9

Differentiation 1
9.2.1 To Determine the first derivative of the function y = ax

n
using formula.

Example Exercise
1 y = x
3

dx
dy
= 3 x
3 1

= 3 x
2

a y = x
4

dx
dy
=

[4x
3
]
b y = x
5

[5x
4
]
c y = x
7

[ 7x
6
]
2 y = 2x
3

dx
dy
= 3 2x
2

= 6 x
2

a y = 3x
4

dx
dy
= 4

[12x
3
]
b y = 5x
3

[15x
2
]
c y = 10x
2

[20x]
3 y = 2 x
3

dx
dy
= 3 ( 2 ) x
2

= 6x
2

a y = 5 x
4

dx
dy
=

[ -20x
3
]
b y = 8 x
5

[-40x
4
]
c y = 12 x
2

[-24x]
4 f(x) = x
-2

) ( ' x f = -2 x
-2-1
= - 2 x
-3

a f(x) = x
-1

f(x) =

2
1
x
[- ]
b f(x) = x
-5

f(x) =

6
5
x
[- ]
c f(x) = x
-3

f(x) =

2
6
x
[- ]
5 f(x) = 3 x
-2

) ( ' x f = -2 3x
-2-
1
= - 6 x
-3

a f(x) = 4x
-1

f(x) =

2
4
x
[- ]
b f(x) = 2x
-4

f(x) =

5
8
x
[- ]
c f(x) = 6x
-1

f(x) =

2
6
x
[- ]
6
y =
2
1
x
4

dx
dy
= 4
2
1
x
4 1

= 2 x
3

a
y =
2
3
x
4

dx
dy
=

[ 6x
3
]
b
y =
3
1
x
6

[2x
5
]
c
y =
6
1
x
3

4
1
2x
[ ]
7
y =
3
2
x
3

dx
dy
= 3
3
2
x
3 1

= 2 x
2

a
y =
3
2
x
6

dx
dy
=

7
4
x
[ ]
b
f(x) =
x 2
5

f(x) =

2
5
2x
[- ]
c
f(x) =
6
3
4
x

f(x) =

7
8
x
[- ]
Differentiation 2

9.2.4 To determine the first derivative of a product of 2 polynomial.
Example Exercise
1

y= x ( x
3
+1)
u=x , v =x
3
+1

2
3 , 1 x
dx
dv
dx
du
= =
) (uv
dx
d
dx
dy
=
=
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u +
=
x(3x
2
)+(x
3
+1)(1)

=
3 x
3
+x
3
+1
= 4x
3
+1

a

y= x ( x
4
+2)

[ 5x
4
+2]
y= ( x
5
+1)x

[ 6x
5
+1]
c

y= ( x
3
-1)x

[4x
3
-1]
2

y= 2x
2
( x
3
+1)
u=2x
2
, v =x
3
+1

2
3 4 x
dx
dv
x
dx
du
= =
) (uv
dx
d
dx
dy
=
=
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u +
=
2x
2
(3x
2
)+(x
3
+1)(4x)

=
6 x
4
+4x
4
+4x
= 10x
4
+4x

a

y= 3x
2
( x
3
-1)

[ 15x
4
-6x]
b

y= ( x
3
-1)(5x
2
)

[ 25x
4
-10x]
c

y= ( x
3
-1)(-4x
2
)

[ -20x
4
+8x]
3

f(x)= (x+1) ( x
3
+1)
u=x+1 , v =x
3
+1

2
3 1 x
dx
dv
dx
du
= =
) ( ) ( ' uv
dx
d
x f =
=
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u +
=
(x+1)(3x
2
)+(x
3
+1)(1)

=
3x
3
+3x
2
+x
3
+1

= 4x
3
+3x
2
+1

a

f(x)= (x-1) ( 1+x
3
)

b

f(x)= (1-x) ( x
3
+2)

c

f(x)= (2-x) ( x
3
+3)

