
A q X X q p x q p x q p x
Tng t ng thng XX ct ti B c ta l
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 2
. ' 0: .... : 0: ( ) : ( ) : .... : ( )
m m n
B p X X p q x p q x p q x
+ +

Do X = (x
0
:x
1
::x
m
:x
m+1
:.:x
n
) c x
i
0 vi 0 i m v x
j
0 vi m +1 j n
nn
0 do p q
i j
i j
x x
px qx

8
Ta c: ( ) ( )
' '
( ) 0
0 ( )
1 1
: :
( ) 0
0 ( )
i i i
j i j
i i i
j j j
x q p x x
x x p q x
p
k ABXX XX AB
px q p x px q p q
qx qx p q x

V k 0 v p v q u khc 0; k 1 v p q (do f khc nh x ng nht). Vy t

s kp ( ) ' ABXX
khng ph thuc vo im X.
3) Php thu x trt
nh ngha:
Nu tn ti im A c nh A = f(A) sao cho ng thng AA song song vi
trc thu x d, th php thu x f c gi l php thu x trt
Khi , vi mi im M v nh M = f(M), ta c MM song song vi trc thu
x d.
V d 1:
Trn mt phng affine cho tam gic ABC. Xc nh php affine f v tm im bt
ng ca f nu bit f(A) = A, f(B) = C, f(C) = B.
Gii:
Theo trn, bit nh ca ba im khng thng A, B, C l A, C, B nn php affine f
c xc nh duy nht

Trung im M ca BC l mt im bt ng ca f. Tht vy, nu M = f(M) th
do f bo ton t s n: (BCM) = (CBM) = -1, nn M cng l trung im ca BC,
vy f(M) = M
9
B
C
M
A
ng trung tuyn AM c A, M l hai im bt ng nn l ng thng gm
ton cc im bt ng, do f l mt php thu x affine, trc thu x l trung
tuyn AM, phng thu x l BC, t s thu x
k = -1
V d 2:
Php co v mt ng thng
nh ngha: Trong mt phng affine, cho ng thng d v vect khng song
song vi d v mt s thc k, (k 0). nh x f c gi l php co v ng thng
d theo vect v t s k nu = k. (*), trong M
0
l giao im ca ng thng d
v ng thng m ia qua im M, c vect ch phng .
Mi php co f v ng thng d theo vect v t s k, (k 0) l mt php thu
x affine. Thc vy, ng thc (*) chng t f l mt song nh. Ta chn h ta
affine xOy, c trc honh Ox trng vi d, trc Oy c vect ch phng .
Ta ca cc im M = (x, y), M = (x, y), M
0
= (x, 0), do t ng thc
(*) ta c:

Vi ma trn A = khng suy bin v k 0 nn l biu thc ta ca mt php
affine. Hn na, ng thng d gm ton cc im bt ng v php co l mt
php thu x affine trc d, t s k.
c bit:
Nu k = 1, ta c php ng nht ca mt phng affine
Nu k = -1 th f c gi l mt php i xng xin, trc l d v theo phng
ca vect
M

M
0
d
10
m'
M
B'
d
M'
A
M
VI).Cc dng nh ca mt im qua php thu x
T cc tnh cht ca php thu x ta suy ra cch dng nh ca mt im bt k.
Gi s cho php thu x f c trc d v hai im tng ng A v A = f(A). Khi
nh M ca im M dng nh sau:
1. Khi AA khng song song vi d
Nu M khng nm trn AA th qua A dng ng thng m nh ca ng
thng m = AM, (m, d v m ng quy hoc song song). Giao im ca m vi
ng thng qua M v song song vi AA chnh l nh M ca M cn dng
Cn nu M nm trn AA,
th ta dng nh N ca im
N khng nm trn AA theo
cch trn, ri dng nh M
ca im M (thay hai im
A v A bng hai im tng ng N v N)
2. Khi AA // d (tc l f thu x trt)
- Nu M khng nm trn AA, gi I l giao
im ca trc d vi ng thng AM, th
nh M ca M chnh l giao im ca
ng thng IA vi ng thng qua M
v song song vi AA.
11
d
A
A'
M'
M
- Nu M nm trn AA th d thy rng M l im sao cho =
I
J
A
M
A
M
N '
N
VII) Cc php thu x trong khng gian a ff in A
2
v A
3
:
1. Trong khng gian A
2
:
- Thu x ( 0, 1) cp nn l ( O ,d ) vi O l mt im v d l ng thng khng
qua O. Vi mi im v M d M O ng thng OM ct d ti A v nu M =
f(M) th (OAMM) = k ( vi k l mt s cho trc ).

