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Niloufar Shafiei
Argument
Argument:
1. If you have the current password, then you can log onto the network. 2. You have a current password. Therefore, 3. You can log onto the network. An Argument is a sequence of propositions.
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premises
Valid argument
Argument:
premises 1. If you have the current password, then true
you can log onto the network. 2. You have a current password. Therefore, 3. You can log onto the network.
conclusion true
An argument is valid if the truth of all premises implies that conclusion is true.
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Valid argument
Argument:
p
1. If you have the current password, then q you can log onto the network. 2. You have a current password. Therefore, 3. You can log onto the network. 1. If p, then q. p q ((p q) p) q 2. p. p Tautology q Therefore, 3. q.
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Rules of inference
p p q
Modus ponens Law of detachment
q ((p q) p) q
Rules of inference
Argument: It is sunny today. Therefore, it is either sunny or cloudy today.
premise true conclusion true
p. Therefore, p
p q p q
(p
q)
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Tautology
Rules of inference
Argument: It is cloudy and raining. Therefore, it is cloudy.
premise true conclusion true
p q. Therefore, p.
p p
(p
q)
p
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Tautology
Rules of inference
Argument: If I go swimming, then I will stay in the sun too long. If I stay in the sun too long, then I will sunburn. Therefore, if I go swimming, then I will sunburn.
p q. q r. Therefore, p p q r. p q r r (p q) (q
premises true
conclusion true
r) (p r)
Tautology
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Rules of inference
Argument: If it is sunny today, then I go swimming today. I do not go swimming today. Therefore, it is not sunny today.
p q. q. Therefore, p. p q q p
premises true
conclusion true
((p q)
q)
Tautology
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Universal instantiation
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Universal generalization
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Solution: Assume x (P(x) Q(x)) is true. If a is in the domain then P(a) Q(a) is true. So, P(a) is true and Q(a) is true. Element a can be any element in the domain. So, x P(x) is true and x Q(x) is true. Thus, x P(x) x Q(x) is true.
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Existential instantiation
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Existential generalization
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Recommended exercises
2,3,8,9,19,23
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