Differentiation 3
[4 x
3
-3x
2
+1] [ -4x
3
+3x
2
-2 ] [ -4x
3
+6x
2
-3]
4

y= (x+1) (
2
x
+1)
u=x+1 , v =
2
x
+1

2
1
1 = =
dx
dv
dx
du

) (uv
dx
d
dx
dy
=
=
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u +
=
(x+1)(
2
1
)+
( 1
2
+
x
)(1)
= 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
+ + + x x

=
2
1
1 + x

a

y= (x-1) (
3
x
+1)

[
3
2
3
2
+ x ]
b

y= (2x+1) (
2
x
+1)

[2x+
2
1
2 ]
c

y= (3-2x) ( 2-
2
x
)

[2x-5
2
1
]
5

y= (x
2
+1) (
2
x
+1)
u=x
2
+1 , v =
2
x
+1

2
1
2 = =
dx
dv
x
dx
du

) (uv
dx
d
dx
dy
=
=
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u +
=
(x
2
+1)(
2
1
)+
( 1
2
+
x
)(2x)
=
2
2
1
x +
x x 2
2
1
2
+ +

=
2
1
2
2
3
2
+ + x x

a

y= (x
4
+1) (
3
x
+1)

[
3
1
4
3
5
3 4
+ + x x ]
b

y= (2+x
2
) (
4
x
-1)

[ ]
2
1
2
4
3
2
+ x x
c

y= (3-x
3
) (
3
x
+1)

[ - 1 3
3
4
2 3
+ x x ]
Differentiation 4

9.2.5 To determine the first derivative of a quotient of two polynomials using formula

Example :
1 +
=
x
x
y

1 =
=
dx
dy
x u

1
1
=
+ =
dx
dv
x v

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
=
x
x
x x
x
x x
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
dx
dy

1.
3 2
5
+
=
x
x
y

2
15
(2x+3)

2. y =
5 4
3
+ x
x

2
15
(4x+5)

3. y =
7 2
6
x
x

2
42
(2x-7)
-
Differentiation 5
4. y =
2 3
4 5
+
x
x

2
22
(3x-2)
-

5. y =
x
x
+
1
4 1

2
5
(1+x)
-
6.
x
x
y
2 1
1
=

2
1
(1-2x)

7. y =
3
2
x
x

x
x-3

Differentiation 6
8. y =
x
x
5 1
3
2

2
2
6x-15x
(1-5x)

9. y =
10
4
2
3
+ x
x

4 2
2 2
4x +120x
( x +10)

10.
2
3
5x - 3x
y =
8 + x

4 3
3 2
-5x +6x +80x-24
(8+x )

11. y =
4 5
1
3
2
x
x

4 2
3 2
-5x +15x -8x
(5x -4)

Differentiation 7

9.2.6 Determine the first derivative of composite function using chain rule.

Example Exercise
1
2
) 2 ( + = x y
) 2 ( 2
1 ) 2 ( 2
1
+ =
+ =
x
x
dx
dy

a
4
) 3 ( + = x y

[4(x+3)
3
]
b
5
) 2 ( + = x y

[5(x+2)
4
]
c
3
) 8 ( + = x y

[3(x+8)
2
]
2
2
) 2 3 ( + = x y
) 2 3 ( 6
3 ) 2 3 ( 2
1
+ =
+ =
x
x
dx
dy

a
4
) 3 2 ( + = x y

[8(2x+3)
3
]
b
5
) 2 4 ( + = x y

[20(4x+2)
4
]
c
3
) 8 5 ( + = x y

[15(5x+8)
2
]
3
2
) 2 ( 2 + = x y
) 2 ( 4
1 ) 2 ( 2 2
1
+ =
+ =
x
x
dx
dy

a
4
) 2 ( 5 + = x y

[20(x+2)
3
]
b
5
) 2 4 ( 3 + = x y

[60(4x+2)
4
]
c
3
) 8 2 ( 2 + = x y

[12(2x+8)
3
]
Differentiation 8
4
2
) 2 (
2
+
=
x
y
3
3
3
2
) 2 (
4
) 2 ( 4
) 2 ( 2 2
) 2 ( 2
+
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
x
x
x
dx
dy
x y

