Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

Animation: Female reproductive system overview 1. Name the internal organs of the female reproductive system. Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. 2. Name the other organs of the female reproductive system. External genitalia and mammary glands. 4. Name the ligaments of the ovaries? Each ovary is attached to the uterus via an ovarian ligament and held in place by a suspensory ligament. 6. What is the mesovarium? What is its function? A peritoneal fold that attaches each ovary to the posterior surface of the broad ligament. 8. Name the two regions of the ovary. Which region contains the ovarian follicles? The ovary is divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. Thousands of ovarian follicles, in differing stages of maturation, are distributed throughout the cortex. 9. What is located within each follicle? Each follicle contains an oocyte. 10. What event triggers development of some follicle? Hormones released during the ovarian cycle trigger some follicles to undergo further development , and one follicle matures completely. 11. What events occur during ovulation? During ovulation, the mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte. 12. The remnant of the ruptured follicle form the corpus luteum which later degenerates into corpus albicans. 13. Where are the uterine tubes located? What is the mesossalpinx? The uterine, or fallopian, tubes extend from both sides of the uterus to the ovaries. They are covered by the mesossalpinx, the upper part of the broad ligament. 16. What are fimbriae? What is their function? The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped distal end of the uterine tube. Its finger-like, ciliated folds called fimbriae approach the ovaries at the time of ovulation and beat gently to draw an ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube. 17. Where does fertilization normally occur? The ampulla is the longest region of the uterine tube, and is the site where fertilization normally occurs. The narrow isthmus extends from the ampulla toward the wall of the uterus, and the short intramural part of the uterine tube penetrates the uterine wall. 18. What is the shape and function of the uterus? Pear-shaped, muscular organ. It serves as the site of implantation for the early embryo, supports its development, and contracts to expel the fetus at birth. 19. Name the three regions of the uterus. Regions of the uterus include the fundus, the body and the cervix. 20. The uterus hollow lumen connects to the uterine tubes superiorly and opens into the vagina via the cervical canal. 21. Describe the three layers of the uterus. The outer serous layer, the perimetrium, is continuous with the broad ligament. The myometrium is a thick middle layer of smooth muscle. The innermost layer, the endometrium, is composed of an epithelium, and a lamina propria that contains compound tubular glands.

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

22. Describe the two layers of the lamina propria. Which layer is shed during menstruation? The lamina propria consists of two layers: the superficial functional layer (or stratum functionalis) and the deeper basal layer (or stratum basalis). If no fertilized oocyte implants in the endometrium, the functional layer is shed during menstruation, while the basal layer remains intact to regenerate the functional layer for the next cycle. 23. Name the three functions of the uterus. Passage for menstrual flow, intercourse, and childbirth 24. Describe the three layers of the vagina wall. The outer adventitia contains elastic fibers and CT. the middle muscularis is composed of two layers of smooth muscle. The inner mucosa contains epithelial cells that produce glycogen. 25. How do bacteria help inhibit the growth of pathogens in the vagina? Bacteria in the vagina convert the glycogen to lactic acid, creating an acidic environment that helps inhibit the growth of pathogens. E 11.1 breast-female, anterior view Layer 1: a. Nipple b. Areola c. Breast Layer 2: a. Pectoral superficial fascia (with breast) Layer 3: a. Axillary process of breast b. Body of breast Layer 4: a. Suspensory ligaments of breast b. Lactiferous ducts c. Septum of breast Checkpoint: 1. Name the elevation of skin containing lactiferous ducts for transferring milk during nursing. nipple 2. Name the structure that maintains a permanent pigment increase during the first pregnancy. areola 3. What is the function of this structure? Contains openings of sebaceous glands that lubricate nipple and areola

