Diploma in Electronics - CP04 Instructors Practical Manual V semester

Industrial Electronics-I

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO 1. FAMILIARISATION OF DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE 2. FAMILIARISATION OF CURRENT PROBE AND AMPLIFIER 3. TRANSISTER SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS 4. MOSFET SWITCHING CHARECTERISTICS 5. MAGNTISATION OF RL LOAD & DEMAGNETISATION USING i. DIODE ii. DIODE&RESISTER iii. DIODE&ZENER 6. MAGNETISATION OF L LOAD & DEMAGNETISATION USING a. DIODE b. DIODE & RESISTOR c. DIODE & ZENER 7. FAMILIARISATION OF PWM IC SG3524 8. INDUCTOR DESIGN 9. BUCK CONVERTER 10. FAMILIARISATION OF IC TCA785 31 35 39 43 47 53 60 19 23 27 01 05 08 13

FAMILIARIZATION OF DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE

OBJECTIVES To get familiarized with DSO and its front panel controls. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED SlNo 01 02 Equipment DSO Probe Model Tektronix Tektronix Specification 60MHz 7A Quantity 1 1

HOW TO USE IT? Tektronix TDS 350 two channel oscilloscope are digital signal processors and are superb tools for displaying and measuring and measuring waveforms. Two input channels, each with a record length of 1000 samples an 8-bit vertical resolution .both channels acquire wave forms simultaneously. 1 Giga samples/second maximum sample rate (TDS500):500 Mega

samples/second maximum sample rate: 200 Mega samples/second (TDS320). 200 MHz analog band width and fastest time base setting of 2.5ns/div (TDS350). A full compliment of advanced functions including on-screen read out.

 Auto set cursors and continuously updated automatic measurements Wave form averaging, wave form enveloping and hardware peak detection A unique graphical user interface (GUI) and a logical front panel layout which combine to deliver the standard in usability pioneered by the TDS family of oscilloscopes. COMPENSATING A PROBE Use the following procedure: Attach the probe BNC connector to channel and attach the probe HP to the probe

comp output signal. Press auto reset. Check that wave form indicates correct compensation. If the wave form indicates over or under compensation, use alignment tool provided with the probe to adjust the compensation. FRONT PANEL AUTOSET Feature produces a stable triggered display of almost any signal .Two use auto set; connect a signal to either ch1 or ch2. CLEAR MANU This button clears all menus from the screen. VERTICAL CONTROL

 The vertical knob controls the vertical position of the presently selected waveforms. The vertical menu button calls up the vertical operation menu. The vertical volts/div knob controls the vertical scale of the presently selected waveform. The waveform OFF button turns off the presently selected waveforms. HORIZONTAL CONTROL The horizontal position knob controls the horizontal position of all waveforms. The sec/div knob controls the horizontal scale of active waveforms. TRIGGER The trigger level knob controls the trigger. The force trigger button forces the oscilloscope to start acquiring a waveform regardless of whether a trigger event occurs. The button has no effect if the acquisition system is stopped. The set level to 50 % button sets the trigger level at the half way point between the peaks of the trigger signal. The trigger status lights indicate the status of the triggering system.

 The ready light illuminates when the instrument can accept a valid trigger and is waiting for the event to occur.

MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS The general purpose knob controls the many side menu functions including the cursor. The toggle button switches control from cursor to cursor. The rum/stop button starts and stops acquisition. The Measure button calls up the automated measurement menu. The acquire button calls up the acquisition menu. The save/recall setup button calls up the save/recall setup. LOGIC CONVENTIONS This refers to digital logic circuits with standard logic symbols and terms. Unless otherwise started all logic functions are described using the positive logic convention. The more positive of two logic levels is the high (1) state and more negative level is the low (0) state signal states may also be described as true meaning their active state or false meaning their non active state. The specific voltages that constitute a high or low state vary among the electronic devices.