a
4
) 2 (
5
+
=
x
y

5
20
( x+2)
[- ]
b
5
) 2 (
3
+
=
x
y

6
15
( x+2)
[- ]
c
3
) 8 (
2
+
=
x
y

4
6
( x+8)
[- ]
5
3
3
3
2
2
) 2 ( 5
4
5
) 2 ( 4
1
5
) 2 ( 2
2
5
) 2 ( 2
) 2 ( 5
2
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
x
x
x
dx
dy
x
y
x
y

A
3
) 5 ( 4
3
+
=
x
y

4
9
4( x+5)
[- ]
b
6
) 3 2 ( 5
4
=
x
y

7
24
5(2x-3)
[- ]
c
4
) 4 3 ( 2
5
=
x
y

5
10
(3x-4)
[ ]

9.2.3 Determine first derivative of a function involving : (a) addition, or (b) subtraction of algebraic
terms.

Example Exercise
1. y = x
2
+ 3x +4

3 + x 2 =
dx
dy

a. y = x
2
+4x +3

[2x+4]
b. y = x
2

+ 5x +6

[2x+5]
Differentiation 9
2. y = x
2
- 3x +4

3 - x 2 =
dx
dy

a. y = x
2
-4x +3

[2x-4]
b. y = x
2

- 5x +6

[2x-5]
3. y = x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 5
x 8 + x 3 =
dx
dy
2

a. y = x
3
+5x
2
+7

[3x
2
+10x]
b. y = x
3

+ 6x
2
+ 8

[3x
2
+ 12x]
4. y = x
3
- 3x
2
-6

x 6 - x 3 =
dx
dy
2

a. y = x
3
-5x
2
-7

[3x
2
-10x]
b. y = x
3

- 6x
2
8

[3x
2
-12x]
Differentiation 10
5. y = x(x + 5)
y = x
2
+ 5x

5 + x 2 =
dx
dy

a. y = x(x - 6)

[2x-6]
b. y = x
2
(x + 5)

[ 3x
2
+ 10x]
6. y = (x+1)(x + 5)
y = x
2
+ 6x + 5

6 + x 2 =
dx
dy

a. y = (x+1)(x 6)

[2x-5]
b. y = (x
2
+1)(x - 4)

[3x
2
-8x+1]
7. y = (x+3)
2

y = x
2
+ 6x + 9

6 + x 2 =
dx
dy

a. y = (x+4)
2

[2(x+4)]
b. y = (3x+1)
2

[6(3x+1)]
8. y = x(x+3)
2

y = x(x
2
+ 6x + 9)
y = x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 9x

9 + x 12 + x 3 =
dx
dy
2

a. y = x(x+4)
2

[3x
2
+ 16x+16]
b. y = x(3x+1)
2

[27x
2
+12x+1]
Differentiation 11

Example

Exercise
9.
x
3
+ x = y
2

y = x
2
+ 3x
-1

2 -
x 3 - x 2 =
dx
dy

2
x
3
- x 2 =
dx
dy

a.
x
5
+ x = y
2

2
5
x
[2x - ]
b.
x
4
- x = y
3

2
2 4
x
[3x + ]
10.