12
- Thu x n c bit c tm O v c c s nn l ng thng i qua O.
Nu ta bit mt cp im tng ng M v M = f(M) th nh N ca im N c
xc nh :
+) O, N, N thng hng.
+) ng thng MN ct ng thng MN ti mt im nm trn d.
2. Trong khng gian A
3
:
- Thu x ( 0, 2 ) cp nn l ( O, ) vi O l mt im, l mt phng
khng qua O. Vi v M P M O ng thng OM ct ti A v M = f(M)
c xc nh:
+) M, M, O, A thng hng.
+) ( OAMM ) = k ( vi k l mt s cho trc ).
13
- Thu x ( 1, 1 ) cp nn l ( d, d ) vi d v d l 2 ng thng cho
nhau. Php thu x trn c gi l php thu x song trc vi trc l d v d .
nh M ca im M khng thuc d v d c xc nh:
+) ng thng MM ct d v d ti hai im A v B.
+) (ABMM) = k ( vi k l mt s cho trc ).
- Thu x n c bit tm O v c nn l mt phng P cha im O. Nu
bit mt cp im tng ng M v M = f(M) th nh N ca im N c xc
nh :
+) O, N, N thng hng.
+) ng thng MN ct MN ti mt im nm trn P.
14
VII. Cc php bin i a ff ine sinh ra bi cc php thu x :
Ta bit rng mi php bin i x nh bo tn siu phng v tn W ca P
n
v
u sinh ra mt php bin i affine trong khng gian affine A
n
= P
n
\W. Sau y,
ta xt mt vi trng hp khi f l mt php thu x no .
1. Gi s f l php thu x ( 0, n 1 ) cp vi nn l ( O, ) v h s thu
x l k. Vi mi im M khng l im bt ng (i,e)
v M M O ) nh ca n l M = f(M) c xc nh sao cho (OAMM) = k
( k0 v k1 ) trong A l giao im ca ng thng OM vi siu phng .
+) Nu chn l siu phng v tn v xt khng gian affine
A
n
= P
n
\ th A l im v tn nn ta c t s n
( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' ' MM O MM OA OAMM k
. Nh vy:
1
. ' ' . OM k OM OM OM
k

. Vy
f sinh ra php v t tm O t s
1
k
.
15
+) Nu chn siu phng W no i qua O lm siu phng v tn th O l
im v tn nn: ( ) ( ) ' ' AMM OAMM k
. Ngoi ra cc ng thng MM lun
song song vi nhau ( phng l ca chng c xc nh bng phng ca im v
tn O ). Vy f sinh ra trn
A
n
= P
n
\W mt php thu x affine c c s l W, phng thu x l l, t s thu
x l k.
2. Gi s f l php thu x n c bit c tm O nm trn nn . Nu ly
hai cp im M, M = f(M) v N, N = f(N) th MM v NN u qua O v MN
giao vi MN ti mt im thuc . Nu ly l siu phng v tn th trong A
n
=
P
n
\W ta c: MN song song MN v MM song song vi NN, suy ra: MM =
NN.
Vy f sinh ra trong A
n
mt php tnh tin.
VIII. Bi tp:
Bi 1: Trong A
2
cho bin i x nh c biu thc ta :
'
0 1 2
'
1 0 2
'
0 0 1
x x x
x x x
x x x

+
'

Chng minh f l php thu x tm. Tm tm, nn , t s thu x.

Gii:
Tm cc im kp ca f:
- Phng trnh tm cc im kp ca f l:
0 1 2 0 1 2
1 0 2 0 1 2
2 0 1 0 1 2
0
0 (1)
0
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x



+ + +

+ +
' '

+ +

Xt ( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
1 1 0 2 . 1 0
1
1 1

+ +

Ta c hai gi tr ring l = 2 v = - 1(bi 2).

