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n1=1.53
n2=1
Ө2 =90o
Critical angle=Sin-1(n2SinӨ2/n1)
Critical angle=Sin-1(1Sin90o/1.53)
Mag=Hi/Ho
Mirror formula = (1/f=1/v +1/u) f is positive for convex lenses and negative for concave
ROYGBIV
Violet bends most towards the normal Red bends the least in a higher optically dense substance
Remember blue bends best red …doesn’t …bend ….good
Dispersion
Splitting white light into the spectrum (all colors)
Modal dispersion
The distortion of light pulses due to the diverging path of the rays coming from the source.
Material dispersion
The spreading of a light pulse due to the dependence of the index of refraction on color; that is, frequency
Transverse waves
Light
Displacement of particles are perpendicular to wave propagation
Longitudinal waves
Sound
Particle displacement is parallel to wave propagation
Polarization
Constructive interference
Destructive interference
Nuclearness
Doses
Absorbed dose - the amount of energy absorbed per kilogram of target material
Absorbed dose (Gy) –Energy absorbed / mass
Absorbed dose is measured in Gray (Gy) = 1 joule/kg
glossary
Fuel rods (U-235) full of fissile material fission occurs in these fuel rods releasing the nuclear energy
Control rods (Cadmium boron) raised and lowered to control how many nuclei are being split every second
Moderator (water, deuterium) slows down neutrons to be absorbed by U-235 which absorbs slow moving neutrons more easily
Coolent (water, high pressure CO2) keeps the temperature constant
Containment vessel (steel & concrete) keeps the radiation from escaping
Critical Mass
The smallest amount of fissionable material that will, when formed into a ball sustain an uncontrolled chain reaction
WASTES
High level- remnants from fuel rods stored in shielded cooled containers
Medium level – fuel containers pipes gauges –shielded containers
Low level –protective clothing ,water from showers old plant equipment stored for a short time or just released
Enrichment of uranium-235
The gas centrifuge process has been widely used in Europe for about 30 years to enrich uranium for the commercial nuclear power market. The
process uses a large number of rotating cylinders interconnected to form cascades. The UF6 gas is placed in the cylinder and rotated at a high
speed. The rotation creates a strong centrifugal force that draws more of the heavier gas molecules (containing the U238) toward the wall of the
cylinder, while the lighter gas molecules (containing the U235) tend to collect closer to the center. The stream that is slightly enriched in U235 is
withdrawn and fed into the next higher stage, while the slightly depleted stream is recycled back into the next lower stage. Significantly more
U235 enrichment can be obtained from a single gas centrifuge machine than from a single gaseous diffusion stage.
GENERAL
E23 = 10^23