FAMILIARISATION OF CURRENT PROBE AND CURRENT AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVES To familiarize with current probe amplifier and its front panel controls. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Slno 01 02 03 Equipment Current probe Current probe amplifier DSO Model Tektronix Tektronix Tektronix Specification 20 A AC/ DC 50Mhz 50Mhz Quantity 1 1 1

HOW TO USE IT? The A6302 is DC to 50Mhz current probe designed for use with AM503 family of current probe amplifier .The A6302 can measure current up to 20A(DC+ peak AC) and up to 50A peak current. The slide must be locked to accurately measure current or degauss the probe. If a probe is unlocked; the probe open indicator on the amplifier will light.

DEGAUSSING AND AUTOBALANCING OF CURRENT PROBE Verify that current probe is connected to the amplifier. Remove the current probe from the conductor under test. Lock the probe slide closed. Press the amplifier probe degauss auto balance button. NOTE: The degauss procedure will fail if the amplifier is not properly connected to a 50 ohm termination impedance. Why degauss the current probes: Degaussing the probe removes any residual magnetization from the probe core such residual magnetization can induce measurement error. Auto balancing removes unwanted dc offset in the amplifier circuitry. Failure to degauss the probe is a leading cause of measurement error. MAXIMUM CURRENT LIMITS Exceeding any of these rating can saturate the probe core and cause measurement error. Maximum continuous current error refers to the maximum current that can be continuously measured at DC or at a specified AC frequency the maximum continuous current value is de rated with frequency. As the frequency increase maximum continuous current value or rating decreases. Maximum pulsed current refers to the maximum peak value of pulsed current the probe can accurately measured, regardless of how short the pulse duration is. Ampere-second product defines the maximum width of pulsed current that you can measure when the pulse amplitude is between the maximum continuous and

maximum pulsed current specifications. The maximum continuous specifications it itself varies by frequency. To determine if your measurement exceeds the ampere-second Product, perform either procedure A or B. PROCEDURE A To determine the maximum allowable pulse width, measure the peak current of the pulse divide the ampere-second specification of your probe by the measured peak current of the pulse. The quotient is the maximum allowable pulse width; the pulse width at the 50% point of the measured signal must be less than this value. PROCEDURE B To determine the maximum allowable pulse amplitude measures the pulse width at 50% points. Divide the ampere-second (or ampere-microsecond) specification of your probe by the pulse width .The quotient is the maximum allowable current: the peak amplitude of the measured pulse must be less than this value. After degaussing the probe connect the probe to current amplifier. Set the DSO volts per division to 10mV. Adjust the reference of the current amplifier by keeping the coupling in reference position. Lock the probe and change the coupling to either dc or ac depending on the current flow in the conductor. Adjust the ampere per division of current probe amplifier. Measure the current on the DSO.

SWITCHING CHARACTERSTICS OF A TRANSISTOR

OBJECTIVE To design a switch using a transistor. Find rise time, fall time, delay time and storage time. BILL OF MATERIALS Sl no: 1 2 3 Component Transistor Resistor R1 R2 Specification BD139 W CFR 2W CFR Value Ic=1.5A,60v 200 ohm 20 ohm Quantity 1 1 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Equipment DSO Pulse Generator Power Supply Current probe and amplifier Model Tektronics Scientific Measurement systems Tektronics Specification 60Mhz 20MHz 0-30v,2A 0-20A DC/AC, 50Mhz

CIRCUIT THEORY The above circuit is a base bias circuit, which is designed to operate transistor in saturation and cut off. This is used in switching application. When base drive is zero, the switch is open. There is no drop across collector resistor and the entire supply voltage drop across collector-emitter terminals. Since the beta of the transistor varies commonly to make sure that the circuit will work in the saturation it is designed in the hard saturation. Even if the beta changes for a long range the circuit will remain in the hard saturation. On time of the transistor= Rise time + Delay Time Off time of the transistor= Fall time + Storage time

DESIGN To design the transistor as a switch for a current of 0.5A. Icsat =0.5A Icsat = Vcc / Rc Let Vcc = 10V Then Rc = 10/0.5A = 20 Ohms Since the circuit should work in the hard saturation the ratio of the Rb verses Rc should be 10:1 Therefore Rb = 200 Ohms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE Set the circuit as per circuit diagram. Set the pulse width to 100s with a frequency of 200 Hz. Apply the signal to base of the switch. Observe the Current and Voltage waveforms. Measure rise time, fall time, delay time and storage time.