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

7. Where is the base of the breast located? What is located at its apex? Base on deep fascia of pectoralis major muscle; apex include areola and nipple 8. Where is the axillary process of the breast located? Anterior thoracic wall, axilla 9. What three variables affect the size and shape of the breast? Size and shape influenced by genetics, diet, and hormones 10. Name the structures that support the breast tissue. Septum of breast, suspensory ligaments of breast 11. What affect does age have on these structures? Stretch with age due to weight of breast 12. Describe the lactiferous ducts. Location: breast; Description: 10-20 ducts connect milkproducing (mammary) glands with nipple, wilder (lactiferous sinus) near nipple. Function: transfer milk from mammary glands to nipple. Each duct opens independently on nipple In Review p.437 1. What is the composition of the breast? Composed of skin with areola and nipple; fat and CT; mammary gland, and associated ducts. 2. What muscle is deep to the base of the breast? Pectoralis major muscle. 3. The tail of the breast extends into the axilla. 5. What tissue partially replaces the breast fat tissue during pregnancy and lactation? Glandular tissue 6. The pectoralis superficial fascia (with breast) allows movement of the breast independent of the thoracic wall muscles. 7. What are the functions of the suspensory ligaments? Divides breast into lobules, supports breast tissue 8. What is the function of the lactiferous ducts? Transfer milk from mammary glands to nipple 9. Where does each duct open? Each duct opens independently on nipple E 11.2 pelvis-female, sagittal view Layer 1: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. Uterine tube Ovary Fundus of uterus Body of uterus Uterine cavity Uterus Internal os of uterus Cervical canal External os of uterus Cervix of uterus Anterior vaginal fomix Vagina 3

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

m. n. o. p. q. r. Urethra Crus of clitoris Mons pubis Clitoris Labium minus Labium majus

Checkpoint: 1. Name the primary organ of female sex response. Describe its structures. Clitoris E 11.3 pelvis-female, superior view 4. What is a hysterectomy? Common removal of uterus 5. Name the blind recess that lies between the urinary bladder and vagina. Recto-uterine pouch In Review p.441 2. What is the urogenital triangle? Location: perineum (anterior); description: triangular area bounded by pubic symphysis and ischial tuberosities , contains external genitalia in both sexes 5. Describe the structure of the vagina. What is its function? Smooth muscle sheath (anterior and posterior walls in contact), about 9 cm in length, receives cervix of uterus (superiorly) and opens into vestibule (inferiorly), has anular formix at upper end. Function: female organ of copulation, lower birth canal, duct for menstrual fluid. 7. Name the structure that varies its position with the fullness of the urinary bladder. What is the function of that structure? Uterus; function: conducts sperm; implantation site for blastocyst; supplies nutrients and oxygen, via placenta, to embryo, and fetus; contracts to expel fetus and placenta during partuition 8. The junction of the cervical canal and what structure forms the internal os? What is the function of that structure? Uterine cavity; function: receives sloughed endometrium during menstruation; transports sperm toward uterine tube; contains embryo and fetus during pregnancy 10. Name the location for a tubal ligation. What is this procedure? Uterine tube; voluntary sterilization 11. Name the location where cartilage softens in late pregnancy to allow slight separation of pubic bones. Pubic symphysis E 11.5 uterus (proliferative phase), histology Checkpoint: 3. The endometrium is formed from what two layers? Composed of simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria 4. Name the thick, smooth muscle layer of the uterus. myometrium 5. Name the superficial part of the endometrium sloughed during menstruation. Functional layer 4

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

Animation: comparison of meiosis and mitosis 1. What is the normal chromosome number? 46. This number is referred to as diploid. 2. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes, known as homologous pair. 3. What process occurs before both meiosis and mitosis? What happens to the chromosomes afterward? Prior to meiosis or mitosis, DNA replication occurs. In both meiosis and mitosis, the chromosomes condense and become visible under the microscope. 4. How many successive divisions occur in meiosis? 2 successive cell divisions 7. Define haploid. Each daughter cell contains a haploid number of chromosomes or half of the number in the parent cell. 8. How many cell divisions occur during mitosis? What is the result of mitosis? A single cell division occurs in mitosis. The chromosomes in the parent cell are duplicated producing two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Animation: Meiosis 1. Sperm and egg cells are formed through the process of meiosis. Where are these cells found? The cells that will undergo meiosis are typically found in the testes and ovaries of males and females. 2. Are the germ-cell lines diploid or haploid? Diploid. Through the process of meiosis, the cells produced will be haploid cells, having one set of chromosomes. 3. During fertilization, these haploid cells fuse to form a diploid offspring. 4. Name the phase of meiosis when the DNA replicates and each chromosome becomes doubled. Like mitosis, meiosis is preceded by an interphase. During this time, DNA replicates and each chromosome becomes doubled 5. The doubled chromosomes consist of 2 identical strands of DNA. 8. What is the result of meiosis? 4 haploid cells 18. Define cytokinesis. Division of the cytoplasm Animation: female reproductive cycles 1. Female reproductive cycles are initiated usually between the ages of 10 and 14, a period known as puberty. 2. How long is the average female reproductive cycle? Where do the changes occur during the cycle? Each reproductive cycle, which averages 28 days, consists of a sequence of changes that occur in the ovaries and uterus. 3. During each cycle, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone or GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release two gonadotropic hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH and luteinizing hormone or LH. 4. Name the target of these hormones. Ovary 5. Name the two components of the female reproductive cycle. The ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle. 6. Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the 28 day ovarian cycle. 5

