Experiment 4 Title Rate Law of a Reaction Objectives 1. Determine the rate law of a reaction 2.

Explain the function of catalyst and inhibitor in reaction kinetic 3. Determine the rates of graph Theory The reaction rate is the speed at which a chemical reaction is taking place. Usually reactions do not progress at a constant speed. The rate is generally dependent on the amount of one or more reactants remaining in the system. Rate law is an equation that relates the rate of reaction to the concentration of reactants (and catalyst) raise to various of power. General reaction of the type : aA + bB cC + dD Where the dots suggest that there may be additional reactant and products. The general reaction rate can be expressed in term of the rate at which reactant disappear:Rate =

The rate law for this reaction is form Rate = k [A]m[B]n In working the rate laws, it is important to realize that the rate of a reaction depends on concentration, but the rate constant does not. The constant, k in the rate law is called the rate constant.

Chemicals

100 % H2O2 v/v 0.025 M FeCl3 solution 1 M H2SO4 solution 0.05 M KMnO4

Apparatus Burette Pipette 2 and 10 mL Conical flask 250 mL Graduated cylinder Stopwatch

Method
1. Concentrated H2O2 100% v/v (2.5 mL) was diluted with 200 mL of distilled water in a

conical flask.
2. 20 mL of FeCl3 was added immediately after 10 minutes. This time was called as (t + 0)

minutes. 3. This solution was pipette (10mL) in another conical flask containing 10mL of sulphuric acid 1 M.
4. The solution was quickly titrated with standard potassium permanganate (KMnO4) 0.05

M solution and the volume was recorded, V(L) at time, t=0 (Vo). 5. Procedure 3 was repeated for several conical flasks.
6. After each 10 minute, one sample was taken and titrated with standard solution of 0.05M

KMnO4.
7. The graph of log Vo/Vt versus time (s) was plotted and the k value from the slope was

estimated.

Results Table 4.1 Reaction Time (minutes) 10 20 30 40 50 60 Initial reading (mL) 37.5 40.0 41.5 42.5 43.1 43.6 Burette Final reading (mL) 40.0 41.5 42.5 43.1 43.6 43.8 Volume (mL) 3.5 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.2

Table 4.1.1 Calculation data to plot a graph Vo = 3.5 mL Time (s) 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 Vt (mL) 3.50 1.50 1.00 0.60 0.50 0.20 Log Vo/Vt 0.00 0.37 0.54 0.77 0.85 1.24

i.

Using a graph paper, plot a graph of log Vo/Vt versus time (s).

ii. From the graph, calculate k value by using equation 2. Equation 2 : ln [H2O2]t / [H2O2]o From graph of log Vo/Vt versus time (s)

t = 2400 s

log Vo/Vt = 0.77

ln [H2O2]t / [H2O2]o = -kt > log (Vo/Vt) = kt 0.77 = k (2400s) Antilog k = 3.2083 x 10-4 s-1 k = 1.0007 s-1

iii. Determine the reaction rate law from the graph. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 Decomposite of H2O2 Rate = k [H2O2]1 Rate = (1.0007s-1)

iv. Give the definition ferric catalyst is activated by copper ions.

The corrosive properties of ferric become clear when being look at its chemical composition. A ferric chloride molecule consists of one atom of iron with three atoms of chlorine hooked onto it. The bridge between iron and chlorine, which creates the chemical adhesion of the molecule, is made up of two electrons (negatively charged particles) for each chlorine atom. Since the iron atom needs eight electrons to be in a stable condition, but has only six, it wants to react electrochemically with the copper atoms of the etching plate to gain the missing two electrons. v. What other methods that have been used to determine the order of reactions by decomposition? a. Initial rate method This method is used for reactions where more than one reactant species are evolved. Initial rates of the reactant are determined by varying the concentration of only one reactant while keeping the concentrations of other reactants constant. Initial rate of reaction corresponds to the rate at the start of the reaction. The rate is calculated over the first smallest possible time interval. This calculation is done either graphically or numerically. b. Graphic method First, the data of concentrations versus time is obtained by a suitable method, Then, the data is plotted as concentration versus time. From the resulting plot, the instantaneous rates are determined by drawing tangents to curve and then calculating their slopes. The reaction rate that has obtained is plotted against concentrations raised to various powers. That is rates are plotted against [C]1, [C]2 and [C]3 [C]n, n (n need not be integral numbers). From the nature of the plots, the order of the reaction can be judged. For a zero order reaction, the rate will not vary with concentration and the plot will be a line parallel to the concentration axis. If the reaction displays any other order, then the plot of rate against concentration raised to the appropriate oreder will be linear which obeys the relation, y=mx. The slope m gives the rate constant k of the reaction.

c. Half-life method

Half life of a reaction is defined as the time required for reducing the concentration of a reactant to half its initial value. It is denoted as t1/2. The t1/2 of a zero order reaction is given as :

While for the first order reaction is given as

In general, for a reaction of order n, t1/2 is proportional to initial concentration of A raised to power n-1, that is

Only for the first order reaction t1/2 is independent of the initial concentration of the reactant. This relation can be used to determine the order of a reaction. vi. Discuss the uncertainty that you get in this experiment. The uncertainty that we got from this experiment is the reaction is the first order reaction. This is based from the graph that had been plotted which showed a linear graph. The order of reaction could be determined from the graph. This is by using the graphical method.

Discussion

In this experiment, a graph of log Vo/Vt against time (s) was plotted. The graph showed a linear line. This showed that the reaction is first order. The slope of the line is twice the rate constant, k from the rate law. Integrated rate laws can be used to determine both the rate constant for a reaction and the form of the rate law. It may seem more complicated to use integrated rate laws rather that the method of initial rates to determine the rate law, but it really does take much longer to perform and analyze the several reactions needed for the method of initial rates than it does to produce the necessary graphs for the integrated rate law method especially with a good graphing program. The difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst is that in a heterogeneous catalyst, it is in a different phase from the reactants. However, in a homogeneous catalyst, it is in the same phase of the reactants.

Conclusion The rate law of a reaction is the reaction rate or rate of reaction for a reactant or product in a particular reaction is intuitively defined as how fast a reaction takes place. For example, the oxidation of iron under the atmosphere is a slow reaction which can take many years, but the combustion of butane in a fire is a reaction that takes place in fractions of a second. The function of catalyst is to lower energy of activation. It catalyst is an element or compound that increase or decrease the rate of a reaction. However what makes catalysts special is that they are not consumed during the reaction. In this experiment, a graph of log Vo/Vt against time (s) was plotted. The graph showed a linear line. This showed that the reaction is first order.

References

http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/kinetics/ratelaws/section2.rhtml http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-iv/chemicalkinetics/graphical-order-determination.php