Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

Animation: Digestive Overview 1. What are the four main functions of the digestive system? Ingestion, digestion (both mechanical and chemical), absorption and elimination of wastes 2. Name the two types of digestion. Mechanical and chemical 3. Where does digestion begin? How does this occur? Begins in the mouth, where the teeth break food into smaller particles during mastication. 4. Another name for chewing is mastication. 5. What is the function of the salivary glands? Of saliva? Salivary glands located near the oral cavity secrete saliva, which begins chemical digestion and keeps the food moist. 6. What prevents food from entering the nasal cavity while swallowing? As food is swallowed, the soft palate blocks the upper pharynx to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity 7. What muscles push food particles into the pharynx? Multiple voluntary muscles in the face, neck, and tongue contract 8. Name the structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory system. Epiglottis 9. Name the structure that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Esophagus 10. Once it has been swallowed, the food mass is called a bolus. 11. What is the term for the involuntary wavelike contractions that propel the bolus to the stomach? Peristalsis 12. What are rugae? What are their functions? Folds in the stomach wall called rugae allow for expansion as the stomach fills, and also increase surface area. 13. The stomach cells secrete hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and various regulatory hormones 14. What effect do these secretions have on the bolus? They chemically digest the bolus 15. The bolus, mixed with stomach secretions is now called chime. 16. Chime exits the stomach through the pyloric sphincter and enters the small intestine. 17. Name the major site of nutrient absorption. Small intestine 18. Name the three parts of the small intestine, from proximal to distal. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum 19. What digestive aids enter the duodenum? Where do they originate? Bile from the liver and gallbladder, and digestive enzymes from the pancreas empty into the duodenum to aid in digestion 20. How are nutrients absorbed? Absorbed nutrients pass from the lumen of the small intestine into blood and lymph 21. What is the destination of the chime not absorbed in the small intestine? Chime not absorbed in the small intestine enters the large intestine. 22. List the sequence of structures the chime passes through as it becomes feces. What has been absorbed from the chime as it passes through the colon? As it passes through the cecum and ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, water and salts are absorbed and chime is converted into feces. E 9.1 Oral cavity & pharynx-lateral view Layer 1: a. lips 1

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

Layer 2: a. b. c. d. e. f. Hard palate Upper lip Oral cavity proper Soft palate Teeth Oral vestibule g. h. i. j. k. l. Lower lip Tongue Pharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus

Checkpoint: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name the fleshy fold surrounding the mouth. Lips Name the midline vertical groove of the upper lip. philtrum Name the muscle contained in the lips. Orbicularis oris muscle Name the narrow space between dental arches, lips and cheeks. Oral vestibule What is its function? Receives secretions of parotid (salivary) gland Name the space bounded by the teeth, tongue and hard palate. Oral cavity proper

In Review p.380 1. Name the functions of the lips. Regulate entrance to digestive and respiratory systems Important in mastication (chewing) Important in sound production 2. What is the function of the oral cavity? its where mechanical breakdown of food begins 6. What is the tongues function? Mastication (chewing) Deglutition (swallowing) Phonation (production of speech sounds) 7. Name the structure involved in oral breathing. Mouth 9. Name the structure thats separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx. Soft palate 10. Name the tube-shaped structure located between the oropharynx and the esophagus. Laryngopharynx E 9.2 salivary glands, lateral view Checkpoint: 1. Name the superficial part of which salivary gland is located anterior to the auricle? Parotid gland 2. Name the salivary gland located inferior and medial to the body of the mandible. submandibular gland 3. Name the three major paired salivary glands. Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

