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Introduction
Chapter 1
A collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system.
1.1
A distributed system organized as middleware. Note that the middleware layer extends over multiple machines.
Scalability Problems
Concept Centralized services Centralized data Centralized algorithms Example A single server for all users A single on-line telephone book Doing routing based on complete information
1.4
The difference between letting: a) a server or b) a client check forms as they are being filled
Hardware Concepts
1.6 1.5
Multiprocessors (1)
Multiprocessors (2)
1.7 1.8
A bus-based multiprocessor.
Software Concepts
Description Tightly-coupled operating system for multiprocessors and homogeneous multicomputers Loosely-coupled operating system for heterogeneous multicomputers (LAN and WAN) Additional layer atop of NOS implementing general-purpose services Main Goal Hide and manage hardware resources Offer local services to remote clients Provide distribution transparency
1-9
NOS
Middleware
a) Grid b) Hypercube
An overview of DOS (Distributed Operating Systems) NOS (Network Operating Systems) Middleware
1.11
1.14
1.15
Block sender until buffer not full Block sender until message sent Block sender until message received Block sender until message delivered
Relation between blocking, buffering, and reliable communications. Alternatives for blocking and buffering in message passing.
1.18
b)
c)
1-19
1-20
Positioning Middleware
1-22 1.21
1.23
In an open middleware-based distributed system, the protocols used by each middleware layer should be the same, as well as the interfaces they offer to applications.
A comparison between multiprocessor operating systems, multicomputer operating systems, network operating systems, and middleware based distributed systems.
General interaction between a client and a server. The header.h file used by the client and server.
1-27 b
Processing Level
1-28
1-29
The general organization of an Internet search engine into three different layers
Modern Architectures
1-31 1-30