HISTORY OF GYMNASTIC

To the Ancient Greeks, physical fitness was paramount, and all Greek cities had a gymnasia, a
courtyard for jumping, running, and wrestling. As the Roman Empire ascended, Greek
gymnastics gave way to military training. The Romans, for example, introduced the wooden
horse. In 393 AD the Emperor Theodosius abolished the Olympic Games, which by then had
become corrupt, and gymnastics, along with other sports declined. Later, Christianity, with its
medieval belief in the base nature of the human body, had a deleterious effect on gymnastics. For
centuries, gymnastics was all but forgotten.[4]

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, however, two pioneer physical educators –
Johann Friedrich GutsMuth (1759 – 1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778 – 1852) - created
exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they designed that ultimately led to what is
considered modern gymnastics. In particular, Jahn crafted early models of the horizontal bar, the
parallel bars (from a horizontal ladder with the rungs removed), and the vaulting horse.[4]

By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be
included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in 1896. However, from then on until the early
1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises
gathered under the rubric gymnastics that would seem strange to today's audiences: synchronized
team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, horizontal ladder, etc. During the
1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events, and the first women's Olympic
competition – primitive, for it involved only synchronized calisthenics - was held at the 1928
Games in Amsterdam.

By the 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been
standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1
to 10) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly
disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues to inspire. The new
medium of television helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and
women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can
be found on every continent. Nadia Comaneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976
Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached by the famous Romanian, Bela
Karolyi. According to Sports Illustrated, Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven
bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise.[5] Unfortunately, even with Nadia's
perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviets. Nadia will always be
remembered as "a fourteen year old, ponytailed little girl" who showed the world that perfection
could be achieved.
In 2006, a new points system was put into play. Instead of being marked 1 to 10, the gymnast's
start value depends on the difficulty rating of the exercise routine. Also, the deductions became
higher: before the new point system developed, the deduction for a fall was 0.5, and now it is
0.8. The motivation for a new point system was to decrease the chance of gymnasts getting a
perfect score. The sport can include children as young as three years old and sometimes younger
doing kindergym and children's gymnastics, recreational gymnasts of all ages, competitive
gymnasts at varying levels of skill, as well as world class athletes.