4. Which salivary gland produces 25-30 percent of your saliva? Where is it located? Parotid gland; location: face, superficial part: anterior to auricle, an deep part: posterior and medial to ramus of mandible 5. Which salivary gland produces 60-70% of your saliva? Where is it located? Submandibular gland; location: neck (inferior to body of mandible) and head (medial to body of mandible). 6. Name the salivary duct that ends in the vestibule of the oral cavity opposite the second maxillary molar. parotid duct 7. Describe the gingivae. Composed of non-glandular oral mucosa. What is another name for them? gums What is gingivitis? Food and bacteria between gums and teeth can cause inflammation 8. Describe the permanent mandibular teeth. What is their function? Hard conical structures with a crown and root; root of each tooth contained within an alveolus (socket); 16 permanent teeth in each jaw: incisors (4), canines (2), premolars (4), and molars (6). Mastication (first part of mechanical digestion) 9. Describe the permanent maxillary teeth. Hard conical structures with a crown and root; root of each tooth contained within an alveolus (socket) ; 16 permanent teeth in each jaw: incisors (4), canines (2), premolars (4) and molars (6). Are they identical in number and function as the mandibular teeth? Yes What do you suppose is the reason for this? So that food gets masticated better 10. Name the salivary gland inferior to the tongue. What percentage of your saliva does it secrete? Sublingual gland 11. What is the sublingual fossa? tongue 12. Name a muscle responsible for the elevation of the floor of the mouth. Mylohyoid muscle 13. Name the three functions of the tongue. Mastication (chewing) Deglutition (swallowing) Phonation (production of speech sounds) 14. Where are the taste buds located? Mucous membranes 15. What gives the dorsal surface of the tongue a feltlike appearance? Dense concentration of papillae E 9.3 Teeth, superior and inferior views Layer 1: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Maxillary central incisor Maxillary lateral incisor Maxillary canine Maxillary first premolar Maxillary second premolar Maxillary first molar Maxillary teeth Maxillary second molar 3 i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. Maxillary third molar Tooth numbers Mandibular third molar Mandibular second molar Mandibular first molar Mandibular teeth Mandibular second premolar Mandibular first premolar

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

q. Mandibular canine r. Mandibular lateral incisor s. Mandibular central incisor t. Incisive fossa u. Maxilla v. Palatine process of maxilla Checkpoint: w. x. y. z. aa. Horizontal plate of palatine bone Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Lesser palatine foramen Pyramidal process of palatine bone

1. Describe the universal/national system used for numbering adult teeth. (1) is upper right third molar and proceeds around maxillary (upper) dental arch to (16) upper left third molar. (17) is lower left third molar and proceeds around mandibular (lower) dental arch to (32) lower right third molar 2. Name the teeth, on both bones, important for biting and cutting. Mandibular lateral incisor, mandibular central incisor, maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor 3. Which teeth are the longest? What is their function? Maxillary first molar, mandibular first molar; important for grinding and crushing In Review p.384 1. 5. 6. 7. 10. Name the globular, encapsulated fat body prominent in the cheeks of infants. buccal fat pad What is mastication? chewing What is deglutition? swallowing What is the name for the sockets of the teeth? alveoli The lingual frenulum has been mentioned several times in this topic. What is the lingual frenulum? A membranous fold that connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. 16. Name the largest molar. Hint: there is a pair on each bone. Maxillary first molar, mandibular first molar 17. Name the pairs of teeth known as the wisdom teeth. Mandibular third molar, maxillary third molar E 9.4 esophagus, anterior view Layer 3: a. Liver b. Trachea c. Left common carotid artery d. Left subclavian artery e. Brachiocephalic trunk Checkpoint: f. g. h. i. j. Main bronchus Left lung Right lung Parietal layer of serous pericardium Diaphragm

1. Where is the esophagus located? Cervical part: neck (inferior); thoracic part: thorax (posterior mediastinum); abdominal part: abdomen (left upper quadrant) 4

