1

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ARTICLES IN ENGLISH

,: . . .:. . . ... 'ARTICLES' ...i
1. Definite Article : 'The'
,. .: . ,. . .. . . ,: i
2. Indefinite Article 'A' or 'An'
,. .: . ,. . .. . . . ,. i
'A', 'An' and 'The' are called Articles. 'A' and 'An'
are Indefinite Articles because they do not point
out to any particular or definite person or thing.
Eg. A girl is riding a bicycle.
... .. .... . . . ,.. .. . . . .
.:. . 'A' .. .. :
'The' is called definite Article, because it points
out on some particular place, person or thing.
. . . .. . . . . . ,: 'The' ....
Eg. This is the woman who won the Miss India title.
8 .. . :. :. . .::: . . .
.. . . . . . ,: . . 'The' .. .. :
A (or) An
The Indefinite Article 'A' or 'An' is used :
: .. .. :. . ...
'A' is used before a singular noun begining with a
consonant sound.
,.. .. ... . ... . . . . . .
. . ... ..:. i
Eg. a boy, a dog, a pen
.. .... .. . .. .
'An' is used before a singular noun begining with a
vowel sound.
(.. . . .. .. ... . ... ..:. i
Eg. an elephant, an hour, an orange, an honest man.
'Indefinite article' is used in the following contests :
1. To indicate One thing
(.. : . .. ...i
Eg. Hundred paise make a rupee.
2. To mean anyone of a number of things; as
,.. .. .. :. .. : . .. ...i
Eg. A cow is a domestic animal
,.. . .:. . . .. ...i
A tiger is a wild animal
,.c -. .:.. . .c ...i
3. To mean a certain; as
... .. . . .. ..
Eg. A man came to my house.
It happened on a Thursday.
4. To turn a 'proper noun' into a 'common noun': as
Eg. A Daniel, A Hampden, A shakespeare
,`.. ..:. a .. . Proper Noun - Common
Noun ... ::i
5. When 'material' or 'abstract' nouns are used as
common nouns; as
,. ... . .. . . ... . ...i
,.. :.:::..i
Eg. a light, a beauty, a glass, a speech
6. When other parts are used as nouns
,. . . .... a .. i
Eg. a few, want a letter, a little more, a short one.
T H E
The Definite Article 'The' is used :
1. To point out a person or thing known or already
referred to;as
,..:. .c .. .:. .. .... ..
.:.i
Eg. The book you want is out of print.
2. To refer to things of which only one exists; as
,.. ... : ...: .. ..,:i
Eg. The Sun is the hottest planet.
3. Before the names of rivers, oceans, bays, gulfs,
seas, mountains, countries, provinces, ships,
trains etc; as
,. . ... ... .. ... . . . . .
... ... `.. .. `.. ..:.i
Eg. The Ganges, The Indian ocean, The Persian Gulf,
The British Isles, The Himalayas, The U.S.S.R.,
The Rajadhani Express, The Andamans, The Taj
Mahal, The Alps.
4. Before a singular noun indicating a class; as
,.c . .. .. . . ,: i
Eg. The dog is a faithful animal.
TET ENGLISH
1. ARTICLES 1. ARTICLES 1. ARTICLES 1. ARTICLES 1. ARTICLES
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5. Before the names of well known or sacred books,
news-papers, and magazines; as
,. .. :. ... . :. ... . c. .
.. ..:.i
Eg. The Ramayana, The Hindu, The Illustrated weekly.
6. Before adjectives of the superlative degree; as
,... .c. . .c ...,.i
Eg. This is the best serial I have ever seen.
7. Before an adjective used as a noun; as
,.. . .. ..:. . .c . .. .. . . ,: i
Eg. The rich should help the poor.
8. Before a common Noun used as Abstract Noun; as
,.. .. ....i
Eg. The evil in him made him captive.
9. Before the names of nations and communities; as,
,... .. `....:.i
Eg. The Hindus, The Muslims, The English, The
French.
10. Before Proper Nouns used as Common Nouns;as
,.. .`.. ..:. .. .: . .
.. . .. . .: i
Eg. My uncle was the rustum of his times.
11. Before Proper Noun when it is used as an Adjec-
tive; as.
,.. . ...:. .. . .. .. . ,. i
Eg. The late Mr. Sastry, The beautiful Sundari.
12. Before the Nouns of directions preceeded by
prepositions; as.
,. ..:. ..:. ....i
Eg. The Moon shines in the sky.
13. Before particular things defined clearly by the
context; as,
,. . . .. . .: . .. ...i
Eg. Please shut the door.
14. Before the names of direction as,
,.. :.. . ..:.i
Eg. The north is the direction to take turn.
15. Before Verbal Nouns; as.
,. . . . ..:. i
Eg. The reading of novels.
The singing of the anthem.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. ........ Knowledge is superior to money (a)
a) no article b) an c) a d) the
2. ........ Mahabharata is a great epic (c)
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
3. I consider it ......honour to meet you. (b)
a) A b) An c) The d) No Article
4. The Price of ........... gold went up (d)
a) A b) An c) The d) No Article
5. I have mentally become ......... woman in order to
steal into her heart. (c)
a) a b) an c) the d) none
6. We can buy oranges by .......... dozen (b)
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
7. ........... horseman who met us was dark (b)
a) a b) the c) an d) No article
8. I want to study at ........... University Board (b)
a) The b) a c) an d) No article
9. He will return in ............... hour (c)
a) No article b) a c) an d) The
10. He is ............ European scholar (c)
a) an b) the c) a d) no article
11. Can ...... leopard change its spots? (a)
a) a b) the c) an d) no article
12. This is ........ best Joke I have heard. (b)
a) No article is required b) the
c) an d) a
13. I should go on ........... European holiday. (d)
a) No article is required b) the
c) an d) a
14. It is a fallacy to think of leprosy as .......... Incur-
able disease. (b)
a) a b) an c) the d) No article
15. He was ........ happiest man I have ever known. (c)
a) a b) an c) the d) No article
16. One of the rivers that run through the Andhra
Pradesh is ........krishna (a)
a) the b) no article is required
c) either the or a d) a
17. My son goes to ...... school every day by bus. (d)
a) the b) a
c) an d) no article is required
18. It is the happiness of ........ trading nation, like ours
a) a b) an c) the d) none (a)
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.. Noun Pronoun ..:. :. .. ..
. c . . . . . . . . . . .
:.:. .. . c . . .:. Prepositions
...
.. Preposition .... .. Noun Pro-
noun . . objective case . .:. . Preposi-
tion . . govern . .. . Preposition . Ob-
ject .:. . . ..
.:. .:. . :. . . Preposition. . . ..
Preposition .. . . . . .: 'Phrase Preposi-
tion' ...
... .
Eg. Owing to, pary to, instead of, with respect to, owing
to, on account of
:: Nounse Prepositions e.: :..
ability for acquaintance with ambition for
anxiety for arrival at (place) comparison with
controversy with exception to fondness for
hatred of invitation to meet for
popularity with pride in qualification for
resemblance to sorrow for trust in
want of hope of motive for
respect for fight for fight over
demand for danger of knowledge of
:: Adjectives e..e Prepositions e.: :..
grateful for hopeful of ignorant of
(something)
innocent of jealous of obedient to
proud of responsible to short of
(person) (person)
suitable for suspicous of worthy of
:: Verbs e..e Prepositions e.: :..
agree to agree with ask for
(a thing) (a person) (a thing)
avail of believe in bring in
call on compare with comply with
depend on fight over live in
long for prefer to remind of
Rely on stand by yield to
PREPOSITIONS AND RULES
Point of Time ,,.. .. . . .... . . . : i
By, since, before, from . prepositions ..
1. He will be back by 5'O clock
2. Rama has been ill since Yesterday
3. He was absent from Monday
4. They came here before Sunday
Period of time ,.:. .... .. . . : i
in, within, for . Prepositions ..
1. They came in an hour.
2. They came within four days.
3. They stayed there for four years.
A. .. .... .:. . . ,: - In
. .... .:. . . ,: at
1. He lives in Madras (in America) .. ...
2. He lives at Kolakalur, a small village. . ...
B. In, within 8 .:. Period of time . .. :.
..
They must return in an hour.
,.. :: . :. : . c. ..ci
You must return within an hour.
,.. ::.. . c. ..ci
C. After, in - 8 .:. -. period of time
.:.
after - ..... . .:. . . :
Eg. Rama started the work after a week.
,.. .. .. ..... . . .. i
D. From, since -: .:. point of time .:.
from - : . tense (present, past, future) .
.. ..
Since : Present Perfect Tense .. Present
Perfect Continuous Tense . ... ....
E. For, before - . -. .... .:. .. ....
..
for-period of time ,:. .... ..: . . . : i
before - point of time ,. . . .. .. : :.
. ..:i
Eg. I have been suffering from fever for four days.
,. ...i
2. PREPOSITIONS 2. PREPOSITIONS 2. PREPOSITIONS 2. PREPOSITIONS 2. PREPOSITIONS