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

7. What are the 14 days prior to ovulation called in the ovarian cycle? The 14 days following ovulation? The 14 days prior to ovulation are known as the follicular phase, while the 14 days following ovulation constitute the luteal phase. 8. What regulates the ovarian cycle? Changing levels of FSH and LH 9. Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the 28 day uterine cycle. 10. Describe the two subdivisions of the uterine cycle that occur before ovulation. And the 14 days following ovulation? The 14 days prior to ovulation are subdivided into a menstrual phase (days 1 to 5) and a proliferative phase (6 to 14). The 14 days after ovulation constitute the secretory phase. 11. What controls the uterine cycle? Ovarian hormones-estrogen and progesterone 12. Describe the 5 days of the follicular stage. The events in the ovary prior to ovulation constitute the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. In the first five days, increased GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase production of FSH and LH. This stimulates primordial follicles in the ovary to mature into primary follicles, each containing a diploid primary oocyte that is arrested in prophase I of meiosis I. 13. What occurs during this time in the uterine cycle? At the same time in the uterine cycle, decreasing levels of progesterone lead to sloughing, or shedding, of the endometrial lining. This is the menstrual phase, commonly referred to as a womans period 14. Describe the ovarian events during days 6-13 of the follicular phase. In the ovary during the second part of the follicular phase (days 6-13) a small number of primary follicles form secondary follicles. 15. Describe the ovarian events two days before ovulation. What hormones influence these events? About two days before ovulation, under the influence of increasing levels of LH and FSH, the follicle expands to form a swelling on the surface of the ovary. 16. What causes the final maturation of the follicle? How soon before ovulation does this occur? What is another name for the mature follicle? Approximately 16 hours before ovulation, the levels of FSH and LH surge to cause the final maturation of the follicle, now called a mature (or graafian) follicle. 17. What event occurs in the primary oocyte just prior to ovulation? What does this form? Just prior to ovulation, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I to form a haploid secondary oocyte. 18. What event occurs in the uterus during the proliferative stage? Name the hormone responsible for this event and where that hormone is produced. Simultaneously, the lining of the endometrium begins to reform under the influence of estrogen produced by the ovarian follicular cells. 19. Describe the events of ovulation. What hormone peaks at this time? As the level of LH peaks, proteolytic enzymes produced in the follicle cause its wall to weaken and rupture. Ovulation is the release of the secondary oocyte from the mature follicle. 20. During the luteal stage, what structure is formed from the remaining luteal cells? What is the function of this structure and the hormones that it produces? After ovulation, the ovary enters the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, days 15-28. During this period, the remaining ovarian follicular cells form a corpus luteum, which produces the hormones progesterone and estrogen. 6