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

3. What is its function? Conveys food from pharynx to stomach, peristaltic (wave-like) contraction during swallowing 4. List the functions of the liver. Produces and secretes bile and plasma proteins Stores glycogen, minerals and vitamins Detoxifies drugs and alcohol Modifies hormones Removes (phagocytizes) damaged blood cells and bacteria 5. What are hepatocytes? Liver cells 6. What can lead to the destruction of hepatocytes? Cirrhosis 7. The esophagus is located in what three body regions? cervical, thoracic and abdominal 9. What is peristalsis? Wave-like contractions during swallowing 10. The esophagus conveys food to what digestive organ? from pharynx to stomach 11. What is reflux esophagitis? Heartburn 12. Name the hole in the diaphragm for the passage of the esophagus. Esophageal hiatus E 9.5 abdominal cavity, anterior view Layer 1: a. b. c. d. e. Layer 2: a. b. c. d. e. Layer 3: a. b. c. d. Layer 5: a. Stomach b. Tail of pancreas c. Body of pancreas 5 d. Neck of pancreas e. Head of pancreas f. Duodenum Left colic flexure Stomach Descending colon Right colic flexure e. f. g. h. Transverse colon Ascending colon Small intestine Mesentery of small intestine Liver Round ligament of liver Lesser omentum Stomach Gallbladder f. g. h. i. j. Transverse colon Greater omentum Diaphragm Falciform ligament of liver Musculature of abdominal wall Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right flank region Umbilical region f. g. h. i. j. Umbilicus Left flank region Right inguinal region Pubic region Left inguinal region

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

g. h. i. j. k. l. m. Ascending colon Descending colon Omental appendices Ileum Taeniae coli Cecum Sigmoid colon n. o. p. q. r. s. t. Spleen Splenic artery Splenic vein Inferior mesenteric vein and tributaries Inferior mesenteric artery and branches Abdominal aorta Urinary bladder with peritoneum

Checkpoint: 10. Name the structure that at the junction of the small intestine and large intestine. What part of each intestine is joined here? Ileocecal junction (between ileum [small intestine] and cecum [large intestine]) 11. Name the pouch of the large intestine into which the small intestine empties. What muscle regulates the flow from one to the other? Cecum; ileocecal 12. Name the slender hollow appendage attached to this pouch. What is its function? What structures does it contain? What is it called when the lumen of this structure becomes obstructed? Vermiform appendix. Function: local defense against infection. Contains collection of lymph nodules. Blockage of lumen leads to inflammation called appendicitis. 13. What are the Taeniae coli? What is their function? They are three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle. Function: facilitate peristalsis; contribute to formation of haustra 14. What are haustra? Sacculations 15. Name the peritoneal appendages filled with fat. What is their function? Omental appendices. Function: fat storage In Review p.391 1. Using the following figure , label the nine abdominal regions Superior (thorax) Right hypochondriac region Right lateral Epigastric Region Left hypochondriac region Left

Right flank region

Right inguinal region

Umbilical region

Left flank region

Left inguinal region

lateral

Pubic region

2. What is the function of the gallbladder? Storage, concentration, and release of bile 3. Name the muscles of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep. Rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles 6