NOTE: TYPICAL RESULT FOR THE CIRCUIT USED Rise time= Fall time= Delay time= Storage time =

SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET

OBJECTIVE: To study the switching characteristics of MOSFET. To measure On time (Ton ) and Off time (Toff ) of the MOSFET.

BILL OF MATERIALS Slno 01 02 03 Component MOSFET Resistor R1 R2 Specification IRF 640 w CFR 2w CFR Value 18 A,200V 50 ohm 10 ohm Quantity 1 1 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Equipment DSO Pulse Generator Power Supply Current probe and amplifier Model Tektronics Scientific Measurement systems Tektronics Specification 60Mhz 20MHz 0-30v,2A 0-20A DC/AC, 50Mhz

CIRCUIT THEORY With gate current Ig gate source capacitor is charged , once this capacitor is charged to some extend the mosfet will start conducting , even with Ig , Cgs is getting charged Vgs remains constant , because Cgd is getting discharged , after this Vgs starts increasing. The above mentioned properties can be seen in the current wave forms using CPA. Characteristics of MOSFET: The MOSFET is preferred in most of the switching circuits because of its very less gate current. It is a voltage controlled device. The driving circuit is easy to design. Switching time is faster. All these characteristics of the MOSFET make it more useful for the high frequency switching applications. The working of the MOSFET is mainly related to the capacitors between Cgs and Cgd. They are available in two types they are enhancement mode and depletion mode, the enhancement mode is more preferred because of the very less reverse current. In this type when the switch is off there is no channel existing between drain and source. Main disadvantage is It is sensitive to the Electro static discharges and may get damaged easily The Rds (on) (on state drain to source resistance) is high.

NOTE: The MOSFET can be checked using the multimeter by the following steps

 Short all the three pins in order to discharge both capacitors. Check the drain source resistance it should be infinity if the MOSFET is working. Keep the multimeter in diode checking mode Charge the gate - source capacitance by connecting the probes to gate and source of the MOSFET. Check for the channel formation between drain and the source. If the channel is present the resistance will be very less and the MOSFET is OK

DESIGN: To design the switch for a current of 1A. Assume Idsat =1A Vcc =10V Calculate Rd Rd = Vdd / Id = 10V / 1A = 10 Ohms Gate current is Ig+= Qc / Ton Consider Ton= 1us Ig+= 63nC / 1 uS = 63mA Ig = 2 Ig+ = 2 * 63mA = 126mA Rg= Vg- Vgsth / Ig = 10V 4V / 126mA = 47.619 Ohms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE Set the circuit as per circuit diagram. Set the pulse width to 50us with a frequency of 200 Hz. Apply the signal to gate of the switch. Observe the wave form across the switch. Measure the on time and off time.

NOTE: TYPICAL RESULT FOR THE CIRCUIT USED The On time of the MOSFET is 900ns and Off time is 700 ns.

