Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the Legal Aspects, Related Literature and Studies which has bearing to the present studies

Legal Basis

A. Foreign

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies. This is the principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized the to promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The major regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143). Parts 141, 142, and 143 regulate primary contaminants, implementation by states, and secondary contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health impacts. State

implementation allows states to be the primary regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA) provided they meet certain requirements. Secondary contaminants generally cause aesthetic problems and are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)

B. Local

Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide the Waterworks Officials, Developers and Operators of Water Supply Systems both Government and Private entities, health and sanitation authorities and the general public and all other concerned by standards cover requirements for the acceptable values of the determined parameters in measuring water quality. These parameters include microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological compositions of the water. The standard also delineates values established in conforming with the medical and health implication of the parameters as opposed to values established purely to satisfy aesthetic requirements (DENR Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series 1994) Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable development shall be

pursued. This includes the use of water for domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water treatment.

Related [DELETE] Literature [USE JUSTIFY] Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by researchers on http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html, they say that crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain area and it can lower the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in rivers. This simple method does not only remove water pollution, but also removes harmful bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins with the solids in the water and then they both sink to the bottom. This kind of treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by using Moringa seeds, people will no longer be depending on expensive means of purification. Using this method of purification will replace the use of chemicals such as aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and especially the environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Every different water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities on such waters will not be the same. Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid help in working out the correct amount needed. Heat. According to SODIS (Solar Disinfection), clean drinking water is lacking in many parts of the world and many persons die because of this. It is estimated that two million people die every year because of water related diseases. By using solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would reduce the amount of people dead

and prevent diseases in a very useful and cheap way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method will be faster if the temperature is higher, it would be recommended to paint half of the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof. This method only works in clear water not pond or river water Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA radiation, provided by the Sun. Water is placed in a transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full sun, which raises the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar radiation, killing any microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides a simple method of disinfection for tropical developing countries. Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from surface water or groundwater to make it safe and palatable for human consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used, depending on the raw water source, contaminants present, standards to be met, and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or private water supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources of raw water demand different treatment methods to render it ft for human consumption. (microbiologyreader.com) It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. Its goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water

purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com) [REFER TO APA STYLE FOR IN TEXT FORMAT OF CITATION OF SOURCES] Related Studies [USE JUSTIFY] A. Foreign Studies

In large scale treatment plants Aluminium Sulphate is used as a conventional chemical coagulant. As an alternative to conventional coagulants, Moringa oleifera seeds can be used as a natural coagulant in household water treatment as well as in the community water treatment systems. Natural coagulant properties were found in 6 different Moringa species by laboratory studies. The seed kernels of Moringa oleifera contain significant quantities of low molecular-weight, (water-soluble proteins) which carry a positive charge. When the crushed seeds are added to raw water, the proteins produce positive charges acting like magnets and attracking the predominantly negatively charged particles such as clay, silk, bacterias, and other toxic particles in water). The flocculation process occurs when the proteins bind the negatives charges forming flocs through the aggregation of particles which are present in water. These flocs are easly to remove by settling or filtration. The material can clarify

not only highly turbid muddy water but also water of medium and low turbidity. The level of turbidity influences the required time for the floculation. As with all coagulants, the effectiveness of the seeds may vary from one raw water to another. The practical application of dosing solutions is exactly the same as for all other coagulants. Studies have been carried out to determine the potential risks associated with the use of Moringa seeds in water treatment. To date, no evidence has found that the seeds cause secondary effects in humans, especially at the low doses

Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree which are the seeds. Not only can they be pressed for a high grade oil, comparable to olive oil, but the press cake remaining after oil extraction has been shown to retain the active ingredients for coagulation, making it a marketable commodity (Folklard and Sutherland, 1996)

According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa oleifera has been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage. Because it can be produced locally, "using moringa rather than alum would save foreign exchange and generate farm and employment income." The potential for moringa to create a new market for a community is there, and studies and projects are taking place examining this potential.

At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were the tests successful in removing as much solid material as alum, but the seeds used were "purchased from enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje Region in Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).

B. Local Studies

Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. Moringa is generally accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-soluble proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of moringa continue to be researched. The process of treating the water with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours.

As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star, Reports said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for long periods but moringa solutions for treating water should be prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil extraction.