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

4. Name the four parts of the colon from proximal to distal. Ascending, transverse, descending , and sigmoid colons 5. Name the three parts of the small intestine, from proximal to distal. duodenum, jejunum and ileum 6. Name the most mobile part of the large intestine. Transverse colon 7. Which parts of the colon absorb water? Which parts absorb electrolytes? Which parts of the colon store feces? Absorb water Absorb electrolytes Store feces Transverse colon Transverse colon Transverse Ascending colon Ascending colon Sigmoid colon Sigmoid colon Sigmoid colon Descending colon Descending colon Animation: Stomach 1. Where is the stomach located? Between which two organs? located in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, between the esophagus and the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine 2. What is the function of the stomach? What two processes contribute to this function? Mechanically and chemically process ingested food. Muscular contraction of the stomach and secretions from cells of the mucosa contribute to this function 3. What structures of the stomach form the superior and inferior borders? Lesser curvature forms the superior border of the stomach, while the greater curvature forms the inferior border 4. Describe the four stomach regions. The cardia is a small region at the opening of the esophagus. The fundus is a dome-shaped area superior to the cardia. The body, the largest region, is located between the fundus and the pyloric part of the stomach, and the pyloric part is the narrow, terminal portion between the fundus and duodenum 5. How is the distal part of the stomach subdivided? The pyloric part is subdivided into the antrum, pyloric canal and pylorus. The pylorus connects the stomach to the duodenum 6. What is the function of the pyloric sphincter? The thick ring of smooth muscle regulates the passage of stomach contents into the duodenum 7. What are gastric rugae? What is their function? Internally, the empty stomach is characterized by longitudinal ridges. These folds allow the stomach to expand as it fills. 8. Describe the four layers of the stomach. The serosa is the thin, outer layer composed of CT. the muscularis of the stomach is composed of 3 layers of smooth muscle: an inner oblique, middle circular, and an outer longitudinal. These muscle layers assists in mixing stomach contents with gastric secretions and move food toward the pyloric sphincter. Submucosa is CT layer that attaches the muscularis to the mucosa. It contains blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymphatics. The mucosa is composed of a simple columnar epithelium, a CT layer known as lamina propria, and a smooth muscle layer called muscularis mucosae. 9. Name the layers of the stomach muscularis. How does it compare to the rest of the digestive tract?

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

10. What substance is secreted by the mucous cells of the epithelium? Mucins, a component of mucus 11. List three functions of gastric mucus. Gastric mucus, which includes Mucins and inorganic salts, protects the stomach lining from gastric secretions (such as HCl) and caustic ingested compounds (soft drinks, i.e., have a pH ranging from 4.26 -2.5). mucus also lubricates food for movement 12. Describe gastric pits. Mucosa is indented by gastric pits that are lined with surface mucous cells. Branched, tubular gastric glands empty into the base of the gastric pits 13. What are the 4 different cells found in gastric glands? What are their functions? Gastric glands are composed of 4 cell types that produce specialized secretions involved in digestion. Mucous neck cells secrete mainly mucin. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Chief cell, which are the most numerous cell type, secrete large quantities of the enzyme pepsinogen. E 9.6 stomach, histology a. Opening of gastric pit b. Gastric pit E 9.7 stomach and duodenum, anterior view Layer 1: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Esophagus Fundus of stomach Cardia of stomach Stomach Body of stomach Lesser curvature of stomach Bile of duct h. i. j. k. l. m. n. Greater curvature of stomach Pancreas Superior part of duodenum Pyloric part of stomach Descending part of duodenum Duodenum Horizontal part of duodenum c. Gastric gland d. Muscularis mucosa of stomach

Checkpoint: 1. Name the part of the stomach located at the junction with the esophagus. What structure does it contain? Cardia of stomach 2. Name the dome-shaped superior part of the stomach. What it usually retained there? Fundus of stomach; usually retains a gas bubble visible on radiographs (x-rays) 3. Name the terminal part of the stomach. Name the ring of muscle located there. What is the function of this part of the stomach and the muscular ring? pyloric part of stomach. Distal part contains pyloric sphincter (smooth muscle ring) 4. Name the muscular structure that prevents reflux of stomach contents. Name two times that this muscle relaxes. Lower esophageal sphincter 5. Name the structure that allows the stomach to expand as it fills. Gastric folds

