Lab 6 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 8-Respiratory)

Animation: Respiratory System Overview 1. What are the two functions of the respiratory system? R.S. functions to move air into and out of the lungs, and provides a surface for gas exchange. 2. Name the structures of the upper respiratory act. External nose, nasal cavity and pharynx 3. Name the structures of the lower respiratory act. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs 4. What effects does the nasal cavity have on inhaled air? Inhaled air enters the nasal cavity, where it is cleaned, warmed and humidified on its way through the pharynx. 5. Name the structure shared by both the respiratory and digestive system. Pharynx 6. Name the structure that contains the vestibular and vocal folds. What protective function do these folds have? Larynx; they help prevent foreign particles, including food, from entering the lower respiratory system. 7. The vocal cords are also known as true vocal cords because they produce sound when air passes between them 8. Name the organ that maintains an open passageway to and from the lungs. What particular structure helps to keep this passageway open? Air enters the tracheobronchial tree. The trachea, a 10-12 cm long tube supported by C-shaped cartilages, maintains an open passageway to and from the lungs 9. This passageway divides into two primary bronchi, which upon entering the lungs; continue to divide into smaller bronchi until they ultimately divide into bronchioles. 10. Each terminal bronchiole divides repetitively to form respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs. 11. What structure serves as the site for gas exchange? The ultra-thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries serves as a surface for gas exchange between the air and blood. These rounded structures are surrounded by pulmonary capillaries. 12. How do oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the blood and the alveoli? Oxygen diffuses across this membrane into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood back into the air where it is expelled during exhalation. E 8.1 upper respiratory, lateral view Layer 1: a. b. c. d. e. Layer 2: a. Nasal septum with mucosa b. Choana c. Hard palate Dorsum of nose Ala of nose Apex of nose External naris Nasal septum

Lab 6 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 8-Respiratory)

d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. Layer 3: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Nasal cavity Superior nasal meatus Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Middle nasal meatus Nasal vestibule Inferior nasal concha Inferior nasal meatus Opening of auditory tube Torsus tubarius Salpingopharyngeal fold Nasopharynx Soft palate Uvula Oropharynx Epiglottis Laryngopharynx Vocal fold Larynx Trachea Brain Atlas Tongue Mandible Esophagus

Checkpoint: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Name the external opening of the nose. External naris Name the structure that separates both of the openings of the nose. Nasal septum Name the midline dorsal aspect of the nose. Dorsum of nose Name the paired posterior and nasal openings. Choana Name two structures contained in the nasopharynx. Eustachian tubes and pharyngeal tonsil Name the structure that closes over the laryngeal inlet when swallowing. Epiglottis Name the expanded area inside of the nares. Nasal vestibule The mucosa of what structure has both respiratory and olfactory parts? Nasal cavity Name the two shelflike projections of bone covered with mucosa and part of the ethmoid bone. middle nasal concha & superior nasal concha 10. Name the paranasal sinuses. ethmoidal cells (sinus), frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses

Lab 6 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 8-Respiratory)

11. Name the narrow curved gap that contains the openings of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, plus the anterior ethmoid air cells. Semilunar hiatus 12. Name the mucous membrane-lined cavity in the body of the sphenoid bone. Where does it drain? Sphenoidal sinus; drains into spheno-ethmoidal recess of nasal cavity E 8.2 nasal cavity, coronal view Layer 1: a. External nose b. Ala of nose c. External naris Checkpoint: 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 13. 14. Name the lateral wall of the nostril. Ala of nose Define ala. Latin: ala=wing Name a structure commonly deviated from the midline, impacting air flow. Nasal septum Name the structure containing the nasolacrimal duct. Inferior nasal meatus Name the superior opening in the frontal sinus. Frontonasal duct Name the largest paranasal sinus. Maxillary sinus This sinus is a common site of sinus infection Where is this sinus located? Maxilla (upper jaw); lateral to nasal cavity and inferior to orbit Describe the uvula. Conical, pendulous process; muscular core covered by mucous membrane Where is it located? Soft palate (posterior midline)

In Review p.360 4. Name the portion of the throat posterior to the oral cavity. what lymphatic organs are located there? Oropharynx; Pharyngeal tonsil 5. Name the structure of the soft palate that elevates during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx. Uvula 9. What is the three-fold purpose for increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity with conchae and meatus? Plays an important role in humidifying inhaled air E 8.4 lower respiratory, anterior view Layer 1: a. b. c. d. e. Surface projection of jugular notch of sternum Surface projection of right lung Surface projection of left lung Surface projection of heart Surface projection of xiphoid process

Lab 6 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 8-Respiratory)

Layer 2: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Layer 3: a. b. c. d. Left lung Right lung Horizontal fissure of right lung Cardiac notch Clavicle Jugular notch of sternum External intercostal muscle and membrane Pectoralis minor muscle Costal cartilages Intercostal muscle Xiphoid process External abdominal oblique muscle