2
2
x
4
+
x
3
+ x = y

y = x
2
+ 3x
-1
+ 4x
-2

3 - 2 -
x 8 - x 3 - x 2 =
dx
dy

3 2
x
8
-
x
3
- 2 =
dx
dy

a
2
2
x
6
+
x
5
+ x = y

2 3
5 12
x x
[2x - - ]
b.
2
3
x
5
-
x
4
- x = y

2 3
2 10 4
x x
[3x + + ]
11.
x
5 + x 4 + x
= y
3

y = x
2
+ 4 + 5x
-1

2 -
x 5 - x 2 =
dx
dy

2
x
5
- x 2 =
dx
dy

a.
x
6 - x 5 + x
= y
3

2
6
x
[2x + ]
b.
x
7 - x 2 - x
= y
3

2
7
x
[2x + ]
Differentiation 12
12.
2
3
x
5 + x 4 + x
= y

y = x + 4x
-1
+ 5x
-2

3 - 2 -
x 10 - x 4 - 1 =
dx
dy

3 2
x
10
-
x
4
- 1 =
dx
dy

a.
2
3
x
6 - x 5 + x
= y

2 3
5 12
x x
[1- + ]
b.
2
3
x
7 - x 2 - x
= y

2 3
2 14
x x
[1+ + ]

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit G : Determine the Equation of a Tangent and a normal at a Point on a Curve.
Example 1 :
Find the equation of the tangent at the point (2,7)
on the curve 5 3
2
= x y
Solution:

12 6(2)
dx
dy
2, when x
6
5 3
2
= = =
=
=
x
dx
dy
x y

Gradient of tangent, m
T
=12
Equation of tangent is
( )
1 1
x x m y y
T
=

( )
0 17 12x y
24 12 7
2 12 7
= +
=
=
x y
x y

Example 2 :
Find the equation of the normal at the point x = 1
on the curve
2
3 2 4 x x y + =
Solution:

4 6(1) 2
dx
dy
, 1 when x
6 2
3 2 4
2
= + = =
+ =
+ =
x
dx
dy
x x y

Gradient of normal,
4
1
=
N
m
when x = 1 , y = 4 2(1) + 3(1)
2
= 5
Equation of normal is
( )
1 1
x x m y y
N
=

( )
0 21 - y 4 x
) 1 ( 1 20 4
1
4
1
5
= +
=
=
x y
x y

(1) Find the equation of the tangent at the point
(1,9)
on the curve ( )
2
5 2 = x y

21 12 + = x y
(2) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
( )( ) 1 1 2 + = x x y at the point where its
x-coordinate is -1.

3 3 = x y
Differentiation 13
(3) Find the equation of the normal to the curve
2 3 2
2
+ = x x y at the point where its
x-coordinate is 2.

0 22 5 = + y x
(4) Find the gradient of the curve
3 2
4
+
=
x
y at the
point (-2,-4) and hence determine the equation of
the normal passing through that point.

0 30 8 ; 8 = = y x m
T

Unit L : Problems of Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function.

Task 1 : Answer all questions below.

Unit I : Determine the Types of Turning Points (Minimum and Maximum Points)

Example :
Find the turning points of the curve
3 18 12 2
2 3
+ + = x x x y and determine
whether each of them is a maximum or a
minimum point.
Solution:

3 18 12 2
2
3
=
+ + =
dx
dy
x x x y

At turning points, 0 =
dx
dy

( )( )
3 or x 1
0 3 1
0 3 4
0 18 24 6
2
2
= =
=
= +
= +
x
x x
x x
x x

Substitute the values of x into
(1) Find the coordinates of two turning points on the
curve ( ) 3
2
= x x y

(1 , 2) and (1 , 2)
x = that satisfies 0 =
dx
dy
will minimize y if the value of 0
2
2
>
dx
y d
at x =
x = that satisfies 0 =
dx
dy
will maximize y if the value of 0
2
2
<
dx
y d
at x =

Differentiation 14
3 18 12 2
2 3
+ + = x x x y
When x = 1 , 11 3 ) 1 ( 18 ) 1 ( 12 ) 1 ( 2
2 3
= + + = y
When x = 3 , 33 3 ) 1 ( 18 ) 3 ( 12 ) 3 ( 2
2 3
= + + = y
Thus the coordinates of the turning points are

and
24 12
2
2
= x
dx
y d

When x = 1 ,
0 12 24 ) 1 ( 12
2
2
< = =
dx
y d
,
Thus (1 , 11) is the point

When x=3,
0 12 24 ) 3 ( 12
2
2
> = =
dx
y d

Thus , (3 , 33) is the point

(2) Determine the coordinates of the minimum point
of
4 4
2
+ = x x y .