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

Animation: gastric secretion 1. List the three phases of gastric secretion. Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal 2. What initiates the cephalic phase? In the cephalic phase, the taste or smell of food, tactile sensation of food in the mouth, or thought of food sends nervous impulses to the medulla oblongata. 3. Describe the parasympathetic response involved in gastric secretion. The parasympathetic stimulation results in secretion of gastrin from the lower part of the stomach. 4. What role does gastrin play? This hormone travels through the bloodstream and further stimulates hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen secretion in the upper and middle parts of the stomach. 5. What initiates the gastric phase? In the gastric phase of gastric secretion, food has entered and distended the stomach 6. Describe the parasympathetic reflex and the direct stimulation that results in this phase. The distention activates a parasympathetic reflex via the medulla oblongata, and also has a direct stimulatory effect on the gastric glands. 7. What is the net result of these nervous stimuli? The result is continued secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen 8. What initiates the intestinal phase? In the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, chime has entered the duodenum, so gastric secretion is no longer needed. 9. What two events inhibit gastric secretion? When the chyme contains lipids from the digestion of fats or contains enough hydrochloric acid to bring its pH below 2, gastric secretion is inhibited 10. Describe the three steps involved in this inhibition. The lipids and hydrogen ions inhibit gastric secretion by 3 simultaneous actions. First, they cause impulses to go to the medulla oblongata to decrease parasympathetic stimulation of the gastric gland. Secondly, they set up local reflexes, via neurons in the wall of the gut, that decrease gastric secretion. Thirdly, they cause the release of 3 local hormones which travel via the circulation to the gastric glands and inhibit their secretion Animation: HCL production 1. Which cells produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach? Where are these cells located? Hydrochloric acid is produced in parietal cells located in the gastric glands of the stomach lining through a complex series of reactions In Review p.395 1. Name each different type of gastric gland and the products they that they produce. Parietal (oxyntic) cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor; mucous neck cells produce mucous; chief cells produce pepsinogen and lipase; enteroendocrine cells produce glucagon; stem cells replace other gastric gland cells 6. Name the part of the small intestine to receive ingested material from the stomach. What is the ingested material called? Duodenum; chyme 9

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

9. What is the function of the bile duct? Where is it located? Collects and transports bile; location: abdomen (right upper quadrant) 10. What is the function of the pancreatic duct? Where is it located? transmits digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice) secreted by acinar cells to duodenum (via hepatopancreatic ampulla) E 9.8 small intestine (duodenum), histology Check point: 2. Describe the structure also known as crypts of lieberkhn. What are their functions? Simple tubular gland; contains enterocytes (absorptive cells), goblet cells, paneth cells, stem cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Function: enterocytes absorb water and products of digestion; goblet cells produce mucin, paneth cells produce lysozyme (a digestive enzyme), stem cells produce replacement lining cells; enteroendocrine cells produce peptide hormones E 9.9 small intestine (jejunum/ileum), histology Checkpoint: 1. Name the cells that produce and release mucin into the intestinal lumen. Goblet cell of jejunum and ileum 2. Where are these located? Epithelium of jejunum and ileum In Review p. 397 7. What cell types are found on the epithelium of the small intestine? Goblet cell of jejunum and ileum 8. What are the functions of these cells? Produces mucin and releases it into intestinal lumen 9. Name two phenomena that change the shape of the villi. Length of villi changes with contraction of smooth muscle in villi an distention of intestinal wall 10. What layer of the small intestine contains Peyers patches? In what part of the small intestine are they found? What is their function? Submucosa of duodenum; abundant in ileum; protect from bacterial invasion E 9.11 colon, histology 1. Name and describe the tubular glands located in the colon. Intestinal gland of colon: composed of goblet cells, surface absorptive cells, regenerative cells, and enteroendocrine cells. 2. What is their function? Secretes mucin to lubricate passage of undigested material through colon 3. What is the dominant cell-type in these glands? Goblet cells 4. Name the tissue-type that lines the colon. What is its function? lumen of intestinal gland; conducts mucus to lumen of colon 5. The contraction of which muscles compresses the glands of the mucosa and expels their contents? Muscularis mucosae of colon 10

Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

E 9.13 peritoneum, mid-sagittal view Checkpoint: 1. Name the single layer of serous membrane that coats the outer surface of many abdominal organs. Visceral peritoneum 2. What is its function? Secretes and absorbs serous fluid within peritoneal cavity 3. Name the single layer of serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdomen. Parietal peritoneum In Review p. 401 6. What is the peritoneal cavity? what does the term mean? Potential space between parietal and visceral parts of peritoneum. 7. Name the double-layered fold of peritoneum capable of storing large amounts of fat. Greater omentum 8. How is it associated with the immune system? Limits spread of peritoneal infection Animation: Liver 1. The liver is the largest internal organ of the body. 2. Where is it located? Inferior to the diaphragm, primarily in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity 3. Name the four lobes of the liver. Which two are parts of another lobe? From a posterior view, all four lobes can be seen: right, left, caudate, quadrate. The caudate and the quadrate lobes are subdivisions of the right lobe 4. Name and describe the structure that separates the 2 anterior lobes. From an anterior view. Only the right and left lobes are visible. They are separated by the by the Falciform ligament, a fold of peritoneum that connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall. 5. What are the two fetal remnants found on the liver. Structures present on the visceral surface of the liver are arranged in an H pattern. Two fetal remnants, the round ligament of the liver and the ligamentum venosum, form the left portion of the H 6. What structures are located in the porta hepatis? The crossbar of the H corresponds to the porta hepatis, which contains biliary ducts, blood vessels and nerves that enter or exit the liver 7. Histologically, the liver is composed of functional units called hepatic lobules. Each hexagonal lobule is organized like a bicycle wheel. 9. Describe the portal triad: a central vein, and a group of vessels, known collectively as the portal triad. 12. What are the two basic functions of the liver? The basic function of the liver is to remove and add compounds to the blood as it circulates through the lobules.

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Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

E 9.14 liver, anterior and postero-inferior views Layer 1: a. b. c. d. Left lobe of the liver Right lobe of the liver Round ligament of liver Gallbladder e. f. g. h. Caudate lobe Common hepatic duct Quadrate lobe of liver Falciform ligament of liver

Checkpoint: 1. Name the largest lobe of the liver. What two lobes make up this lobe? Right lobe of the liver; caudate and quadrate lobes part of right lobe 2. Name the structures that separate the left and right lobes of the liver. Falciform ligament of liver and round ligament of liver 3. Name the functions of the liver. Secretes bile and plasma proteins Stores absorbed products of digestion Detoxifies drugs and alcohol Modifies hormones Removes (phagocytoses) damaged blood cells and bacteria E 9.16 biliary ducts, anterior view Layer 1: a. Right hypochondriac region b. Epigastric region c. Left hypochondriac region Layer 2: a. Liver b. Round ligament of liver c. Lesser omentum d. Stomach e. Gallbladder Checkpoint: d. Right flank region e. Umbilical region f. Left flank region

f. g. h. i.

Transverse colon Greater omentum Diaphragm Falciform ligament of liver

1. Name the two structures that receive bile from the liver. What structures do they form when they merge? Right and left hepatic ducts unite inferior to porta hepatis to form common hepatic duct 2. Bile passes from the liver to gallbladder for storage and from the gallbladder to the duodenum for digestion of lipids. 3. What two ducts unite to form the bile duct? Cystic duct joins common hepatic duct 4. Name the structure that transmits pancreatic secretions. Pancreatic duct

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Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