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

Progesterone and estrogen from the corpus luteum stimulate further thickening of the endometrium in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, days 15-28. 21. After the ovum is fertilized and implants in the uterine wall, what hormone is produced by the cells of implantation site? What is the function of this hormone? If fertilization and implantation occur, cells at the implantation site in the uterus begin to produce human chorionic gonadotropin or HCG. HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum so that elevated progesterone and estrogen levels are maintained to prevent shedding of the uterine lining at the end of the uterine cycle. 22. How long does the corpus luteum continue hormone production? What transition takes place after this time? What structures produce hormones in the place of the corpus luteum? After 8-12 weeks, the corpus luteum ceases to produce progesterone and estrogen and degenerates to become the corpus albicans. The placenta in the uterus replaces the corpus luteum in producing progesterone and estrogen. 23. If fertilization does not occur, when does the corpus luteum become the corpus albicans? What effect does this have on hormone levels? What events do these changes initiate? If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum becomes a corpus albicans by the end of the cycle. This leads to decreased levels of progesterone and estrogen and results in menstruation and the beginning of the next uterine cycle. E 11.7 primary follicle, histology Checkpoint: 1. Name the cells responsible for estrogen secretion. Where are they located? Granulosa cell of ovary; location: ovary and ovarian follicle. Animation: Ovulation through implantation 1. What are oocytes? Where are they produced? What is the process of their production? Oocytes are immature eggs produced in the ovary by a process known as oogenesis. 2. How many primary oocytes are produced before birth? Are they diploid or haploid? Prior to birth, about 2 million diploid primary oocytes are formed. 3. How many primary oocytes survive until puberty? Of these, how many will become secondary oocytes? Between birth and the first ovulation at puberty, the number of primary oocytes decreases to around 400,000; only 400 will become secondary oocytes. 4. What meiotic stage do the primary oocytes remain in until just before ovulation? Primary oocytes remain in prophase I of meiosis I until just before ovulation. 8. What events occur during ovulation? Name the structures that receive the ovulated secondary oocyte. Ovulation is the release of secondary oocyte from a mature follicle (also called the vesicular or graafian follicle) 10. Where does fertilization occur? Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

11. How many sperm are deposited in the vagina during ejaculation? How many reach the ampulla? How soon do they survive? During ejaculation, nearly one half billion sperm are deposited in the vagina; a few thousand may reach the ampulla within 10-15 minutes. 12. How many sperm penetrate the secondary oocyte? What does this event trigger? Only one sperm cell penetrates the secondary oocyte, triggering the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II. 13. What events occur on a cellular level during fertilization? What cell do they form? How many chromosomes does this cell contain? Is it diploid or haploid? The resulting haploid oocyte pronucleus unites the haploid sperm pronucleus to create a diploid zygote with 23 chromosome pairs. 14. What is the term for a fertilized oocyte (ovum)? What term describes the mitotic divisions of this fertilized secondary oocyte? Where is the fertilized ovum located while these mitotic divisions occur? Over the next 3-4 days, the zygote undergoes a series of mitotic divisions, called cleavage, as it moves along the uterine tube. 17. What role do the hormones estrogen and progesterone play in the implantation of the blastocyst? Under the influence of the ovarian hormones progesterone and estrogen, the endometrium (or uterine lining) thickens to prepare for implantation of the blastocyst 18. What is implantation? When does it occur? Implantation, the attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium, begins about 7 days after fertilization. 20. When does the blastocyst become embedded superficially in the endometrium? The syncytiotrophoblast actively invades the endometrium and by the end of the second week of fertilization, the blastocyst becomes embedded superficially in the endometrium. E 11.9 corpus albicans Checkpoint: 1. The corpus albicans is a CT scar at the surface of the ovary. 2. The corpus albicans is a remnant of corpus luteum. 3. What does it identify? Identifies site of a previous ovulation E 11.12 perineum-female, inferior view Checkpoint: 2. Name the limiting structures of the urogenital triangle. Pubic symphysis and ischial tuberosities 3. What is the hymen? What is its function? Hymen is thin, irregular fold of mucus membrane at the vaginal orifice. Entry to vaginal canal. 4. Name the hood of thin skin over the glans clitoris. What are its functions? Prepuce of clitoris; function: protects glans clitoris, secretions prevent drying of glans clitoris. 5. Describe the structure of the glans clitoris. What is its function? rounded tip of clitoris, erectile tissue, hooded by prepuce of clitoris (fold of skin). Function: stimulation increases sexual response and may lead to orgasm

