Lab 7- Lab Workbook (Chapter 10-Urinary)

Animation: Urinary system overview 1. What are the major functions of the urinary system? Removal of waste products from the body and the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. 2. What are the organs of the urinary system? Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra 3. Where are the kidneys located? 2 symmetrical, bean shaped organs located along the posterior abdominal wall, on each side of the vertebral column 4. What is the renal hilum? Vessels, nerves and a ureter connect to the medial surface of each kidney at the hilum 5. Blood to be filtered is transported to the kidney by the renal artery. 6. Filtered blood leaves the kidney via the renal vein 7. Name the structure that covers the outer surface of the kidney. A fibrous renal capsule cover the outer surface of the kidney 9. A fluid from the renal pyramids ultimately funnels into the renal pelvis of the ureter. 10. What is the function of the ureters? Fibromascular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder 11. How is urine propelled through the ureters? The presence of urine within the renal pelvis initiates peristaltic waves in the muscular layers of the ureters that propel urine through the ureters and into the urinary bladder. 12. What is the urinary bladder? Where is it located? An expandable, muscular container that serves as a reservoir for urine. Its positioned behind the pubic symphysis. 13. Where do the ureters drain into the urinary bladder? Ureters enter the posterolateral wall of the urinary bladder through the ureteral openings. 14. Name the muscle of the urinary bladder wall. The bladder wall contains 3 layers of smooth muscle, collectively called the detrusor muscle. 15. Another name for urination is micturition. 16. How is urine expelled from the urinary bladder? The detrusor muscle contracts to expel urine from the bladder. The bladder narrows toward its base, forming a constricted neck that is continuous with the urethra. 17. Compare the functions of the male and female urethras. The urethra is a Fibromascular tube that conveys urine from the bladder out of the body. The male urethra is roughly 4X longer than the female urethra. Whereas the sole function of the female urethra is to transport urine to the outside of the body, the male urethra serves urinary and reproductive functions, acting as a passageway for both urine and semen 18. What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter muscle? Is it under voluntary or involuntary control? In both sexes, the detrusor muscle thickens at the neck of the bladder near the urethra to form an internal urethral sphincter. This ring of smooth muscle is under involuntary control. 19. What is the function of the external urethral sphincter muscle? Is it under voluntary or involuntary muscle? The urethra is encircled by an external urethral sphincter muscle, which is under voluntary control.

Lab 7- Lab Workbook (Chapter 10-Urinary)

20. How are both of these sphincters involved with urination? During urination, both urethral sphincters relax, allowing urine to exit the body through the external urethral orifice E 10.1 upper urinary, anterior view Layer 4: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. Kidney Renal pelvis Pararenal fat Abdominal part of ureter Urinary bladder with peritoneum Suprarenal gland Inferior vena cava Left renal vein Right renal vein Abdominal aorta Left renal artery Right renal artery Common iliac vein Common iliac artery Sigmoid colon

Checkpoint: 7. What differences exist in the pathway of the ureter for males and females? in female: passes inferior to uterine artery. In male: crossed vas deferens 8. How long is the ureter? 25-30 cm in length 9. List the pathway of urine from the kidney to urethra. Flow of urine from kidney: collecting duct> renal papilla> minor calyx> major calyx> renal pelvis> ureter> urinary bladder> urethra In Review p. 417 1. 2. 3. 4. 11. 12. 13. 14. Name the arteries that supply blood to kidneys. Right renal artery, left renal artery Name the veins that drain blood from kidneys. Right renal vein, left renal vein Which is anterior to the other? veins Name the funnel-shaped structure that drains urine from the kidneys to the ureter. Minor calyx Name the muscle in the walls of the urinary bladder. Detrusor muscle What is the trigone? Name the openings that define the trigone. Three opening of the urinary bladder define trigone: 2 ureteric and 1 urethral The size and position of the urinary bladder varies with volume of urine The volume of the urine also effects the position of surrounding organs, especially uterus

Lab 7- Lab Workbook (Chapter 10-Urinary)

Animation: kidney-gross anatomy 1. Where are the kidneys located? Retroperitoneal position on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column 2. What is the renal hilum? Name three structures that pass through the hilum. the hilum is located along the concave medial border where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney. It also serves as the point of exit for the renal pelvis, which transports urine to the ureter. 3. The hilum is continuous with the expanded area within the kidney known as the renal sinus. 9. How is the blood carried to the kidneys for filtration? Blood is carried to each kidney for filtration through the renal artery. 10. List the series of branches that form from this artery up to and including the glomerulus. Give the locations where each artery is found. The renal artery branches in the renal sinus to form segmental arteries , which branch again to form interlobar arteries. Interlobar arteries pass through the renal columns to the corticomedullary junction, where they branch to form arcuate arteries 11. Name the initial filtering component of the kidney. Name the functional filtration unit of the kidney. What are its components? The glomerulus forms the vascular core of the renal corpuscle and is the initial filtering component of the kidney. The renal corpuscle and its associated ducts form the functional filtration unit of the kidney, the nephron. E 10.2 kidney, anterior view Layer 2: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Renal pyramid Renal papilla Renal column Renal cortex Major calyx Minor calyx Renal pelvis Renal sinus Renal medulla Ureter

Checkpoint: 1. Name the connective tissue coat of the kidney. What is its function? Fibrous capsule of kidney; function: maintains shape of kidney, protects kidney from trauma, prevents spread of infectious pathogens

Lab 7- Lab Workbook (Chapter 10-Urinary)

6. Which nephron parts are located in the renal cortex? Which are located in the renal medulla? Renal medulla: renal pyramid, renal column, renal papilla In Review p.420 5. Trace the pathway of urine as it passes through and then out of the kidney through the urethra. Flow of urine from kidney: collecting duct> renal papilla> minor calyx> major calyx> renal pelvis> ureter> urinary bladder> urethra E 10.4 renal corpuscle, histology Checkpoint: 2. What is the function of the renal corpuscle? Composed of glomerulus and glomerular (Bowmans) capsule 3. Name all structures that constitute a nephron. renal corpuscle and renal tubule: composed of proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (of Henle), and distal convoluted tubule Animation: Osmosis 1. What is diffusion? Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient. 2. What does this process allow? Allows small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to cross the plasma membrane 4. What is the name for the special case of diffusion that involves the movement of water molecules across a membrane? osmosis 9. Define isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic. If the osmotic concentrations of 2 solutions are equal, the solutions are isotonic. When the solution have unequal osmotic concentration, the solution with the higher concentration of solutes is hypertonic and the solution with the lower concentration of solutes is hypotonic. Animation: Urine formation 1. What are the primary functions of the kidneys? To filter blood and form urine. In doing so, the kidneys regulate fluid balance, electrolyte concentration, and pH by excreting unwanted fluid and substances as urine. 3. Where is urine formed? What are the three processes in its formation? Urine is formed in the nephron. three processes are involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion 7. How do the solutes move across the tubule wall into the interstitial fluid? Where do they go from there? Solutes move across the tubule wall into the interstitial fluid by processes such as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, cotransport, and osmosis. The solutes readily enter the surrounding capillaries to return to the general circulation 8. How does water move through the tubule wall? What percent of water is reabsorbed from each portion of the renal tubule? Water follows the solute by osmosis: 65% of the water is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule, an additional 15% from the descending 4

Lab 7- Lab Workbook (Chapter 10-Urinary)

portion of the nephron loop, and an additional 19% from the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. What percent of the water in the glomerular filtrate returns to the bloodstream? What happens to the remaining water? 99% of the glomerular filtrate ultimately returns to the bloodstream; the 1% or less that is not reabsorbed will excreted as urine What happens to the waste products to prepare them for excretion? They are diffused out of the blood to the interstitial fluid, and are then transported across the tubular wall and secreted into the tubular fluid for excretion. What determines whether the urine produced is dilute or concentrated? Depending on the need to eliminate or conserve water, collecting ducts reabsorb water to produce dilute or concentrated urine. Describe the urine produced when water intake is high and also when water intake is limited. When water intake is high, the kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine. When water intake is limited, producing a large volume of dilute urine would lead to dehydration What are the two key factors that determine the kidneys ability to concentrate urine? 1. Maintaining a high concentration of the solutes sodium chloride and urea in the renal medulla, which is accomplished by the countercurrent functions of the nephron loops. 2. The presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which makes collecting ducts more permeable to water.

9.

12.

14.

15.

16.

E 10.5 ureter, histology 1. Name the tissue that loosely attaches the ureter to adjacent structures? Adventitia of ureter 2. What structures are found in this tissue? Contains blood, and lymphatic vessels, and nerves for ureter 3. How does the muscularis change in composition along the length of the ureter? What is its function? Upper 2/3 of ureter has inner longitudinal and outer circular layers; lower 1/3 of ureter has inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal layers. Function: peristaltic waves of contraction move urine toward urinary bladder 4. What is the mucosa? What is its function? Lining of ureter, composed of transitional epithelium and lamina propria. Function: barrier between urine and other tissues of ureter 5. Describe the transitional epithelium. What is unique about its function? Lines lumen of ureter, thickness varies, epithelium transitions from stratified cuboidal to stratified squamous as ureter distends passage of urine. Function: prevents urine from diffusing from lumen E 10.7 lower urinary, female, sagittal view Checkpoint: 3. What is the function of the female urethra? Transport urine 4. Give two reasons why urinary tract infections are more common in females? Due to shorter urethra and proximity to anus

Lab 7- Lab Workbook (Chapter 10-Urinary)

E. 10.8 lower urinary, male, sagittal view 1. Name the structures that form the trigone of the urinary bladder. 2 ureteric and 1 urethral 2. Name the first part of the male urethra. Navicular fossa 5. Name the external orifice of the urinary tract. Male: tip of glans penis; female: vestibule In review p. 429 1. Describe the structure of the urinary bladder. Hollow organ with smooth muscle wall (detrusor muscle. 3 openings define trigone of bladder, superior aspect covered by peritoneum 2. What are the two functions of this organ? Storage of urine, micturition 3. What is the function of the female urethra? Transport urine 4. Give two reasons why urinary tract infections are more common in females. Due to shorter urethra and proximity to anus 5. Name the structures that form the trigone of the urinary bladder. 2 ureteric and 1 urethral 6. Name the first part of the male urethra. Navicular fossa 7. Where are sperm formed? epididymis 8. Name the four different parts of the male urethra. What is the function of the male urethra? Spongy urethra, membranous urethra, prostatic urethra, preprostatic urethra 9. Name the external orifice of the UT. Tip of glans penis and vestibule for female