5. Name the structure formed by the joining of this structure and the bile duct. Bile duct joins pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla 6. Into which section of the small intestine does the structure in question 5 empty? Duodenum In Review p. 406 2. Name the blood vessel that carries absorbed products of digestion to the liver. Interlobular vein 3. Name the organ that stores, concentrates, and releases bile. gallbladder 4. Name the structure that brings arterial blood to the liver sinusoids. Interlobular artery 5. Name the structure in the liver lobule that collects and transports bile toward the bile duct. Interlobular bile duct 6. What is the hepatic portal triad? Includes interlobular vein (branch of hepatic portal vein), interlobular artery (branch of hepatic portal artery), and interlobular bile duct (tributary of hepatic duct) 8. What is the exocrine function of the pancreas? Digestive enzyme (pancreatic juice) secreted by acinar cells and released into duodenum via pancreatic ducts 9. What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? Regulation of glucose metabolism 10. What hormones are produced by the pancreas? Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin E 9.17 pancreas (exocrine), histology Check point: 1. Name the oval collection of secretory (acinar) cells in the exocrine pancreas. Acinus of pancreas 2. What do these cells secrete? How are these secretion regulated? secretion of several digestive enzymes and proenzymes; secretions regulated by cholecystokinin from duodenum 4. Name the structure that drains blood from, and contains hormones from, the endocrine pancreas. Vein of pancreas Animation: hydrolysis of sucrose 1. The enzyme sucrose breaks the disaccharide sucrose into two monosaccharides: glucose or blood sugar and fructose, or fruit sugar 6. After the bond is broken and the two monosaccharides are released, what happens to the enzyme? The enzymes configuration is changed back to the original shape, the two monosaccharides float away, and the site becomes available for another sucrose molecule to bind, change the enzymes configuration, and be hydrolyzed 7. How many times can this process be repeated? This can be repeated many times 8. What three events can occur to end this process? enzyme becomes denatured, is inhibited or just wears out

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Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

Animation: NADH/ Oxidation-reduction reactions 1. Cells obtain energy through the process of cellular respiration 2. How is this energy obtained? What is the energy molecule that results from this process? By oxidizing molecules such as glucose; the energy derived from these oxidation reactions is used to form ATP 3. What is oxidation? Removal of hydrogens from a molecule 4. A hydrogen atom consist of a proton and an electron 5. Whenever a molecule is oxidized (hydrogens removed), another molecule must be reduced (hydrogens added to it). 10. What is NADH? What is this molecule available to do now? A high energy electron carrier, diffuses away and is available to donate the hydrogen to other molecules Animation: Glycolysis 1. 2. 3. 4. Cells derive energy from the oxidation of nutrients such as glucose. The oxidation of glucose to pyruvate occurs through a series of steps called glycolysis. How many carbons are in a molecule of glucose? 6 The energy released during these oxidation reactions is used to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell. 10. What happens to the pyruvate under aerobic conditions? Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is further oxidized to yield more ATP 11. What happens to the pyruvate under anaerobic conditions? Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid Animation: Krebs cycle 1. Name the product of glycolysis that enters the krebs cycle. How many of these molecules are produced per glucose molecule? ATP, 6 2. Name the two-carbon fragment that enters the Krebs cycle. Pyruvate 3. What is another name for the Krebs cycle? Citric acid cycle where in the cell does it occur? Mitochondrion Where in the cell did glycolysis occur? Cytosol of the cell 4. What two products are formed during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? Carbon dioxide and a molecule of NADH is formed 7. What three products are produced during the second oxidation and decarboxylation? NADH and carbon dioxide are produced. In addition, a molecule of ATP is produced. This process forms a 4-carbon molecule 8. Finally, the 4-carbon molecule is further oxidized and the hydrogens that are removed are used to form NADH and FADH2. What is regenerated by these reactions? 4-carbon molecule that initially reacts with acetyl-CoA 9. Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Then each pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle.

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Lab 5 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 9-Digestive)

Animation: Electron Transport & ATP synthesis 1. In the mitochondria, the energy stored in NADH is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. 2. This energy of the proton gradient is used to make ATP. 8. What is the terminal electron receptor? What molecule forms when the electrons are transferred (accepted)? The cytochrome oxidase complex then transfers electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor and water is formed as the product. The transfer of protons to the intermembranes space generates a proton motive force across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. 11. What energy is used to synthesize the ATP molecules? What products are used to make the ATP? The energy derived from the movement of these protons is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate. 12. What name is given to this method of ATP production? Formation of ATP by this mechanism is referred to as oxidative phosphorylation,

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