Checkpoint: 1. How many lobes are in the left lung? What are they? Two lobes: upper ( or superior) and lower (or inferior), separated by oblique fissure 2. How many lobes are in the right lung? What are they? Three lobes: upper (or superior), middle and lower (or inferior), separated by two fissures-oblique and horizontal 3. Why does the left lung have one fewer lobe than the right lung? Right lung is larger 4. Name the structures formed by the bifurcation of the trachea. Right main bronchus and left main bronchus. Which of the two are foreign bodies that enter the trachea tend to pass? both 5. Name the branches emanating from the main bronchi. Segmental bronchus and branches. How many are found in each lung? 2 pairs each 6. Name the branches emanating from the bronchi in question 5. Lobar bronchus Animation: Thoracic cavity dimensional changes 1. Another term for breathing is pulmonary ventilation. 2. Both inspiration and expiration result from changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity. 3. What structures drive these changes? Respiratory muscles and occur in 3 dimensions: length, width, and depth. 4. During inspiration, the thoracic cavity increases in volume to accommodate expansion of the lungs. 5. What regulates the length of the thoracic cavity? Primarily regulated by changes in the shape of the thoracic diaphragm. 6. How is the length of the thoracic cavity increased during inspiration? By flattening and descent of the dome-shaped diaphragm when it contracts.

Lab 6 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 8-Respiratory)

7. What changes occur with the diaphragm and the thoracic cavity during expiration? Elevated as it relaxes and the length of the thoracic cavity decreases. 8. What regulates the depth and width of the thoracic cavity? How? Primarily by the intercostal muscles that alternatively elevate and depress the ribs and sternum. Ribs and their costal cartilages slope inferiorly as they course around the thoracic wall and attach to the sternum. 9. How does the elevation of the ribs affect the thoracic cavity width? This motion is similar to? Elevation of the ribs increases thoracic cavity width. This motion is similar to raising the handle of a bucket. 10. What effect does this elevation of the ribs have on the sternum? What effect does this have on the thoracic cavity depth? As the ribs are elevated, the sternum moves anteriorly and superiorly, increasing thoracic cavity depth. This motion is similar to raising the handle of a pump. 11. How does the movement of the sternum and ribs facilitate inspiration? The increase in volume and decrease in pressure in the thoracic cavity, which results from the movement of the ribs and sternum, facilitates inspiration. Animation: Partial Pressure 1. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in fresh air entering the lungs? Fresh air entering the lung carries oxygen with a Po2 (partial pressure of oxygen) of 160. 2. What effect does moisture in the lungs have on this number? the presence of moisture in the lung results in reduction of the Po2 to 104 3. What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in fresh air entering the lungs? Fresh air entering the lung carries carbon dioxide with a Pco2 of 0.3 4. What effect does carbon dioxide delivered to the lungs from the blood have on this number? It raises the Pco2 to 40 5. Describe the direction of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli 6. This occurs because of difference in partial pressure. 7. This occurs at the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries. 8. What occurs as a result of diffusion at the venous ends of pulmonary capillaries? The Po2 in the blood is equal to the Po2 in the alveoli, and Pco2 in the blood is equal to the Pco2 in the alveoli 9. With no differences in partial pressure, there is no more net movement of oxygen or carbon dioxide 10. How do oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into/out of the tissue capillaries? Oxygen diffuses out of the arterial ends of tissue capillaries into the tissue fluid, then into the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells into the tissue fluid, then into the blood 11. This occurs because of differences in partial pressures 12. What occurs at the venous ends of the tissue capillaries? At the venous ends of tissue capillaries, the Po2 in the blood is equal to the Po2 in the tissue fluid and the Pco2 in the blood is

Lab 6 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 8-Respiratory)

equal to the Pco2 in the tissue fluid, resulting in no more net movement of oxygen or carbon dioxide. 13. The blood now carries the oxygen and carbon dioxide to the lungs. 14. In the body, all of these changes occur simultaneously. Animation: Alveolar Pressure changes 1. At the end of expiration, barometric air pressure (PB) and alveolar pressure (Palv) are equal. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Therefore, no movement of air into or out of the lungs takes place. Inspiration begins with contraction of inspiratory muscles to increase thoracic volume. This results in expiration of the lungs and an increase in alveolar volume. The increased alveolar pressure causes a decrease in alveolar pressure below barometric air pressure and air flows into the lungs. At the end of inspiration, the thorax and alveoli stop expanding. Air flow into the lungs causes alveolar pressure to become equal to barometric air pressure. The pressure becomes equal, so no more movement of air occurs. During expiration, the volume of the thorax decreases as the diaphragm relaxes, and the thorax and lungs recoil. This results in a decrease in alveolar volume and an increase in alveolar pressure. The alveolar pressure is now greater than barometric air pressure, so air flows out of the lungs. Air continues to flow out of the lungs until alveolar pressure becomes equal to barometric pressure.