16
- Vi = 2 thay vo (1) ta c:
0 1 2 0
0 1 2 1
2 0 1 2
2 0 1
2 0 1
1 2 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ +

+
' '

+

Vy ta c im kp l: A = (1: 1: 1).
- Vi = -1 thay vo (1) ta c:
0 1 2
0 1 2 0 1 2
0 1 2
0
0 0
0
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
+ +

+ + + +
'

+ +

Vy tp hp cc im kp lp thnh mt ng
thng c phng trnh
0 1 2
( ) 0 d x x x + +
. Nhn xt A khng thuc d nn f l thu
x tm A v c nn l ng thng
0 1 2
( ) 0 d x x x + +
.
Tnh t s thu x k:
Ly B = (1: 0 : -1) thuc d. Ly C = A + B = (2: 1 : 0) th f(C) = D = (1: 2: 3)
th k = (ABCD) =
1 2 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 1
: : 2
1 2 1 1 1 2
0 1 0 2

Bi 2: Trong A
2
cho mc tiu { }
0 1 2
, , , S S S E
. Vit biu thc ta ca php thu
x
f : A
2
A
2
trong cc trng hp sau:
a) f l thu x tm, c tm l im S
0
= (1: 0: 0), trc thu x l ng thng
S
1
S
2
, t s thu x k.
b) f l thu x tm, c tm l im E = (1: 1: 1), trc l ng thng
0 1 2
( ) : 0 d x x x + +
t s thu x l k = 2.
c) f l thu x c bit, c trc l ng thng
0 1 2
( ) : 0 x x x +
tm l im
S = (1: 0: 1), bin im E = (1: 1:1) thnh im E = (2: 1: 2).
Gii:
17
Gi e
0
, e
1
, e
2
, e ln lt l cc vcto i din cho S
0
, S
1
, S
2
, S v l php bin
i tuyn tnh lin kt vi f.
a) Ly G = S
1
+ S
2
= (0: 1: 1) thuc S
1
S
2
th E = S
0
+ G. t E = f(E) th E
thuc S
0
E tc E = a.S
0
+ b.E = (a+b : b: b) v gi e l vcto i din cho E. Do f
l thu x n nn (S
0
GEE) = k.
Ta c:
1 1 1
0 1 0 1
: :
0 1 0 1 ( )
1 1 1
a b
b b a b
k
a b a b b
b
+
+

+ +
Chn b = 1 th a+b = k. Suy ra:
E = (k: 1: 1).
Ta c: f(S
0
)=S
0
, f(S
1
)=S
1
, f(S
2
)=S
2

, f(E)=E nn suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2
0 1 2 0 1 2
0 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 2
. , . , .
. ' ( ) . .
. . . . .
e l e e l e e l e
e l e e e e l k e e e
l e l e l e l k e e e



+ + + +
+ + + +
Chn l = 1 th l
0
= k , l
1
= l
2
=1. Suy ra ma trn
ca f l:
0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
k
M
1
1

1
1
]
.
Biu thc ca f l:
0 0
1 1
2 2
' .
' , 0
'
x k x
x x
x x

'

b) Ly A = (1: 0: -1) , B = (1: 1: -2) v D =B - A = (0: 1: -1) thuc ng

thng d. Ly X = E + D = (1: 2: 0) v X = f(X) th X thuc ng thng ED tc
X = a.E+b.D = (a: a+b: a-b).
Lc : m=e
0
e
2
l vcto i din cho A; n=e
0
+e
1
2e
2
l vcto i din cho B;
p=e
1
e
2
l vcto i din cho D; x=e
0
+2e
1
l vcto i din cho X, x=ae
0
+
(a+b)e
1
+(a-b)e
2
l vcto i din cho X.
18
Do f l php thu x tm vi t s k nn: (EDXX) = k.
Ta c:
1 1 1
1 2 1 1
: :
0 1 0 1
1 2 1
a
a b b a
k
a a b
a b
+


