LECTURE 6: AMPLITUDE MODULATION

MODULATION Process of impressing information onto high frequency (carrier) for transmission. Transmission at high frequency which modified to carry low frequency information.

DEMODULATION Is the reverse of modulation in which the received signals were transformed back to their original forms.

Reasons for modulation: 1. Frequency translation for efficient antenna design. 2. Frequency translation for ease of signal processing. 3. Frequency translation for extending signal location. 4. Changing bandwidth and multiplexing techniques.

Types of Modulation 1. Analog Modulation - Continuous wave modulation. - has both modulating and carrier signal as analog in type. a. Amplitude Modulation (AM) b. Frequency Modulation (FM) c. Phase Modulation (PM)

AM Broadcasting Info: AM broadcast station shall not operate more than 5% and not lower than 10% of its authorized operating power. Carrier shift at any percentage of mod. shall not exceed 5%. AM transmitter must be capable of Maintaining the operating frequency Within the limits of 10 Hz of the assign frequency.

FM Broadcasting Info: FM broadcasting stations should only operate in the same city with 800 kHz separation. FM transmitters should operate at 100% modulation, with 75 kHz frequency swing. The carrier shift at any percentage of modulation shall not exceed 5%.

2. Digital Modulation - The modulating signal input is digital. a. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) b. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) c. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) d. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Type of modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied by the modulating signal, whose frequency is less than that of the carrier.

Mathematically AM Signal can be represented as follows: = + +

Emission Codes: ___1___ ___2___ ___3___ ___4___ ___5___

Multiplexing technique that is used Details of the signal Type of information transmitted Ex. E Telephony A Telegraphy C facsimile X other info F TV

Nature of modulating carrier Ex. 2 single carrier digital 3 single carrier analog 7 double carrier digital 8 double carrier analog

Type of modulating carrier:

A- DSBFC ; J- SSBSC; H SSBFC; C - VSB

Frequency Spectrum

Bandwidth Requirement of AM =

AM Different Types of Emission Calculations

1. DSBFC (A3E) Double Sideband Full Carrier
2 2 2 2

= 1 +
2 2

= 1 +

= 1 +

2 2

/ =

2 4

2. DSBSC Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier =

2 2 2 2

= =

2 2

2 = 4

3. SSBSC (J3E) Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier =

2 4 2 4

= =

2 2

2 = 4

4. SSBFC (H3E) Single Sideband Full Carrier

2 4 2 4

= 1 +
2 4

= 1 +

= 1 +

2 4

2 = 4

5. Vestigial Sideband (C3F) - For TV: Video-AM; Sound-FM - Improvised form of DSBSC, plus a filter at the output. - present LSB and some portion of the USB.

Modulation factor This provides a mathematical relationship by which the relative amplitude of the carrier and the intelligence signals. It is a measure of the extent to which a carrier voltage is varied by intelligence; the percentage modulation is also referred to as modulation index or modulation factor in percent form. = Where: m= modulation index Vm = peak voltage of the modulating signal Vc = peak voltage of the carrier. = + = Total Modulation Index, = + + + + = +

Three Classes of Modulation

1. Undermodulation ( < ; < 1)

2. 100% modulation ( = ; = 1)

3. Overmodulation (( > ; > 1)

Percentage Power Saving % =

Where:
= =

Sample Problems: 1. A DSBSC system must suppress the carrier by 50 dB from its original value of 10 W. To what value must the carrier be reduced? (PB 2005) 2. A transistor RF power amplifier operating in class C is designed to produce 40 W output with a supply voltage of 60V. If the efficiency is 70%, what is the average collector current? (PB 2001) 3. Determine the power saving in percent when the carrier is suppressed in an AM modulated signal to 80%. (PB 2003)

4. Find the percent modulation of an AM signal is 8V signal carrier is modulated by three different frequencies with amplitudes 1V, 2V, and 3V. (PB 2008)