CRANIAL TRUNK MUSCLES Hypaxial Muscles Muscles Acting on Pectoral Girdle (See Pectoral Appendicular Muscles: Muscles of the

Shoulders) - Omotransversarius Muscle - Rhomboideus Cervicis et Thoracis Muscle - Rhomboideus Capitis Muscle - Serratus Ventralis Muscle Muscle Forming Part of Thoracic Wall - Rectus Abdominis Muscle: o Origin: o Insertion: onto sternum and cranial costal cartilages o Function: - External Intercostal Muscles the outermost muscle layer of the abdominal wall o Origin: from caudal edge of a rib (extends caudoventrally) o Insertion: onto cranial edge of the next caudal rib o Function: involved in respiratory movements - Internal Intercostal Muscles the underlying, middle muscle layer of the abdominal wall o Origin: from caudal edge of one rib (extends caudodorsally) o Insertion: onto cranial edge of the next caudal rib o Function: involved in respiratory movements - Transversus Thoracis Muscle the deep, incomplete muscle layer found near the midventral line o Origin: from dorsal surface of sternum o Insertion: onto the internal surfaces of costal cartilages o Function: involved in respiratory movements - Rectus Thoracis Muscle the diagonally oriented muscle associated with the thoracic wall o Origin: from the middle of the sternum o Insertion: on the 1st rib o Function: involved in respiratory movements - Scalenus Muscle a fan-shaped muscle complex that extends between cervical vertebrae and ribs o Origin: from transverse processes of most of the cervical vertebrae o Insertion: multiple insertions on various ribs (can extend as far caudad as 9 th or 10th rib) o Function: involved in respiratory movements - Serratus Dorsalis Muscle lies medial to the scapula and serratus ventralis muscle o Origin: from thoracolumbar fascia Cranial Portion obliquely oriented muscle fiber bundles Caudal Portion transversely oriented muscle fiber bundles o Insertion: on proximal portion of ribs (last slip of caudal portion inserts on last rib) o Function: involved in respiratory movements Subvertebral Muscle: - Longus Colli Muscle muscle band in neck ventromedial to origin of scalenus muscle o Origin: from ventral surfaces of first 6 thoracic vertebrae o Insertion: on central and transverse processes of each cervical vertebra o Function: assist in ventral and lateral flexions of the neck

Epaxial Muscles Splenius Muscle thin, broad triangular muscle sheet that covers the back of the neck - Origin: from middorsal line of neck - Insertion: on nuchal crest and occipital region of the skull and on transverse process of the atlas - Function: assists in flexing the head laterally and, if it contracts bilaterally, it elevates the head Multifidi Muscle: - Origin: from mammillary processes, transverse processes and zygapophyses of vertebrae - Insertion: onto spinous processes of more cranial vertebrae - Function: a Spinalis Muscle lies lateral to the spinous processes of the thoracic and caudal cervical vertebrae - Origin: from inner & external surface of deeper layer of thoracolumbar facia and from dorsal surface of vertebrae - Insertion: on spinous processes of vertebrae - Function: Erector Spinae Muscle: - Origin: from iliac crest and dorsal surfaces of the more caudal trunk vertebrae - Insertion: splits into longissimus dorsi & iliocostal muscles - Function: Longissimus Dorsi Muscle - Origin: from split portion of erector spinae muscle - Insertion: on the chiefly on the transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae - Function: Longissimus Capitus Muscle a cranial extension of the longissimus dorsi muscle - Origin: - Insertion: - Function: Ilicostal Muscle: - Origin: m split portion of erector spinae muscle - Insertion: on the ribs - Function: Semispinalis Cervicis et Capitis Muscle: - Semispinalis Cervicis Muscle has a parallel arrangement of muscle fiber bundles o Origin: from vertebrae between cranial ends of spinalis and longissimus capitis muscles o Insertion: on back of skull o Function: a - Semispinalis Capitis Muscle: o Origin: from vertebrae between cranial ends of spinalis and longissimus capitis muscles o Insertion: on back of skull o Function: