Digital Communication

Laboratory Manual

Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Time division multiplexing Amplitude Shift Keying Frequency Shift Keying Binary Phase Shift Keying Propagation loss in Optic fiber Bending loss in Optic fiber Numerical Aperture of Optic fiber Antennas Branch line Coupler 3dB Power Divider Ring Resonator

Prerequisites: References: Note:

As an exercise, it is recommended to go through the basics of operation of Digital modulation techniques1, Fiber optics2, Transmission lines3, S-Parameter analysis3, wave propagation & radiation in Micro-strips3 and Antenna & its parameters4.

[1] Simon Haykin: Digital Communications, John Wiley. [2] John Crisp: Introduction to Fiber Optics, Newnes. [3] David M Pozar: Microwave engineering, John Wiley. [4] John D Kraus: Antennas, McGraw-Hill.

- Always ensure good grounding facilities. - Always check chip number and pin details, keep datasheets close by. - Do not touch Capacitors. - Never look into LASER emitter. - Isolate microwave apparatus from Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Mobile devices etc. to assure proper Readings.

Caution: Important Note

Static sensitive device

Radiations (LASER)

High Intensity Radiation

High Voltage

Advanced Communication circuits

1. Time Division Multiplexing

Components: LF398, SL100, 47k, 15k, 27k, 1k, 0.01F. MODULATION Circuit Diagram: +15 V -15 V

Message Input 1 A1sin (2f1t) 47 k Message Input 2 A2sin (2f2t) Square wave (Sampling frequency)

1 4 LF398 5 7 8 PAM-TDM

Waveforms:

m1(t)

t, [fm1]

m2(t)

t, [fm2]

c(t)

t, [fc]

s(t)

TDM

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Apply the input voltage m1(t) as 2v at 1kHz and m2(t) as 3v at 10kHz. Apply carrier square pulse as 4v at 3kHz. 3. Observe the waveforms for PAM-TDM. 4. Use the demodulation circuit to obtain m1(t) and m2(t) back. DEMODULATION: Circuit Diagram: +15 V -15 V

PAM-TDM 47 k

1 4 LF398 5 LPF Cutoff f1 Hz Recovered message1

6 8 Square wave (Sampling frequency)

+15 V -15 V

3 47 k PAM-TDM 6

1 LF398

4 5 7 LPF Cutoff f2 Hz Recovered message2

8 Square wave (Sampling frequency)

2. Amplitude Shift keying

MODULATION: Circuit Diagram:

Components: SL100, 47k, 1k, BY127, 1F, IC741, 10k potentiometer

c (t), 1 kHz

1 k ASK 47 k m (t), 500 Hz SL 100

Waveforms:

m(t)

c(t)

s(t)

(ASK)

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Apply the input voltage m(t) as 500Hz. Apply carrier square pulse as 1kHz. 3. Observe the waveforms for ASK 4. Use the demodulation circuit to obtain m(t) back.

DEMODULATION: Circuit Diagram: Vcc 2 ASK BY 127 R C Vc2 1 k pot 3 4 Vee IC 741 1 Square wave 7

R=1k C=1F

3. Frequency Shift Keying

MODULATION: Circuit Diagram: +15 V -15 V

Components: LF398, IC741, 47k, 10k, 10k potentiometer.

Sinusoidal Carrier 1 C1 (t) 47 k Sinusoidal Carrier 2 C2 (t) Binary data (Square wave, 1 kHz)

1 4 LF398 5 7 8 FSK

Waveforms:

Binary Data

c1(t)

c2(t)

s(t)

t FSK

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Apply the input voltage c1(t) at 50kHz and c2(t) at 100kHz. Apply Binary data at 1kHz. 3. Observe the waveforms for FSK. 4. Use the demodulation circuit to obtain Binary data back. DEMODULATION : Circuit Diagram: 10 k

Vcc 10 k FSK output 2 IC 741 C1 (t) or C2 (t) 10 k pot 10 k Vee 3 4 7 1 Recovered Binary data

4. Binary Phase Shift Keying

MODULATION : Circuit Diagram:

Components: LF398, IC741, Center-tap Transformer, 47k, 10k, 10k potentiometer.

+15 v c(t) 3 1 Sinusoidal carrier (20 kHz) 47 k 6 8 -c(t) Binary Data (Square wave 1 kHz) LF398

-15 v

4 5 7 BPSK

Waveforms:

Binary Data

c(t)

s(t)

BPSK

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Apply the input voltage c(t) at 20kHz. Apply Binary data at 1kHz. 3. Observe the waveforms for BPSK. 4. Use the demodulation circuit to obtain Binary data back.

DEMODULATION: Circuit Diagram: 10 k 10 k Sinusoidal carrier c(t) 2 BPSK Waveform 10 k 3 4 Vee Vcc 7 6 IC 741 ASK waveform

Optic Fibers

5. Propagation loss in Optic fiber

Components: Optic fiber trainer, Optic fiber. Schematic Diagram: Source Emitter Optic fiber Output Detector Amplifier

(LED or Laser Diode)

(Photo-diode or PIN Diode)

Waveforms:

Vin(t)

Vout(t)

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Connect the function generator of the trainer kit to the CRO. Use the 1 kHz sine wave as Input. Note down the amplitude. 3. Connect the output to the CRO and note down the amplitude. 4. Use the formula to calculate the attenuation constant.