Animation: diffusion across respiratory membrane 1. In the lungs, gas exchange takes place in the terminal portion of the bronchial tree 2. What are alveoli? Where are they located? Small saccular outpocketings of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts. 3. What is the diameter of an alveolus? How many are in each lung? Each alveolus is about 250m in diameter and abuts other alveoli to form clusters called alveolar sac. there are millions of alveoli in each lung 4. What are the two types of specialized cells in the wall of the alveoli? Type I & Type II cells 5. The cells that form 90% of the alveolar wall are type I cells. 6. Describe these cells. Thin and squamous epithelial cells. 7. Name and describe the second type of cells. They are larger and cuboidal 8. What do these cells secrete? What is the function of this secretion? Type II cells secrete pulmonary surfactant that coats the inner surface of the alveolus. This surfactant reduces tension and prevents the collapse of the alveolus 9. Pulmonary capillaries form a network around each alveolus E 8.5a lower respiratory system-bronchogram a. Trachea

Lab 6 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 8-Respiratory)

b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Right main bronchus Right segmental bronchus Left main bronchus Intermediate bronchus Left lobar bronchus Right lobar bronchus Left segmental bronchus Endotracheal tube Pneumonia Heart shadow

E 8.5b Lower respiratory system-x-ray a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Trachea Right main bronchus Left main bronchus Diaphragm Clavicle Jugular notch of sternum Aortic knob Superior vena cava Right border of heart Left border of heart Apex of heart

In review p. 367 1. Name the serous membrane that covers the lungs. Parietal pleura 2. Name the space formed between the visceral and parietal pleura. Parietal layer of serous pericardium 3. What is the primary muscle of respiration? Diaphragm 4. What pressure changes occur when the primary muscle contracts? Contraction (flattening) decreases intrathoracic pressure and increases intra-abdominal pressure 5. What nerve is responsible for these contractions? Phrenic nerve 6. The oblique fissure of the left lung separates the upper from lower lobes, while in the right lung it separates the middle from lower lobes. 7. The horizontal fissure of the right lung separates the upper and middle lobes E 8.7 trachea, histology 1. Name the tissue layer that provides support for most epithelia in the body. Basement membrane of respiratory epithelium 2. Name the stem cell that can produce new epithelial cells. goblet cell of respiratory epithelium

Lab 6 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 8-Respiratory)

3. Name the mucous-producing epithelial cells. What is the purpose of the mucus? Epithelium of respiratory tract creates mucus blanket to help trap particles in inhaled air; 4. What is the function of the cilia on the ciliated epithelial cells? Help move mucus and particulate matter along respiratory tract; act as local defense mechanism to help prevent foreign particles from entering lower respiratory tract In Review p. 369 1. What type of cartilage provides support for the majority of the respiratory tract? Costal cartilages E 8.8 alveolar duct, histology Checkpoint: 1. Name the structure that provides the respiratory surface for gas exchange. Alveoli 2. Name the structure that contains 2 or more alveoli. Alveolar sac 3. Name the structure that conducts air to the alveoli. Alveolar duct In Review p. 371 1. What are alveoli? Where are they located? Alveoli are surrounded by pulmonary capillaries. They provide the respiratory surface for gas exchange 2. What is the diameter of an alveolus? 250m 3. What are the two types of specialized cells in the wall of the alveoli? Alveolar type I (squamous) cells and interspersed alveolar type II (septal) cells 4. What vessels transport deoxygenated blood toward the alveolar capillary plexus? Small branch of pulmonary artery E 8.10 larynx, anterior view Checkpoint: 1. Name the cartilaginous structure that closes over the laryngeal inlet when swallowing. epiglottis 2. Name a muscle that elevates the larynx and depresses the hyoid. Thyrohyoid muscle 3. Name a muscle that produces waves of contractions during swallowing. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle E 8.11 larynx, lateral view Checkpoint: 6. Name two structures with the major role in sound production. Vocal fold, vestibular fold

Lab 6 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 8-Respiratory)

E 8.12 larynx, posterior view Checkpoint: 1. What is raphe? Midline fibrous band, represents insertion of pharyngeal constrictor muscles from each side, extends from pharyngeal tubercle (skull) to esophagus 4. Name the superior opening of the larynx. laryngeal inlet 5. When food is caught in the throat, where is it usually lodged? Preform recess 7. Name two muscles that abduct the vocal folds. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, laryngeal muscles In Review p. 376 2. 5. 6. 7. Name a muscle that tenses and elongates the vocal ligaments cricothyroid muscle Name the structure also known as Adams apple. Laryngeal prominence Name the u-shaped structures that provide a rigid skeleton for the trachea. Hyoid bone What are corniculate cartilages? Where are they embedded? Paired, small cartilage that articulates with apex of arytenoid cartilage. Embedded in aryepiglottic fold