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

6. What is the perineal membrane? What is its function? Also known as inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm. Function: forms part of pelvic floor, forms boundary between superficial and deep parts of urogenital triangle. Description: sheet of deep fascia, stretches across pubic arch, pierced by urethra (both sexes) and vagina In Review P.451 1. What is an episiotomy? Why is this procedure done? The surface projection of perineal body may be incise surgically to prevent tearing of perineal tissues during vaginal delivery 2. What is the anal triangle? Triangular area bounded by coccyx and ischial tuberosities, contains anus and ischioanal fossae 3. What is the intergluteal cleft? Midline surface fissure created by large gluteal muscle. Function: separates gluteal regions of lower limbs 6. Name the inferior opening of the vagina. Vaginal orifice 7. Name the structure that protects the external genitalia. Labia majus 8. What are the functions of the labia minus? Contains sebaceous glands that lubricate vestibule and help direct stream of urine 9. What are the actions of the ischiocavernosus muscles? Compress erectile tissue of crus of penis/clitoris; help establish and maintain erection 10. What are the actions of the bulbospongiousus muscles? Compresses erectile tissue of bulb of vestibule during sexual response; compresses vaginal orifice; compresses greater vestibular gland 11. Name the paired mucus-producing glands lateral to the vaginal opening. What is their function? Greater vestibular gland. Function: lubrication of vaginal opening, especially during sexual response. Animation: male reproductive system overview 1. The primary male sex organs, or gonads, are the testes. 2. List the pathway of sperm from the primary sex organs through the penis. Sperm produced in the testes travel along a system of ductsthe epididymis vas deferens, and ejaculatory ductto reach the urethra , which ends in the penis. 3. Name the accessory sex glands. What is their function? Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands-secrete substances that form semen 4. Describe the location of the testes. How does the temperature there compare to core body temperature? The testes are contained within the scrotum, a sac of skin located between the thighs. For optimal sperm production, the temperature within the testes must be approximately 3 degrees Celsius below core body temperature. 5. How is the temperature of the testes regulated? What muscles are involved? What are the actions of these muscles when the temperature is too warm and too cold? Temperature is regulated by changing the position of the testes within the scrotum and by decreasing the temperature of blood reaching the testes. When it is cold, the cremaster muscle contracts to draw the testes closer to the body for warmth. At the same time, the dartos muscle of the 9

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

scrotal wall contracts to wrinkle the scrotum and move the testes closer to the body. When it is warm, the cremaster and dartos muscles relax to suspend the testes farther from the body for cooling. Describe the counter-current heat exchanger mechanism. What effect does this mechanism have on the arterial blood temperature as it reaches the testes? The pampiniform plexus is an extensive network of veins that surrounds the testicular artery within the spermatic duct. It serves as a counter-current heat exchanger for blood flowing to and from the testes. Blood in the testicular artery transfers some of its heat to cooler blood flowing in the opposite direction through the pampiniform venous plexus. When arterial blood reaches the testes, it is cooler than core body temperature. The testes are the site of what events? Each oval-shaped testis is the site for spermatogenesis (sperm development) and production of male sex hormones, or androgens. Internally, the testis is divided by CT septa into 250-300 wedge-shaped lobules. Each lobule contains up to 3 ducts called seminiferous tubuleseach approximately 27 inches long where spermatogenesis occurs. How many sperm are in average ejaculate? One-half billion Name the cells responsible for testosterone production. Where are they located? Clusters of interstitial (or Leydig) cells found between adjacent seminiferous tubules produce testosterone, a male sex hormone. Describe the pathway of the sperm as they leave the seminiferous tubule, mature, and are stored. After forming in seminiferous tubules, immature sperm leave the testis through the rete testis and efferent ductules to enter the head of the epididymis, a coiled duct on the posterior side of the testis. Sperm mature as they travel through the head and body of the epididymis, and are stored in its tail until ejaculation. How many sperm form each day? The testes form up to 60 million sperm each day. What structure is continuous with the tail of the epididymis? Where is this structure located? The tail of the epididymis is continuous with the vas deferens (or ductus deferens). This muscular tube leaves the scrotum in the spermatic cord and enters the pelvic cavity to terminate posterior to the urinary bladder. The vas deferens joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct, which passes through the prostate to empty into the prostatic part of the urethra. Name the accessory gland that produces 60% of the semen volume. Describe the secretion produced. The seminal vesicles are paired glands posterior to the urinary bladder, whose thick, alkaline secretions form 60% of semen volume. Each has a duct that joins its respective vas deferens to form an ejaculatory duct. Name the accessory gland that produces 30% of the semen volume. Describe the secretion produced. The thin, milky, slightly acidic secretions of the prostate enter the prostatic urethra and contribute about 30% of semen volume. Name the accessory gland that produces mucus that neutralizes the acidic urethra. What percent of the total semen volume consists of this fluid? The bulbourethral glands empty into the proximal end of the spongy urethra. During sexual arousal, these glands produce mucus that 10