MAGNETIZATION AND DEMAGNETISATION OF RL LOADS USING DIODE

OBJECTIVES: To use a diode for demagnetizing the RL loads. Study the property of current & voltage through & across the inductor. BILL OF MATERIALS Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Component Inductor Resistor Diode Transistor Specification Ferrite core 2w CFR 1/2w KHF812 BD139 Value 540H,0.5A 20 ohm, 200ohm 2A 1.5A,60v Quantity` 1 1 1 1 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Equipment DSO Pulse Generator Power Supply Current probe and amplifier Model TEKTRONIX Scientific Measurement systems Tektronics Specification 50Mhz 20MHz 0-30v,2A 50Mhz,20A

CIRCUIT THEORY

In this circuit the inductor is demagnetized by a freewheeling diode. In most of the commonly used circuits we can see this type of demagnetization. When the inductor produces the back EMF then the diode gets forward biased and the inductor will be demagnetized. This diode is commonly known as the free wheeling diode because of its free wheeling action in the circuit. This diode suppresses the huge Back EMF and protects the switch from damaging. The inductor is magnetized with a series resistor; the current in the circuit is limited through series resistor even if the inductor is allowed to go saturation by increasing the pulse width. The current and voltage change is exponential. At 5T the inductor losses the property of opposing the changes in current and goes to saturation. When the switch is turned OFF the inductor reverses its polarity and demagnetizes through diode. Voltage across inductor is equal to diode voltage plus resistor drop.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE Set the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Set the pulse width to 135s with a frequency of 200 Hz. Apply the signal to base of the switch. Observe the wave form across the switch and inductor. Take current probe and see the wave form (current waveform) through all the components. Find the demagnetization time. NOTE: TYPICAL RESULT FOR THE CIRCUIT USED The demagnetization time is 122s. The nature of current waveform is Exponential.

MAGNETIZATION AND DEMAGNETISATION OF RL LOADS USING DIODE AND RESISTOR

OBJECTIVES: To use a diode and resistor for demagnetizing the RL loads. BILL OF MATERIALS Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Component Inductor Resistor Diode Transistor Specification Ferrite core 2w CFR 1/2w KHF812 BD139 Value 540H,0.5A 20 ohm, 200ohm 2A 1.5A,60v Quantity` 1 2 1 1 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Equipment DSO Pulse Generator Power Supply Current probe and amplifier Model Tektronics Scientific Measurement systems Tektronics Specification 60Mhz 20MHz 0-30v,2A 0-20A DC/AC, 50Mhz

CIRCUIT THEORY In this circuit the inductor in series with the resister is demagnetized through diode and a series resistor. At 5T the inductor goes to saturation, but due to presence of a series resistor the current is limited to the finite value.

When the inductor produces the back EMF then the diode gets forward biased and the inductor will be demagnetized. When the inductor gets demagnetized then the voltage across the inductor will be diode voltage plus the drop across the resistor (r1) and resistor (r2). Thus by connecting resistor in series with the diode will reduce the demagnetization time. The maximum value of the series resistor that can be connected depends on the breakdown voltage of the switch. CALCULATIONS T=L/R =540H / 20ohm =27s So, 5T=135s Demagnetizing voltage across inductor is VL=Vd+Vr1+Vr2 = 1 + 10 + 10 = 21v

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE Set the circuit as per circuit diagram. Set the pulse width to 135s with a frequency of 200 Hz. Apply the signal to base of the switch.

 Observe the wave form across the switch. Take current probe and see the current waveform through all the components. Find the demagnetization time. NOTE: TYPICAL RESULT FOR THE CIRCUIT USED The demagnetization time is 64s.

DEMAGNETISATION OF RL LOADS USING DIODE AND ZENER DIODE

OBJECTIVES To use a diode and zener diode for demagnetizing the RL loads. BILL OF MATERIALS Sl No: 1 2 3 4 5 Component Inductor Resistor Diode Transistor Zener diode Specification Ferrite core 2W,CFR KHF812 BD139 Value 540H,0.5A 20 ohm, 200ohm 2A 1.5A,60v 15v Quantity` 1 1 1 1 1 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Equipment DSO Pulse Generator Power Supply Current probe and amplifier Model Tektronics Scientific Measurement systems Tektronics Specification 60Mhz 20MHz 0-30v,2A 0-20A DC/AC, 50Mhz

CIRCUIT THEORY In this circuit the inductor in series with the resister is demagnetized by using diode and zener diode. At 5T the inductor goes to saturation, but due to presence of a series resistor the current is limited to the finite value i.e. 1A.