+
Chn b = 1 th a = k , lc : X = (k: k+1: k-1).
Ta c: f(A)=A, f(B)=B, f(E)=E, f(X)=X suy ra
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
0 1 2 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 1 2
0 1 2 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
0 0 0 1
. ( ) ( ) .
2 . 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) . 2
. ( ) ( ) ( ) .
2
( ) . .
3 3 3
e e l e e e e l e e
e e e l e e e e e e l e e e
e e e e l e e e e e e l e e e
l l l l l l
e l e e l

+ + + +
' '

+ + + + + + + +

+ _
+ + +

,

( ) [ ]
0 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 0 1 2
0 1 0 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
0 0 1
.
2 2 4
( ) . . .
3 3 3
2
( ) . . .
3 3 3
( ) . ' 2 . . ( 1). ( 1).
Cho l =1, ta c :
. .
3 3
e
l l l l l l
e l e e l e
l l l l l l
e e e e
x l x e e l k e k e k e
l l l l l
l e e

_

,

+ + _ _
+ + +
'

, ,

+
+ +

+ + + +
_
+ + +

,
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
0 2 0 0 1 0 2
0 1 2
2 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 1 2
2 2 2 4
. 2. . . .
3 3 3 3
. ( 1). ( 1).
. . 2 . . ( 1). ( 1).
l l l l l l l
l e l e e l e
k e k e k e
l l l e l l e l l l e k e k e k e
+ + + _ _ _ _
+ + + +

, , , ,
+ + +
+ + + + + + + +
Ta c:
2 1 0 0
2 1 1
2 1 0 2
1
1 1
2 1
l l l k l
l l k l
l l l k l k
+

+ +
' '

+

19
Lc :
0 0 1 2
1 0 1 2
2 0 1 2
2 1 1
( ) . . .
3 3 3
1 2 1
( ) . . .
3 3 3
1 1 2
( ) . . .
3 3 3
k k k
e e e e
k k k
e e e e
k k k
e e e e

+ _ _
+ +

, ,

+ _ _
+ +
'

, ,

+
+ +

Biu thc ca f l:
0 0 1 2
1 0 1 2
2 0 1 2
2 1 1
' . . .
3 3 3
1 2 1
' . . .
3 3 3
1 1 2
' . . .
3 3 3
k k k
x x x x
k k k
x x x x
k k k
x x x x

+
+ +

+
+ +
'

+
+ +

Thay k=2 ta c:
0 0 1 2
1 0 1 2
2 0 1 2
' 4.
' 4 , 0
' 4
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x

+ +

+ +
'

+ +

c) Ta c: E = (1: 1: 1) v E = f(E) = (2: 1: 2), tm l S = (1: 0: 1). Xt S

0
=
(1: 0: 0) th S
0
khng thuc
0 1 2
( ) : 0 x x x +
v S
0
khng thuc ng thng EE
v ta ca ng thng EE l:
20
( )
2 0 0 1 1 2
2 0 0 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
: : : : 1: 0: 1
1 2 2 2 2 1
a a a a a a
b b b b b b
_ _


, ,
. Ta ca ng
thng ES
0
l ( ) 0:1: 1
, gi A l giao im ca ES
0
vi suy ra: A = (0: 1: 1).
Ta ca ng thng SS
0
l: ( ) 0:1: 0
. Ta ca ng thng AE l:
( ) 1: 2: 2
, Gi S
0
= f(S
0
) th S
0
l giao im ca SS
0
vi AE suy ra S
0
= (2: 0:
1).
Ly B = (1: 1: 2) v C = (1: -1: 0) thuc , ta c:
f(B) = B, f(C) = C, f(E) = E, f(S
0
) = S
0
Tac:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
[ ]
[ ]
0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 1 2 1 0 1 2
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 1 2 2 0 1 2
2 1 2 0 1 2 1
1
( ) ( 4 ). ( 2 ). (4 2 ).
2
2 . 2
1
. ( ) ( 4 ). ( 2 ). (4 2 ).
2
. 2 2
( ) ( 2 ). ( ). (2
e l l l e l l l e l l e
e e e l e e e
e e l e e e l l l e l l l e l l e
e e e l e e e
e l l e l l e