= Transmitted Power, Watts = Input Power, Watts = Attenuation constant, Nepers/meter L = Length of the fiber, meters V = Voltage, Volts

6. Bending Loss in Optic fiber

Components: Optic fiber trainer, Optic fiber, Mandrel. Schematic diagram: Source Emitter Optic fiber Detector Amplifier Output

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Connect the function generator of the trainer kit to the CRO. Use the 1 kHz sine wave as input. Note down the amplitude. 3. Wind the Fiber using the mandrel and count the number of turns 4. Connect the output to the CRO and note down the amplitude. 5. Observe the attenuation with respect to number of turns and bending angle.

7. Numerical Aperture of Optic fiber

Schematic diagram: Screen

Components: Optic fiber trainer, Optic fiber, fiber mount with lens, scale, aperture scale.

Lens Optic Fiber feed w w

25mm 20mm 15mm 10mm

length, SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Connect lens to the optic fiber as shown. 3. Focus the beam on to any circle as shown. 4. Measure the distance from the screen and calculate numerical aperture. 5. Observe consistency of the value on various circles.

Antennas & Microwave devices

8. Antennas
DIRECTIVITY Schematic diagram: Source

Components: Microwave powers source, attenuator, detector VSWR meter, Antennas, Measuring tape.

VSWR Meter

Transmitting Antenna

Receiving Antenna

Attenuator

Schottky Detector

Distance,

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure with antennas in E-plane orientation. 2. Connect High frequency source to the reference antenna. 3. Mount the receiving antenna at a distance satisfying far field radiation (i.e. , where is the maximum dimension of the antenna and is the wavelength of the radiation). 4. Rotate the antenna about its axis and note down the received power for various angles. 5. Repeat procedure by mounting the receiving antenna in the H-plane orientation. 6. Plot the pattern in polar or semi log graph; obtain the Half Power Beam Width. 7. Use suitable formula to obtain Directivity. Directivity:

Or

-where , and Normalized Power densities respectively.

are the Maximum Power, Average Power and

Directivity (Approximate):

Where

is half power beam width of E-plane in degrees, is half power beam width of H-plane in degrees.

Directivity (Decibel): ........ (dBi, decibels over isotropic)

GAIN The Experimental setup is the same as that used for Directivity. PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure with antennas in E-plane orientation. 2. Connect High frequency source to the reference antenna. 3. Mount the receiving antenna at a distance satisfying far field radiation (i.e. , where is the maximum dimension of the antenna and is the wavelength of the radiation). 4. Keep the antennas in the direction of maximum power radiation. 5. Make note of Input ( Transmitted) power, the distance, d and the VSWR reading ( Received power). 6. Repeat procedure for various values of d and tabulate the Power readings against it. 7. Obtain the ratio of input to output power (i.e. ); plot a graph of distance, d versus and obtain the slope to calculate gain. Gain: Friis Transmission Formula

.. (W, Watts) where and are gains of transmitting and receiving antennas respectively. For identical . Hence antennas it is equated to

Plot to find Gain

1. Dipole Antenna E-Plane H-Plane

2. Micro strip patch Antenna E-Plane H-Plane

3. Yagi-Uda Antenna (5 Element) E-Plane H-Plane

9. Branchline Coupler
Schematic Diagram: Microwave Source

Component: Microwave Power source, attenuator pad, detector, VSWR meter, 3dB power divider

VSWR Meter

Attenuator

Branchline Coupler 1 2 3 4

Schottky Detector

Matched Load

Matched Load

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Connect the source to the input port of the power divider. 3. Assume one of the output ports as the terminal port and connect a matched load to it. 4. Make note of the power received in the other output port for various frequencies of input power. 5. Similarly carry out the measurements by interchanging the output ports. 6. Repeat the procedure by terminating the input port to matched load and considering one of the output ports as input . 7. Obtain the S-parameters S12, S13 and S23 in decibels and plot the graph against the input frequency. Ideal scattering parameters matrix:

w, width

l, length

10. 3dB Power Divider

Schematic Diagram: Microwave Source

Component: Microwave Power source, attenuator pad, detector, VSWR meter, 3dB power divider

VSWR meter

Power Divider 2 1 3 Attenuator

Schottky Detector

Matched Load

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Connect the source to the input port of the power divider. 3. Assume one of the output ports as the terminal port and connect a matched load to it. 4. Make note of the power received in the other output port for various frequencies of input power. 5. Similarly carry out the measurements by interchanging the output ports. 6. Repeat the procedure by terminating the input port to matched load and considering one of the output ports as input . 7. Obtain the S-parameters S12, S13 and S23 in decibels and plot the graph against the input frequency.

Ideal scattering parameters matrix:

l, length

11. Ring Resonator

Schematic Diagram: Microwave Source

Component: Microwave Power source, attenuator pad, detector, VSWR meter, 3dB power divider

VSWR meter

Ring Resonator 1 Attenuator 2 Schottky Detector

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. 2. Connect the source to the input port of the resonator. 3. Make note of the power received in the output port for various frequencies of input power. 4. Obtain the S-parameter in decibels and plot the graph against the input frequency. 5. Evaluate the Resonant frequency, and utilize in suitable formula to obtain the Effective dielectric constant, and eventually Relative dielectric constant, .

Effective Dielectric Constant:

Where

is the free space velocity of the radiation, is the Resonant frequency of the Micro-strip ring resonator, is the Radius of the Micro-strip ring.

Relative Dielectric Constant:

Where

is the height of the dielectric substrate, is the width of the Micro-strip conductor.

Ideal scattering parameters matrix:

(Dielectric) Thickness

(Conducting Strip) Thickness

Substrate, Ground Plane