When the inductor gets demagnetized then the voltage across the inductor will be diode voltage plus the drop across the resistor (r1) and break down voltage (Vz) of the zener. Thus by connecting zener diode in series with the diode will reduce the demagnetization time. CALCULATIONS T=L/R =540H/20ohm =27s So, 5T=135s Demagnetizing voltage across inductor is VL=Vd+Vr1+Vz = 1 + 10 + 15 = 26v

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE Set the circuit as per circuit diagram. Set the pulse width to 135s with a frequency of 200 Hz. Apply the signal to base of the switch. Observe the wave form across the switch.

 Take current probe and see the current waveform through all the components. Find the demagnetization time from the waveform. NOTE: TYPICAL RESULT FOR THE CIRCUIT USED The demagnetization time is 51s.

MAGNETIZATION AND DEMAGNETIZATION OF INDUCTOR USING DIODE

OBJECTIVES

 To use a diode for demagnetizing the inductor. To study the property of current & voltage, through & across the inductor. BILL OF MATERIALS Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Component Inductor Resistor Diode Transistor Specification Ferrite core W,CFR KHF812 BD139 Value 540H,0.5A 200ohm 2A 1.5A,60v Quantity` 1 1 1 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Equipment Digital Storage Oscilloscope Pulse Generator Power Supply Current probe and amplifier Model Tektronics Scientific Measurement systems Tektronics Specification 60Mhz 20MHz 0-30v,2A 0-20A DC/AC, 60Mhz

CIRCUIT THEORY In this circuit the inductor is magnetized by turning on the switch for a short period of time. Here the inductor is not allowed to go to saturation since there is no resistance to limit the current. The only resistance in the circuit is coil resistance which is less than 1ohm.If the magnetizing time is increased the current shoots up to a very high value and burns the inductor.

When the inductor produces the back EMF then the diode gets forward biased and the inductor will be demagnetized. This diode suppresses the huge Back EMF and protects the switch from damaging. In this the demagnetizing time of the inductor will be more. When the inductor gets demagnetized then the voltage across the inductor will be 0.7V which makes the demagnetizing time more. The magnetizing and demagnetizing current is linear. Since the pulse width is less the voltage across the inductor will be constant.

CALCULATION E= L I / Ton 10v = 540h X 0.5A / Ton Ton=27s

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE Set the circuit as per circuit diagram. Set the pulse width to 27s with a frequency of 200 Hz. Apply the signal to base of the switch. Observe the wave form across the switch.

 Take current probe and see the current waveform through all the components. Find the demagnetization time.

NOTE: TYPICAL RESULT FOR THE CIRCUIT USED The demagnetization time is 270s. The nature of current waveform is linear.

MAGNETIZATION AND DEMAGNETIZATION OF INDUCTOR USING DIODE AND RESISTOR

OBJECTIVES

 To reduce demagnetization time by using resistor in series with diode. BILL OF MATERIALS Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Component Inductor Resistor Diode Transistor Specification Ferrite core, w,CFR 1w KHF812 BD139 Value 540H,0.5A 200ohm 20ohm 2A 1.5A,60v Quantity` 1 1 1 1 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Equipment Digital Storage Oscilloscope Pulse Generator Power Supply Current probe and amplifier Model Tektronics Scientific Measurement systems Tektronics Specification 60Mhz 20MHz 0-30v,2A 0-20A DC/AC, 60Mhz

CIRCUIT THEORY In this circuit the inductor is magnetized by turning on the switch for a short period of time. Here the inductor is not allowed to go to saturation since there is no resistance to limit the current. When the inductor produces the back EMF then the diode gets forward biased and the inductor will be demagnetized. This diode suppresses the huge Back EMF and protects the switch from damaging. In this the demagnetizing time of the inductor is

reduced due to the addition of series resistor. When the inductor gets demagnetized then the voltage across the inductor will be equal to diode drop plus the drop across the resistor. The magnetizing current is linear and the demagnetizing current is exponential decay due to the addition of resistor.