+ + + +
+ + + +

+ + + +
'

+ + + +
+ +
( ) ( )
[ ]
1 2 2
0 0 2
0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 2
0 1 2 0
0 1 2 1
2 2 1
2 ).
. 2 cho 1 ta c :
1
( 4 ). ( 2 ). (4 2 ). 2
2
4 4 1
2 0 1
1 4 2 2
l l e
e l e e l
l l l e l l l e l l e e e
l l l l
l l l l
l l l

'

+
+ + + + +
+

+
' '



Ta c:
0 0 2
1 0 1 2
2 0
( ) 2.
( )
( )
e e e
e e e e
e e

+ +
'

Vy biu thc ca f l:
0 0 1 2
1 1
2 0 1
' 2
' , 0
'
x x x x
x x
x x x

+
'

21
Bi 3: Chng minh rng trong A
2
mt php bin i x nh f c 3 im bt ng
thng hng l mt php thu x tm hay thu x c bit.
Gii.
Gi d l ng thng i qua 3 im bt ng thng hng ca f.
Do f bo ton t s kp ca hng 4 im; nn ly im M bt k thuc d th f (M) =
M.
Do , d l ng thng ( ng vai tr siu phng trong A
2
) bt ng i vi f.
Ta xt 3 trng hp:
TH 1: Nu khng c im bt ng no ca f nm ngoi d th f l php thu x c
bit vi nn l d v tm l mt im nm trn d.
TH 2: Nu c 1 im bt ng ca f nm ngoi d th f l php thu x tm.
TH 3: Nu c hn 1 im bt ng ca f nm ngoi d th f l php ng nht. V
ly X bt k khng thuc d v nhng im bt ng ngoi d th mi ng thng
qua X u bt ng nn X l im kp. Khi c th xem f l php thu x c
bit hay php thu x tm bt k.
Bi 4: Trong A
2
cho php bin i x nh f c phng trnh:

1 2 3
2 1 3
3 1 2 3
'
'
' 2 2 3
kx x x
kx x x
kx x x x

+
'

Chng minh rng f l mt php thu x . Xc nh tm v nn ca php thu x.

Gii:
Phng trnh tm im kp ca f:

1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 3 1 2 3
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
0
0
2 2 3 2 2 (3 ) 0
kx x x kx x x
kx x x x kx x
kx x x x x x k x
+

+ +
' '

+ +

(*)
22
Xt
3 2
3
1 1
1 1 0 3 3 1 0
2 2 3
( 1) 0
k
k k k k
k
k

+ +


Do k = 1 l gi tr ring duy nht bi ba .
Thay k = 1 vo (*) v gii h tng ng ta c:

1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
0
0 0
2 2 2 0
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
+

+ +
'

Nh vy, d:
1 2 3
0 x x x +
l ng thng cha tt c cc im kp ca f, tc l
f (X) = X , x d .
Do , f l php thu x vi nn thu x l d (pcm).
Hn na, tm O ca f phi thuc d. Nn f l thu x c bit.
Ta i tm ta ca tm O.
Ly M A\d (ty ). Khi OM l ng thng bt bin.
( ) ' . O = MM ' d f M M OM Suy ra
Chn M = ( 0: 0: 1 ). Thay vo phng trnh ca f ta c :
f(M) = M = ( 1: -1 : -3 )
Phng trnh ng thng MM: x1 + x2 = 0
Khi : O = MM ' d =
1 1 1 1 1 1
: : ( 1:1: 2)
1 0 0 1 1 1
_


,
Bi 5: Trong A
2
vi mc tiu {A
i
;E} cho php bin i x nh f xc nh bi:
f(A
1
) = A
3
; f(A
3
) = A
1
; f(A
2
) = E; f(E) = A
2
a) Vit phng trnh ca f i vi mc tiu chn
b) Tm cc im kp ca f
c) Chng minh rng f l php thu x i hp
Gii.
a) Vit phng trnh f:
Ta c :
23
1 3
2
3 1
2
(1: 0: 0) (0: 0:1)
(0:1: 0) (1:1:1)
(0: 0:1) (1: 0: 0)
(1:1:1) (0:1: 0)
A A
A E
A A
E A