(2 , 0)
(3) Given 5 2
3
2
2 3
= x x y is an equation of a
curve, find the coordinates of the turning points of
the curve and determine whether each of the
turning
point is a maximum or minimum point.

min. point = (0 , 5) ; max. point = ) , 2 (
3
23

Differentiation 15
Example 1 :
Given ) 5 40 (
2
x x L = , find the value of x for
which L is maximum.
Hence, determine the maximum value of L.

Solution:

27
10240
3
16
5 40
3
16
max
3
16
0 80
80
3
16
30 80
3
16
0 15 80 , 0
0 ) 15 80 (
0 15 80
0
30 80
15 80
5 40
) 5 40 (
2
max
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 2
2
=
(
\
|
|
\
|
=
=
< =
= |
\
|
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
L
L imise will x
dx
L d
dx
L d
x
x x Knowing
x x
x x
dx
dL
when
x
dx
L d
x x
dx
dL
x x L
x x L

(1) Given ) 2 25 (
2
x x L = , find the value of x for
which L is maximum.
Hence, determine the maximum value of L.

27
15625
max 3
25
, = = L x
(2) Given 7 4 36
2
+ = x x y , find the value of x
for
which y is maximum.
Hence, determine the maximum value of y.

88 ,
max 2
9
= = y x
Task 2 : Answer all questions below.
Differentiation 16
Example 2 :
Given )
16
( 3
2
x
x L + = , find the value of x for
which L is minimum.
Hence, determine the minimum value of L.

Solution:

( )
36
2
16
2 3
min 2
0 18
) 2 ( 96 6
2
8 , 0
48
6
48 6
0 48 6
0
96 6
48 6
48 3
)
16
( 3
2
min
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1 2
2
=
(
\
|
+ =
=
> =
+ =
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ =
=
+ =
+ =
L
L imise will x
dx
L d
dx
L d
x
x x Knowing
x
x
x x
x x
dx
dL
when
x
dx
L d
x x
dx
dL
x x L
x
x L

(1) Given )
128
( 4
2
x
x L + = , find the value of x for
which L is minimum.
Hence, determine the minimum value of L.

192 , 4
min
= = L x
(2) Given ) 2 8 3 (
2
1
2
+ = x x y , find the value of x
for which y is minimum.
Hence, determine the minimum value of y.

3
5
min 3
4
, = = y x
(3) SPM 2003(Paper 1, No 15)
Given that y=14x(5 x), calculate
(a) the value of x when y is a maximum
(b) the maximum value of y [3
marks]

(a) 2.5 ; (b) 87.5
Differentiation 17
Task 3 : Answer all the questions below.
(1) The diagram below shows the skeleton of a wire
Box with a rectangular base of x by 3x and the
heigh of h.

Given the total length of the wire is 348 cm,
(a) express h in terms of x,
(b) show that the volume of the box, V cm
3
, is
given by V = 3x
2
(87 4x),
(c) find the stationary value of V, stating
whether it is maximum or minimum value.

(a) h = 87 4x (b) (c)
max
V = 18291.75 cm
3

(2) The diagram below shows a solid cylinder with
circular cross-section of radius r and the height of
h.

Given the total surface area of the cylinder is
300 cm
2
,
(a) express h in terms of r,
(b) show that the volume of the cylinder, V cm
3

,
is given by V = 150 r r
3
,
(c) determine the maximum volume of the
cylinder when r varies.
(a) h =
r
r

2
150
(b) (c) 399 or 100
50

(3) A length of wire 160 m is bent to form a sector
OPQ, of a circle of centre O and radius r as
shown
in the diagram below.

(a) Show that (i) 2
160
=
r

(ii) the area, A, of the sector is
given by A = 80r r
2

(b) Find the value of and r when the area is a
maximum.
(c) Determine the maximum area.