CALCULATION E= L I / Ton 10v = 540h X 0.5A / Ton Ton=27s

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE Set the circuit as per circuit diagram. Set the pulse width to 27s with a frequency of 200 Hz. Apply the signal to base of the switch. Observe the wave form across the switch. Take current probe and see the current waveform through all the components. Find the demagnetization time.

NOTE: TYPICAL RESULT FOR THE CIRCUIT USED The demagnetization time is 20s.

DEMAGNATISATION OF INDUCTOR USING TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPRESSOR AND DIODE

OBJECTIVES To reduce demagnetization time by using transient voltage suppressor.

BILL OF MATERIALS Sl No: 1 2 3 4 5 Component Inductor Resistor Diode Transistor Zener diode Specification Ferrite core w KHF812 BD139 Value 540H,0.5A 200ohm 2A 1.5A,60v 15v Quantity` 1 1 1 1 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Equipment DSO Pulse Generator Power Supply Current probe and amplifier Model Tektronics Scientific Measurement systems Tektronics Specification 60Mhz 20MHz 0-30v,2A 0-20A DC/AC, 50Mhz

CIRCUIT THEORY Here demagnetization time is reduced using zener diode. This is one of the most efficient method of demagnetizing the inductor in a very less time. This suppresses the transients across the inductor when it is getting demagnetized and thus protects the other components in the circuit. Here the inductor voltage will be equal to diode voltage plus the breakdown voltage of the zener. The magnetizing and demagnetizing current is linear and voltage across the inductor is constant.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE Set the circuit as per circuit diagram. Set the pulse width to 27s with a frequency of 200 Hz. Apply the signal to base of the switch. Observe the wave form across the switch. Take current probe and see the current waveform through all the components. Find the demagnetization time. NOTE:

TYPICAL RESULT FOR THE CIRCUIT USED The demagnetization time is 18s.

FAMILIARISATION OF PULSE-WIDTH MODULATOR IC SG3524

OBJECTIVES: To familiarize with pulse width modulator IC SG3524. BILL OF MATERIALS SLNO Components Specification Value Quantity

1 2 3 4

Capacitors PWM IC Resistors Trim pot

Ceramic disc SG3524 Carbon film

0.01F,.1F 40v(max) 100 1K 10K

1,1 1 2 1 2

EQUIMENTS REQUIRED Slno: 01 02 Equipment DC supply CRO Model Measurement systems Scientific Specification 0-30V,2A 30MHz

CIRCUIT THEORY The IC 3524 is a PWM generator which can vary the output pulse width according to the output of an error amplifier. It operates at a fixed frequency that is programmed by the resistor Rt and one timing capacitor Ct . Rt establishes a constant current for charging of Ct. we can vary the frequency by varying any of these two components. The output of the 3524 is given by two transistors which can be connected in any fashion. Frequency = 1.3 / Rt * Ct Rt is in Kohms

Ct is in uF And the frequency will be in Khz Rt = 600ohm Ct = 0.1uF F = 1.30 / 520 * 0.1 uF = 25 Khz The 3524 is having the feature of current limiting in the output through the pins current sense and current limit. This IC is having a pin known shut down pin in which if we give a voltage more than 0.8V the IC will shut down by stopping its output to zero. This can be used to give a thermal or short circuit protection.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE Set the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Provide required input as Vcc. Observe the output wave form. Vary the potential at the pin 2 and observe the variation in the pulse width. Draw the waveforms.

INDUCTOR DESIGN
OBJECTIVE: To design an inductor of L= 1mH and current of 1A. To compare the practical value & theoretical inductance value.