6.

7. 9.

11. 13.

14.

15. 16.

17. 18.

19.

20.

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

neutralizes the acidity normally present in the urethra. Their secretions contribute about 5% to the semen volume. What are the dual functions of the penis? It contains the lower urinary tract and is the male organ of copulation. What are the divisions of the penis? The penis is divided into a root, and the shaft (or body) and its glans (the tip) Describe the erectile bodies of the penis. The root consists of a bulb and left and right crus. These bodies of erectile tissue continue into the shaft. The bulb continues on the ventral side of the shaft as a single, cylindrical corpus spongiosum Which structure encloses the spongy urethra? What is the terminal end of this structure? The bulb and corpus spongiosum enclose the spongy urethra, which ends in the glans at the urethral orifice. How is the size and shape of the penis determined? The size and shape of the penis is determined by the erectile tissue, a network of venous space. What events occur in the process of an erection? During sexual arousal, the erectile tissues fill with blood, resulting in an erection.

21. 22. 23.

24.

25. 26.

E 11.13 pelvis-male, sagittal view Layer 1: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. Pelvic part of vas deferens Seminal vesicle Prostate Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Deep fascia of penis Left crus of penis Penis Spongy urethra Bulbospongiousus muscle Bulb of penis Corpus cavernosum penis Corpus spongiosum penis Spermatic fascia Scrotum Scrotal part of vas deferens Epididymis Remnant of prepuce of penis Testis Glans penis Navicular fossa External urethral orifice 11

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

Checkpoint: 1. Name the paired and unpaired erectile tissues of the penis. What is their function? Attached part composed of erectile bodies (paired crura and unpaired bulb) covered by muscle; unattached part (body of penis) composed of erectile bodies (paired corpora cavermosa and unpaired corpus spongiosum) 2. What structure is responsible for most of the increased size and rigidity of the penis during erection? Corpus cavernosum penis 3. What is circumcision? How does the structure of the prepuce compare between circumcised and uncircumcised males? Circumcision: surgical removal is most common elective surgery in newborn males. In uncircumcised male, prepuce is retracted from glans penis during erection. Fold of skin covering all, or part of glans penis; circumcised: remnant is a ridge of skin between glans and body of penis. In Review p. 454 8. Name the network of veins that drain the erectile tissues of the penis. What other structures are drained by these veins? Glans penis; urine E 11.14 prostate-histology Checkpoint: 2. What is the function of the prostatic secretions? Forms part of semen

E 11.15 perineum-male, inferior view Layer 2: a. b. c. d. e. f. Layer 3: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Corpus spongiosum penis Corpus cavernosum penis Crus of penis Bulb of penis Perineal membrane Ischio-anal fossa Superficial transverse perineal muscle 12 Spermatic cord Deep fascia of penis Bulbospongiousus muscle Ischiocavernosus muscle External anal sphincter Anus

