RESULTS OF STUDIES BASED ON REPORTED LITERATURE

ECO- Concrete containing Marble sludge powder and Quarry rock dust A study on ECO-concrete replacing the conventional materials, except cement, with marble sludge powder and quarry rock dust. 1. Characterization of waste The physical characteristics of the waste are furnished in Table-3

2.

Raw materials Cement: Ordinary Portland Cement (43 Grade) with 28 percent normal consistency conforming to IS: 8112-1989 was used. Marble Sludge Powder: Marble sludge powder was obtained in wet form directly taken from deposits of marble factories. It was observed that the marble sludge powder had a

high specific surface area; thus it can confer more cohesiveness to mortars and concrete. Specific gravity of the marble sludge powder is 2.212. Quarry rock dust: Its specific gravity is 2.677. Moisture content and bulk density of waste are less than the sand properties. Fine aggregate: Medium size sand with fineness modulus = 2.20; Specific gravity 2.677, normal grading with the silt content 0.8%. Coarse aggregate: Crushed stone with a size of 5-20 mm and normal continuous grading was used. The content of flaky and elongated particles is <3%, the crushing index 6% and the specific gravity 2.738. Water: The qualities of water samples are uniform and potable. Super plasticizer: A super plasticizer,Roff Superplast 320was used to get and preserve the designed workability.

3. Mix proportion of concrete: For durability studies the IS mix proportion (by weight) use in the mixes of conventional concrete and ECO-concrete were fixed as (Cement: River sand/marble sludge + stone dust: coarse aggregate.) 1:1.81:2.04, 1:1.73:2.04 after several trials. Based on properties of raw materials, two different mix proportions were taken. Mix A is the controlled concrete using river sand. Mix B is the ECO-concrete using industrial waste (50% quarry rock dust and 50% marble sludge powder) as fine aggregate. The water/cement ratio for both two mixes was 0.55% by weight. Water reducing admixture was used to improve the workability and its dose was fixed as 250 ml/50kg of cement. 4.Results and Discussion Workability:

Compressive and Split tensile strength: The 150 mm size concrete cubes, concrete cylinder of size 150 mm diameter and 300 mm ht. were used as test specimens to determine the compressive strength and split tensile strength respectively. The results of standard cubes and cylinders are compiled:

Durability and Resistance to Sulphate attack : The resistance to sulphate attack was studied by immersing the specimens in standard condition for 28, 90 days and 150 days in testing baths (containing 7.5 percent MgSO4 and 7.5 percent Na2SO4 by weight of water).

From results it was deduced that the durability of Green concrete under sulphate is higher to that of conventional concrete. This is due active SiO2 in marble powder and quarry rock dust can react with the Ca (OH)2 in concrete to form secondary calcium silicate hydrate and make it chemically stable and structurally dense, the impermeability of concrete is enhanced as well. In addition, the marble powder can reduce the content of calcium aluminates in cementitious material, leading to increase of sulphate resistance of concrete. 5.Conclusions All the experimental data shows that the addition of the industrial wastes improves the physical and mechanical properties. These results are of great importance because this kind of innovative concrete requires large amounts of fine particles. Due to its high fineness of the marble sludge powder it provided to be very effective in assuring very good cohesiveness of concrete. From the above study, it is concluded that the quarry rock dust and marble sludge powder may be used as a replacement material for fine aggregate. The chemical compositions of quarry rock dust and marble sludge powder are comparable with that of cement. The replacement of fine aggregate with 50% marble sludge powder and 50% Quarry rock dust (Green concrete) gives an excellent result in strength aspect and quality aspect. The results showed that the M4 mix induced higher compressive strength, higher splitting tensile strength. Green concrete induced higher workability and it satisfy the self compacting concrete performance which is the slump flow is 657mm without affecting the strength of concrete. Slump flow increases and V-funnel time decreases with the increase of marble sludge powder content. Test results show that these industrial wastes are capable of improving hardened concrete performance. Permeability of green concrete is less compared to that of conventional concrete. The durability of green concrete under sulphate is higher to that of conventional concrete. From the results after 90-day immersion, the mortar specimens with green concrete in 7.5% sulphate solution have similar effect with those immersed for 28 days.

The combined use of quarry rock dust and marble sludge powder exhibited excellent performance due to efficient micro filling ability and pozzolanic activity. Therefore, the results of this study provide a strong recommendation for the use of quarry rock dust and marble sludge powder as fine aggregate in concrete manufacturing. Behavior of Different Mixes to Different Environmental Classes In another study to analyze the behavior of different compositions in various environmental classes several different mixes were prepared and exposed to different environmental conditions.

The control parameters for the mixes were a slump of approximately 100 mm and, for the aggressive environment, an air content of 5.5%. The different green concrete mixes and their respective environmental conditions are tabulated as below:

Tables 8 and 9 show concrete mixes tested with high-volume fly ash for the passive and aggressive environmental classes. In the passive environmental class the fly ash content was increased from 24 to 70%, resulting in a reduction of CO2 emission from 18 to 57%. In the aggressive environmental class the fly ash content was increased from 9 to 40% resulting in a reduction of CO2 emission from 33 to 54%. AV5 is a modified version of AV4 with increased air content. Strength development is shown in Figures 4 and 5. The figures show that PV4, which has a fly ash content of 70%, has strength that is far too low: it appears that the fly ash content must not exceed approximately 60%. Even so, the strength development is still too slow. As regards the concrete in the aggressive environmental class, the strength development is similar for all concrete types.