BILL OF MATERIALS Slno: 01 Components Ferrite Core Specification RM-8 Quantity 1

02

Copper wire gauge

SWG-24

DESIGN:L = 1mh, Irms = 1A, Ip = 1.1A. Winding factor ( Kw ) = 0.6 Flux Density ( Bmax ) = 0.25 Current Density ( J ) = 4 X 106 Area Product AcAw = ( L X Ip X Irms ) / (Kw X Bm X J)

1mh X 1.1A X 1A X 108 0.6 X 4 X 106 X 0.25

Ap

0.175cm4

From the core table, selected core is RM - 8 Ac = 0.630 Aw = 0.320 AP = 0.195 Number of turns N = ( L X Ip ) / ( Bm X Ac ) = 1mH X 1.1 X104 0.25 X 0.630 =70 Length of air gap lg = 4 X pi X 10 -7 X 70 X 1.1 0.25 = 0.387 mm Wire guage Area of the wire = Current / Current density a = Irms / J

= 1 / 4 X 106 = 0.25 mm2 From the wire guage table 24 SWG is selected.

DESIGN STEPS Compute the Area product from the given input Select the core from the core table with the required Ac and Aw. For the selected core, find Ac and Aw. Compute the number of turns. Calculate area of the wire required.

 Select the wire guage from the wire table. Finally calculate the required air gap.

DESCRIPTION: Inductor designing is a very important task in power electronics while designing the inductor the value ,max current are the important factor. Inductor is having the characteristics that it opposes the changes in the current through it. This opposing characteristic is given by the name reactance. The reactance increases with the frequency, its given by the formula Reactance = 2*pi* frequency * L Thus the reactance increases also with the increase in the inductor. The core of the inductor is also selected by the frequency of operation. When the operating frequency increases then the size of the inductor comes down. The SWG of the winding

wire is selected by the current carrying capacity of the inductor. As the number of the turns increases then the inductor value also increases. So according to the inductor value the number of turns will be designed.

PROCEDURE: Get the specification ,and design the inductor using given the formula. Collect the material, and start winding the inductor. After winding measure the value. Adjust the value of inductance by reducing or increasing or decreasing the air gap.

RESULT

The Practical value of the inductor is 1.02mH.

BUCK CONVERTER OBJECTIVES: To study about the basic DC-DC converter. To construct a buck regulator for 5V & 1A. BILL OF MATERIALS 1. 2. 3. 4. SLNO COMPONENTS Diode Inductor Transistor Capacitors SPECIFICATION BY 229 1mh BD140 Electrolytic Electrolytic Ceramic disc VALUE 10A 1A rms 60v 100F 220F 0.01F,.1F Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1,1

5. 6. 7.

PWM IC Resistors Trim pot

SG3524 Carbon film Carbon film

40v(max) 100 5/5W 1K 10K

1 2 1 1 2

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Sl No: 1 2 3 4 Equipment DSO Pulse Generator Power Supply Current probe and amplifier Model Tektronics Scientific Measurement systems Tektronics Specification 60Mhz 20MHz 0-30v,2A 0-20A DC/AC, 50Mhz SPECIFICATIONS: Input voltage Output voltage = 10v = 5v

Output current = 1A Duty cycle Ripple voltage = 50% = 0.1% of the output voltage

Ripple current = 10 % of the output current Frequency CIRCUIT THEORY Buck converter is a DC to DC converter which can step down the input voltage given and thus regulates it for the required voltage. It consists an inductor ,capacitor and a switch as main components. The inductor and the capacitor acts like the = 25Khz

