SOLUBILITY

ROLE IN STABILITY OF DOSAGE FOR vignan pharmacy college

Presented by: S. Lalitha Sravani 10AB1S0306 M. Pharmacy (I/II) Submitted to: P. Srinivasa Babu M. Pharmacy, PhD G. Kishore Babu M. Pharmacy, (PhD)

INTRODUCTION
Quantitative definition : solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at particular temperature and pressure.

Qualitative definition : spontaneous interaction of two or more substances to form homogenous molecular dispersion.

Solubilisation : defined as the preparation of thermodynamically stable isotropic solution of the substance normally insoluble or very slightly soluble in a given solvent by the introduction of an additional component or components.

SOLUBILITY
SATURATED UNSATURATED SOLUTION no more SOLUTION solute more solute dissolves dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form

increasing concentration

Degree of Saturation
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Unsaturated, Saturated or Supersaturated? How much solute can be dissolved in a solution?

Process of Solubilisation
Step 1: Holes opens in the solvent

Step2: Molecules of the solid breaks away from the bulk

Step 3:The freed solid molecule is integrated into the hole in the solvent

DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY
SATURATION METHOD

SHAKE FLASK METHOD

TITRTION METHOD

POTENTIOMETRY

SPECTROPHTOMETRY

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Types of Solutions
Solute
Solid Liquid Gas Solid Liquid Gas Solid Liquid Gas

Solvent
Solid Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas Gas

Solution
Solid in solid Liquid in solid Gas in solid Solid in liquid Liquid in liquid Gas in liquid Solid in gas Liquid in gas Gas in gas

Example
Alloys Hydrated salts Adsorption of gases on solids Salts in water Alcohol in water Aerated drinks Iodine vapors in air Mist Air

Solutions of solids in liquids

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Types of solutes
Strong electrolytes: good conductors
of electricity. ex: sodium chloride

Weak electrolytes: moderate conductors

ex: acetic acid

Non electrolytes: poor conductors

ex: sugar,methanol

CONDUCTIVITY

non electrolyte

weak electrolyte

strong electrolyte

like dissolves like

Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other.

non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents

CCl4 in C6H6 C2H5OH in H2O NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)

polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents

ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents

Nature of Solvent
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Insoluble Salts

Energy Changes in Solution

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Enthalpy Changes in Solution

Hsoln = H1 + H2 + H3

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(Solute)

Exothermic Solution Process

H1(solute) + H2(solvent) < H3(mix) Hsoln < 0

Endothermic Solution Process

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Entropy changes in Solution

A liquid has a higher Entropy (S) than a solid because the particles have higher freedom of motion

Sliquid > Ssolid

Similarly, a gas has higher entropy than a liquid

Sgas

> Sliquid

The change in entropy when a liquid changes to a gas is positive

Svap > Ssol > 0

A solution usually has a higher entropy than a pure solute and a pure solvent. The solution provides more ways to distribute energy Particles in a solution have a higher freedom of motion with increased possibilities for interactions between molecules

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Raoults law

The vapor pressure of pure B is higher than that of pure A.

Deviations from Raoults law

Ethanol + water

Exothermic process

Endothermic process

Thermodynamics of solutions
For ideal solutions:

Hf
-

To - T 2.303R T To

log X2i =

Gs = Gmix= -TSmix
For non ideal solutions:

Hf
-

To - T

+ log2 T To

log X2 =

2.303R

Gs = Hs - TSs

Effect of Pressure on Gases

Henrys Law
c=kP

c = solubility of the gas k = Henrys Law Constant P = partial pressure of gas

Effect of Temperature on Gases

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Effect of Temperature on Solids

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CONCLUSION

REFERENCE
Gilbert S. Banker, Modern pharmaceutics,vol121, pg: 171-174 .

Jens T. Carrstensen, Advanced Pharmaceutical solids, pg: 27-49.

Harry G.Bri ttain, Physical Charecterisation of Pharmaceutical Solids, vol70, pg: 340-381.no

E.Shotton Physical Pharmaceutics, pg: 19-38

James Swarbrick and James C. Boylan, Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, 2nd edition, vol 3,pg:2458-2478.

Martins, Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5th edition,pg: 231264

THANK YOU