Gi f
ur
l AXTT lin kt ca f
Gi {e
1
, e
2
, e
3
}l c s nn ca mc tiu chn
V e = e
1
+ e
2
,+e
3
. Khi :
f
ur
(e
1
), f
ur
(e
2
), f
ur
(e
3
) ln lt l vect i din ca A
3
, E, A
1
, A
2
Ta c
1 3
2 1 2 3
3 1
( ) (0, 0,1)
( ) (1,1,1)
( ) (1, 0, 0)
f e k ke
f e g ge ge ge
f e h he

+ +
'

ur
ur
ur
(*)
Ta tm k, g, h
Ta c f
ur
(e) = f
ur
(e
1
) + f
ur
(e
2
) + f
ur
(e
3
)
0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
1
1
1
k g h
k
g
h
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
+ +
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
] ] ] ]

'

T (*) suy ra
1 3
2 1 2 3
3 1
( )
( )
( )
f e e
f e e e e
f e e

+ +
'

ur
ur
ur
Ma trn ca f trong mc tiu chn l:
0 1 1
0 1 0
1 1 0
M
1
1

1
1
]
Phng trnh ca f :
24
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 2 3
2 2
3 1 2
' 0 1 1
' 0 1 0
' 1 1 0
'
'
'
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x

1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]

'

b) Tm im kp ca f
Phng trnh tm im kp ca f :
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2 2
3 1 2 1 2 3
+ 0
(1 ) = 0
0
x x x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x






' '

+ +

(**)
Xt
1 1
0 1 0
1 1

=
2
(1- ) - (1- )
Do cc gi tr ring l = 1( bi 2 ) v = -1 ( bi 1 )
Thay = 1 vo (**) v gii h tng ng ta c :
1 2 3
2 1 2 3
1 2 3
0
0 0 0
0
x x x
x x x x
x x x
+

+
'

Tp hp cc im kp ca f l ng thng d c phng trnh

1 2 3
0 x x x +
Thay =- 1 vo (**) v gii h tng ng ta c :
1 2 3
2
2
1 3
1 2 3
0
0
2 0
0
x x x
x
x
x x
x x x
+

' '

+ +

Ta c im kp ca f l I (1:0:1)
c) Cch 1:
Cho M l mt im ty trong A
2
, gi N l nh ca M
Gi [x] l ma trn ta ca M
[x] l ma trn ta ca N
25
Theo bi [x] = M [ x]

[x] = M
-1
[ x] = M [x] ( V M
-1
= M )
Suy ra M l nh ca N
Do f l php thu x i hp.
Cch 2:
Ta thy f l php thu x tm vi tm thu x l im I (1:0:1)
v trc thu x l ng thng d :
1 2 3
0 x x x +
Ly A (1:2:0 ) th A I v A d
A = f (A) = (2:2:1)
2 0 0 1 1 2
' : : [2: 1: 2]
2 1 1 2 2 2
AA
1

1
]
( )
1 2 2 2 2 1
' : : 3: 4: 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
B AA d
_



,
Khi ' I AA
Ta c
1 3
4 0
0 4

nn
1 1 1 2
0 2 0 2 2 2
( ') : 1
3 1 3 2 2 2
4 2 4 2
IBAA


Do f c h s thu x l -1. Nn f l php thu x i hp.
Bi 6: Trong A
2
cho ng thng d v hai im phn bit M, M khng thuc d.
Chng minh rng:
a) C mt php thu x c bit duy nht f ca A
2
nhn d lm nn thu x v
bin M thnh M. Hy dng nh ca mt im bt k N qua f.
b) Cho ty mt s k khc 0. CMR c mt v ch mt php thu x tm f ca
A
2
nhn d lm nn thu x, k l h s thu x v bin thnh M thnh M.
Hy dng nh ca mt im bt k N qua f.
Gii :
26
a) Gi ' S MM d . Ta xy dng mt php bin i x nh nh sau :
Ly
XA
2
, X

d,X

d{M,M

}
X
0
= MX d
Xt:
f : A
2
A
2

M M

= f(M)
d f(d)=d
X f(X) = SX X
0
M

+ f l php bin i x nh gi bt ng ng thng d.