filtering components which stores and supplies the energy to the load. The switch is p-channel MOSFET. When the switch is on the inductor and the capacitor gets charged from the supply and also the load is connected to the input supply. During this time the diode will be reverse biased and does not conduct any current. When the switch is off then the inductor reverses its polarity and starts discharging this turns the diode to forward bias. When switch is off then the current and the voltage required for the load will be supplied by the inductor. So when the switch is on the inductor is getting charged and when it is off the inductor gets discharged. The charging current and the discharging current of the inductor is the same ,this prevents the inductor going to saturation. Here the output capacitor is not having so much of importance because no time the load is driven only by the capacitor. The main disadvantage of the buck converter is not having isolation between the input and the output. The buck converter is only used for low power applications. The output voltage of the buck converter is given by the duty cycle. This is given by the equation Vout = Vin * dutycycle In the given circuit the buck converter is connected with the feedback . For this a PWM IC3524 is used and the feedback is given through a divider network. As the load varies the feedback voltage changes and this adjusts the duty cycle and the output voltage is always constant for all the loads. The supply voltage of the 3524 is the input voltage of the buck converter itself. The inductor and the capacitor of the buck converter is designed according to the specifications given. The core of the inductor is selected according to the frequency of operation, and the SWG of the winding wire is selected by the current carrying capacity of the inductor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FORMULAS: L = [ ( Vin -Vo)Vo *T ] / Vi I Ton = (I *L) / (Vin-Vo) Toff = (I *L) / Vo Vc = I /8 Fc C=((Vin-Vo)Vo) / (8Vin*F^2*L*C)

DESIGN: L=1mH, Vin=10V , Vo= 5V, I=0.1A , Irms =1A , Vc =0.1V

T = (Vin*I*L) / ( (Vin-Vo)*Vo) = (10*0.1*1mH) / (5*5) = 40 sec Ton = (I *L) / (Vin-Vo) = (0.1 * 1mH) / 5 =20 sec Toff = (I * L) / Vo = 20 sec Vc = I / 8*F*C 0.1 = 0.1 / (8 * 25Khz *C) C = 100uF

PROCEDURE: Set the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Provide required input. Check the pulse width and amplitude of the pulse. Power all the circuits. Observe the output and measure with DMM. Observe the waveform on the DSO and plot the waveform. Calculate line regulation and load regulation.

RESULT Output voltage = 5.02V Output current = 1A

Line Regulation = 1% Load Regulation = 0.5%

FAMILIARISATION OF IC TCA 785 OBJECTIVE To understand the operation IC TCA 785 for driving SCRs and TRAICs. To observe the different waveforms of voltage at various outputs of TCA 785. BILL OF MATERIALS Slno: 01. 02. 03. 04. Components TCA 785 Resistor Capacitor Variable resistor Specification Vs Carbon film Ceramic Value 8-18V 1/4W,10K 1nF,47nF 100K,10K Quantity 1 4 1,1 1,1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

Sl no: 01. 02.

Equipment Dc supply DSO

Model Measurement systems Tektronix

Specification 0-30v 200Ms/S

DESCRIPTION The synchronization signal is obtained via a high-ohmic resistance from the line voltage. A zero voltage detector evaluates the zero passages and transfers them to the synchronization register. This synchronization register controls a ramp generator, the capacitor C10 of which is charged by a constant current (determined by R9).If the ramp voltage V 10 exceeds the control voltage V11, a signal is processed to the logic. Dependent on the magnitude of the control voltage V11, the triggering angle can be shifted within a phase angle of 0 to 180. For every half wave, a positive pulse of approx. 30uS duration appears at the outputs Q1 and Q2.The pulse duration can be prolonged up to 180 via a capacitor C12.If pin 12 is connected to ground, pulses with a duration between and 180 will result. Outputs Q1 and Q2 supply the inverse signals of Q1 and Q2. A signal which corresponds to the NOR link of Q1 and Q2 is available at output QZ (pin 7). The inhibit input can be used to disable outputs Q1 ,Q2 and q1,q2.Pin 13 can be used to extent the outputs q1 and q2 to full pulse length(180 -).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE: Set the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Provide required input as Vcc and control voltage. Observe the output wave form. Adjust the pot to get the desired output. RESULT: Obtained the trigger pulses for triggering the triac circuitry, triggering angle varying from 0 to 180 with a pulse width of 30sec.