(b) r = 40 m , = 2 rad (c) 1600
max
= A

x
3x
h
r
h
r

Differentiation 18
Unit J : Problems of Rates of Change

(1) Given that x x y 2 3
2
= and x is increasing at a
constant rate of 2 unit per second, find the rate of
change of y when x = 4 unit.

1
2
44
) 2 )( 22 (
22
2 ) 4 ( 6
4
2 6
2 3
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
s unit
dt
dx
dx
dy
dt
dy
dx
dy
x When
x
dx
dy
x x y
dt
dx

(2) Given that x x y =
2
4 and x is increasing at a
change of y when x = 0.5 unit.

12 unit s
1
(3) Given that
x
x v
1
9 = and x is increasing at a
change of v when x = 1 unit.

30 unit s
1

(4) SPM 2004 (Paper 1 Question 21) [3
marks]
Two variables, x and y, are related by the equation
.
2
3
x
x y + = Given that y increases at a constant
rate of 4 unit per second, find the rate of change
of
x when x =2.

5
8
unit s
1

If y = f (x) and x = g(t), then using the chain rule
dt
dx
dx
dy
dt
dy
= , where
dt
dy
is the rate of change of
y and
dt
dx
is the rate of change of x.
Differentiation 19
(1) The area of a circle of radius r cm increases at a
constant rate of 10 cm
2
per second. Find the rate
of
change of r when r = 2 cm. ( Use = 3.142 )

Answer :

1
2
7957 . 0
4 10
4
) 2 ( 2
2
2
10
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
s cm
dt
dr
dt
dr
dt
dr
dr
dA
dt
dA
dr
dA
cm r When
r
dr
dA
r A
dt
dA

(2) The area of a circle of radius r cm increases at a
2
of

0.8487 cm s
1

(3) The volume of a sphere of radius r cm increases at
a
3
of

1.591 cm s
1

(4) The volume of water , V cm, in a container is
given
by , 8
3
1
3
h h V + = where h cm is the height of
the
water in the container. Water is poured into the
container at the rate of . s cm 10
-1 3
Find the rate
of change of the height of water, in , s cm
-1 3
at
the instant when its height is 2 cm. [3
marks]

6
5
cm s
1

Differentiation 20
Example :

The above figure shows a cube of volume 729
cm. If the water level in the cube, h cm, is
increasing at the rate of 0.8 cm s
1
, find the rate
of increase of the volume of water.

Solution :

Let each side of the cube be x cm.
Volume of the cube = 729 cm
x = 729
x = 9

Rate of change of the volume of water,

1 3
64.8
0.8 81
=
=
=
s cm
dt
dh
dh
dV
dt
dV

Hence, the rate of increase of the volume of
water is 64.8 cm s
1
.
(1) A spherical air bubble is formed at the base of a
pond. When the bubble moves to the surface of
the
water, it expands. If the radius of the bubble is
expanding at the rate of 0.05 cm s
1
, find the
rate
at which the volume of the bubble is increasing
when its radius is 2 cm.

8 . 0 cm
3
s
1

(2) If the radius of a circle is decreasing at the
rate
of 0.2 cm s
1
, find the rate of decrease of the
area of the circle when its radius is 3 cm.

2 . 1 cm
2
s
1

h cm
9 cm
9 cm
9 cm
h cm
Chain rule
V = 9 x 9 x h = 81h
dh
dV
=81
dt
dh
=rate of increase of
the water level
= 0.8 cm s
1

Differentiation 21
(3) The radius of a spherical balloon increases at the
rate of 0.5 cm s
1
. Find the rate of change in the
volume when the radius is 15 cm.

450 cm
3
s
1

(4) The edge of a cube is decreasing at the rate of
3 cm s
1
. Find the rate of change in the volume
when the volume is 64 cm
3
.

144 cm
3
s
1

(5) Diagram 1 shows a conical container with a
diameter of 60 cm and height of 40 cm. Water is
poured into the container at a constant rate of
1 000
-1 3
s cm .