+ Mt khc, XA
2
, X

d : X, f(X), S thng hng hay f gi bt bin mi ng

thng qua S.
Suy ra f l php thu x c bit tm S, nn l ng thng d..
* S duy nht :
F c xy dng nh trn l duy nht v khng ph thuc vo im X; tc l
vi im X bt k u cho ta cng mt kt qu xy dng .
im ' S MM d l xc nh duy nht.
Vy tn ti duy nht php thu x c bit f nhn d lm nn v bin M thnh
M.
* Dng nh ca N qua f:
Cch dng:
' S MM d
0
X MN d
0
( ) ' ' f N N SN X M
TA c N l im cn dng.
27
X
0
Chng minh:
Ta c:
0 0 0
( ) X d f X X
Do M, N, X
0
thng hang nn M, f (N), X
0
thng hng ( Do f bo ton 3 im
thng hng ).
Do f gi bt bin mi ng thng qua S nn N, f (N), S thng hng.
Vy
0
( ) ' ' f N N SN X M
l im cn dng.
b) Ta xy dng tng t cu a.
* Dng nh ca N qua f:
' S MM d
Dng A xc nh duy nht sao cho (ASMM) = k
0
X MN d
0
( ) ' ' f N N AN X M
28
X
0
Bi 7: Trong A
1
cho thu x cp f vi c s (P,Q) c ma trn biu din trong mt
mc tiu no l
a b
c d
_

,
. Hy tnh h s thu x k.
Gii:
Gi {A
0
,A
1
,E} l mc tiu ca P
1
m trong ma trn ca f l
a b
c d
_

,
.
Gi ( ) ( )
: , :
p p q q
P x y Q x y
ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
: , :
p p p p q q q q
f P ax by cx dy f Q ax by cx dy + + + +
do P , Q bt ng nn ta
c:
;
p p p p q q q q
p p q q
ax by cx dy ax by cx dy
x y x y
+ + + +

. t
;
p q
p q
x x
y y

ta c:
29
2
2
1
. ( ). 0
1
. ( ). 0
a b c d c d a b
a b c d c d a b

+ + +
+ + +
. Do P v Q phn bit nn . Vy
v l hai nghim ca phng trnh
2
. ( ). 0 c x d a x b + .
Gi A
0
= f(A
0
) = (a:c) v do P v Q phn bit nn
0
p p
q q
x y
x y
_

,
th h s thu x l:
( )
0 0
1
0
' : :
1
0
p p
p p p p p
q q q q q
q q
x x a
a
y y c y cx ay
c a
c
k PQA A
a x x a y cx ay c a
c
y y c

t
;
a a N
M N k
c c M

Ta c:
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
a d
a a d a
M N
c c c c
a a b a a d a ad bc
MN M N
c c c c c c c

+ +

'
_

+ + +

,
Ta c:
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
. 1
1 ( ) 2
2 2
k
k
a d
c
N M N M M N a bc d
k
ad bc
k M N MN MN ad bc
c

+ _
'

+ + + +
,
+ +

30
Vy k v
1
k
l nghim ca phng trnh
2 2
2
2
1 0
a bc d
X X
ad bc
_ + +
+

,
Bi 8: Vit phng trnh ca php thu x affine (bng cnh chn mc tiu sao
cho n gin nht)
Gii:
Cho mc tiu affine (0,e
1
,e
2
,.e
n_
), trong =<(0,e
1
,e
2
,.e
n_
>

= < e
m+1
, .. e
n
>
V O

(f l php thu x nn ca phng

t s )
F(M)=M, M
1
=

, l phng c phng i qua M.

Ta c
OM = OM
1
+ M
1
M
OM

= OM
1
+ M
1
M
M(x
1,
x
2, ..,
x
n
) v M

(x
1,
x
2, ..,
x
n
)
31

M
1
M
M
x O

x
'
1
=x
1
.
x
'
m
=x
m
x
'
m+1
=x
m+1

x
'
n
=x
n