Passive: Dry atmosphere with no risk of corrosion. Aggressive: Moist atmosphere, with significant alkaline and/or chloride influence on the concrete surface or where there is risk of water saturation combined with frost. Comparison between Conventional and Eco-Concrete After enough development of ECO-concrete, the question arose about its relevance before conventional concrete. Lesser environmental impact was one thing but other properties like durability and resistance to fire etc were suspected and under study. Several tests thus carried out clearly showed that ECO-concrete was not a bad bargain indeed.

An environmental screening has been performed for a column presenting the different design principles as described below (green concrete columns defined as A, B, C). For comparison, the same environmental screening has been performed for a reference column (traditional concrete column defined as R), which is similar to column A, except that the green concrete type being substituted by a traditional concrete suitable for aggressive environment. The objective is to identify significant resource consumption and environmental loads of traditional concrete/design compared to ECO- concrete/design occurring during the entire service life, this includes the environmentally viewed most critical maintenance/repair stage. The performed lifecycle screenings quantify material usage (consumption of concrete) as well as CO 2 emissions generated at the involved stages during the lifecycle of the columns. 1): DENSIT = Cement and micro silica based material providing high density and high

compressive strength (150-300 MPa) 2): CRC = Compact Reinforced Concrete which contains a high amount of steel fibre providing high ductility and Compressive strength (150-400 MPa) *) : without traditional waterproofing membrane **) : designation used for the environmental screening The results of the environmental screening for the 3 green concrete columns (A, B, C) and the traditional concrete column (R) is presented in Table 11 with regard to the CO2-emission and in Table 12 with regard to the consumption of concrete.

This comparison demonstrates that column B (stainless steel reinforcement) and column C (stainless steel cladding) present the most environmental-friendly design solutions both with regard to the CO2 emissions and the consumption of concrete. An even more environmentalfriendly solution is if the selected concrete at coloumn C would be substituted by a more environmental friendly concrete type provided that the steel cladding assures the long term protection of the reinforced concrete

LIMITATIONS OF GREEN CONCRETE

Although green concrete seems very promising when it comes to an environment friendly sustainable development, the prime concern is its durability. Denials are being constantly raised regarding the service life of structures made with green concrete. Further the split tension of green concrete has been found much less than that of conventional concrete. Another challenge before green concrete is that of a market. Until the properties of green concrete are at par with the conventional concrete, green concrete is unlikely to find many customers. Several researchers have argued that green concrete can be made durable by using stainless steel reinforcements, but the predicament is that by using stainless steel concrete the cost of the construction increases considerably. Even after this, green concrete is not as durable as the conventional concrete. The limitations of using green concrete can be summarized as below: By using stainless steel, cost of reinforcement increases. Structures constructed with green concrete have comparatively less life than structures with conventional concrete. Split tension of green concrete is less than that of conventional concrete. Not as durable as conventional concrete. Given these limitations coupled with the urgent need of reduction in green house gas emissions, has sparked off a number of researches across the globe to make green concrete more durable and bring it up to the mark with conventional concrete. SCOPE IN INDIA Green concrete is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry. Concrete is an indispensible entity for a developing country like India which desperately needs a continuously expanding infrastructure. India is the second largest producer of cement in the world. Further India would be facing an exponential growth in the concrete demand by 2011.

Being produced in voluminous quantities in India, the concrete industry has a considerable part in the net CO2 emissions from the country. The net CO2 emissions from the construction agency are greater than any other industry.

In order to act in a responsible manner towards a sustainable development of the nation, Green concrete is the need of the hour. India being a developing country produces concrete in enormous quantities which result in huge volumes of CO2 being emitted into the atmosphere each year. The total energy consumption (a rough estimate of the net CO2 emissions) during the manufacture of cement in India is tabulated as below: The above statistics, though old, can be used as a guideline since the technological advancements

have been scarce. As not much has been done and not much can be done to reduce these consumptions, the only alternative left is that of a green concrete, which will reduce the net CO2 emissions in the whole life cycle of concrete. Thus we can deduce that, for a greener future, India needs to adopt Green concrete into practice as soon as possible. The other advantageous factor is its economy. As green concrete is made with concrete wastes and recycled aggregates, which are cheaper than conventional substitutes,

and also with most of the industries facing problems with their waste disposal, put it out of the question to discard it. Another type of green concrete, pervious concrete, when it comes to storm water management and rain water harvesting. Using pervious concrete we can easily tame the run-off and harness it for future uses in relatively dry areas, which would have otherwise drained away. With the alarmingly increasing cases of droughts each year pervious concrete would prove to be a utilitarian tool.

CONCLUSIONS

The overview of the present state of affairs regarding concrete types with reduced environmental impact has shown that there is considerable knowledge and experience on the subject. The somewhat vague environmental requirements that exist have resulted in a need for more specific technical requirements, and the most important goal is to develop the technology necessary to produce and use resource saving concrete structures, i.e. green concrete. This applies to structure design, specification, manufacturing, performance, operation, and maintenance.

Apart from several limitations coupled with the urgent need of reduction in green house gas emissions, has sparked off a number of researches across the globe to make green concrete more durable and bring it up to the mark with conventional concrete. So definitely use of concrete product like GREEN CONCRETE in future will not only reduce the emission of CO2 in environment and environmental impact but also economical to produce.