Calculate the rate of change of the radius of the water
level at the instant when the radius of the water is 6
cm.
(Use = 3.142; volume of cone h r
2
3
1
= )

(6) Oil is poured into an inverted right circular cone
of
base radius 6 cm and height 18 cm at the rate of
2
-1 3
s cm . Find the rate of increase of the height
of
water level when the water level is 6 cm high.
( Use = 3.142 )

0.1591 cm s
1

60 cm
Water
40 cm
Diagram 1
Differentiation 22
6.631cm
3
s
1

(7)

The above figure shows an inverted cone with a
height of 20 cm and a base-radius of 4 cm.
Water
is poured into the cone at the rate of 5 cm s
1

but
at the same time, water is dripping out from the
cone due to a leakage a the rate of 1 cm s
1
.

(a) If the height and volume of the water at time
t s
are h cm and V cm respectively, show that
(8)

The above diagram shows a solid which consists
of a cuboid with a square base of side 6x cm,
surmounted by a pyramid of height 4x cm. The
volume of the cuboid is 5832 cm.

(a) Show that the total surface area of the solid,
A cm, is given by .
3888
96
2
x
x A + =

4 cm
20 cm
h cm
B
H
F
G
C
A
D
4x cm
6x cm
6x cm
V
E
Differentiation 23
.
75
1
3
h V =

(b) Find he rate of increase of the water level in
the cone at the moment the water level is 12
cm.
( Use = 3.142 )

(b) 0.2210 cm s
1

(b) If the value of x increasing at the rate
0.08 , s cm
-1
find the rate of increase of
the
total surface area of the solid at the instant
x = 4.

42 cm
2
s
1

Unit K : Problems of Small Changes and Approximations

x
dx
dy
y
dx
dy
x
y

x x
y y
in change small
in change small where
=
=

Small Changes

x
dx
dy
y
y y y
original
original
+ =
+ =

new

Approximate Value
Differentiation 24
(1) Given that x x y 4
2
+ = , find the small
change in y when x increases from 2 to 2.01.

08 . 0
) 01 . 0 )( 8 (
8
2 4 ) 2 ( 2
01 . 0
2 01 . 2
01 . 2 2
4 2
4
2

=
= + =
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
y
y
x
dx
dy
y
x when
dx
dy
x
x
x
dx
dy
x x y

(2) Given that x x y 3
2
+ = , find the small
change in y when x increases from 6 to 6.01.

0.15
(3) Given that x x y =
2
2 , find the small
change in y when x decreases from 8 to 7.98.

0.62
(4) Given that x y 4 = , find
dx
dy
.
Hence, find the small change in y when x
increases
from 4 to 4.02.

02 . 0 ;
2
= = y
x
dx
dy

(1) Given the area of a rectangle , x x A 2 3
2
+ = ,
where x is the width, find the small change in the
area when the width decreases from 3 cm to 2.98
cm.
Answer :
(2) A cuboid with square base has a total surface
area,
x x A 4 3
2
= , where x is the length of the side
of
the base. Find the small change in the total
surface
area when the length of the side of the base
decreases from 5 cm to 4.99 cm.

Differentiation 25

1 2
2
s cm 4 . 0
) 02 . 0 )( 20 (
20
3 2 ) 3 ( 6
02 . 0
98 . 2 3
98 . 2 3
2 6
2 3

=
= + =
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
A
A
x
dx
dA
A
x when
dx
dA
x
x
x
dx
dA
x x A

0.26 cm
2
(3) The volume, V cm
3
, of a cuboid with rectangular
base is given by x x x V 3 2
2 3
+ = , where x cm
is the width of the base. Find the small change in
the volume when the width increases from 4 cm to
4.05 cm.

1.75 cm
3

(4) In a pendulum of length x meters, the period T
seconds is given as
10
2
x
T = . Find
dx
dT
.
Hence, find the small change in T when x
increases
from 2.5 m to 2.6 m.

50
10
;

= = T
x
dx
dT
second

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Differentiation 1

9.2.1 To Determine the first derivative of the function y = ax

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