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

h. External anal sphincter i. Anus j. Gluteus maximus muscle Checkpoint: 1. Name the pouch of skin that contains the testes. What muscle is in the wall of the pouch? Scrotum; smooth muscle 2. What changes occur when this muscle contracts? Why? contraction of dartos muscle changes size of scrotum to regulate temperature of testes for sperm development and maturation. 3. The size of this pouch varies with age and temperature 7. Name the single erectile body on the ventral aspect of the penis. This is a continuation of what structure? Corpus spongiosum penis; continuation of bulb of penis 8. Name the paired erectile body on the dorsal aspect of the penis. This is a continuation of what structure? Corpus cavernosum penis; continuation of crus of penis 9. What is the function of these erectile tissues? Engorged with blood during sexual response, helps establish and maintain erection. In review p.457 1. How does the scrotal temperature compare with the body temperature? Why? Scrotal temperature -3* centigrade lower than body cavity. contraction of dartos muscle changes size of scrotum to regulate temperature of testes for sperm development and maturation 2. How is the scrotum divided? septum divides into right and left parts E 11.16 penis and scrotum, anterior view Layer 1: a. Body of penis b. Remnant of prepuce of penis c. Glans penis Layer 2: a. b. c. d. Layer 3: a. Dorsal artery of penis b. Dorsal nerve of penis c. Deep dorsal vein of penis 13 Suspensory ligament of penis Superficial fascia of penis Deep fascia of penis Superficial dorsal vein of penis

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

Checkpoint: 1. Name the unattached portion of the penis. Body of penis 2. Name the distal expansion of penis. Glans penis 3. Define flaccid. How does the dorsal surface compare when the penis is flaccid and when it is not erect? Flaccid=not erect; dorsal surface directed anteriorly when penis is flaccid 4. Name the large vein on the dorsal surface of the penis that is not involved in an erection. Superficial dorsal vein of penis 6. Name the sling of deep fascia that suspends the body of the penis. Suspensory ligament of penis 7. What prevents blood from escaping the erectile tissue? Deep dorsal vein of penis; during sexual response, compressed between deep fascia of penis and tunica albuginea of corpora cavermosa to prevent blood from escaping erectile tissue 9. Name the nerve that supplies innervation to the body of the penis. Dorsal nerve of penis 12. Name the vein that drains the erectile tissues of the body of penis. deep dorsal vein of penis 14. Name the structure that separates the right and left testes. Septum of scrotum 17. Name the structure for maturation and storage of spermatozoa. How long can spermatozoa be stored? Epididymis; 5-6 weeks In Review p.460 1. What is emission? Name the structure that conducts sperm and testicular fluid during emission. Emission: stage of male response when components of semen brought together in prostatic urethra. Vas deferens E 11.17 seminiferous tubule 3. What are the functions of the sustentacular cells? What other names are they known by? Support, protect, nourish, and release developing sperm cells; secrete testicular fluid into lumen of seminiferous tubule; form blood-testis barrier. Aka nurse cells Animation: spermatogenesis 1. Where are sperm found? Sperm are found in the testes 2. Describe the structure and lining of the seminiferous tubules. What specialized cell types are located there? Each testis contains coiled seminiferous tubules lined by an epithelium consisting of germ cells and supporting sustentacular (or Sertoli) cells. 3. Name the germ cells from which sperm cells arise. Spermatogonia are the germ cells from which sperm cells arise 4. What differences occur in the daughter cells of the spermatogonia? Are they haploid or diploid? How many chromosomes do they each contain? At the beginning of spermatogenesis, mitotic division of spermatogonia produce diploid cells, each containing 46 chromosomes. One daughter cell remains a spermatogonium and the other becomes a primary spermatocyte.

14

Lab 8-Lab Workbook (Chapter 11-Reproductive System)

5. The primary spermatocytes divide by meiosis to form haploid spermatocytes, each containing 23 chromosomes. Secondary spermatocytes divide again to form spermatids. 6. What is spermiogeneis? Where does it occur? What changes occur during this process? As they move toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule, spermatids differentiate into sperm cells, a process called spermiogenesis. During this process, spermatids shed excess cytoplasm and form a head with acrosomal cap, a midpiece, and a tail (flagellum) 7. Sperm cells are immature when they leave the seminiferous tubules and testis, and mature fully in the epididymis. In Review p.461 1. Name the most primitive cell in the male germ line. Diploid or haploid? (diploid) 2. Name the diploid cells derived from the cells in question 1. These cells give rise to Spermatogonium, which are diploid. These cells in turn give rise to spermatocyte, which are haploid.

15