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Eg. Rama will come to College before nine 'O' clock.
F. By .: . . ,.. . . ... i .:.
(Agent) . . ,
Eg. The tree was cut by Rama.
G. With .: . . .: .. . ..:
.:. . . , (instrument)
Between: . . .:. . . ,:
Eg. There is a war between India and China.
H. Among : ... .. .:..:. .. . ..:
. . ,:
Eg. There is a dispute among the five brothers.
I. Beside - .. . ..:.
Eg. He sat beside me.
J. Besides - .:. .. .. .. ..:. . .. :.
Eg. I have a radio besides a transistor.
K. In - . . c. . . .. .:. .: .:.
Eg. He is in bed.
L. On - . . c. . .: .:.
Eg. He sat on a chair.
M. upon, into, to - . ... . . c. .: . . :
Eg. The cat sprang upon the table ,. .. :i
He fell into the river ,:. . . :i
He ran to school ,. ...:i
o-. :..: : : -: Prepositions e...
. :. e. :..
At- .. (at the station)
About - .:. (He told me about him)
Along - . . -. (He came along with his father)
Across - .. .. (He ran across the road)
Above - .. (The water came above the bridge)
After - .... (He came after him)
By - . (The tree is cut by him)
Down - .:. (He went down the lane)
Each other - .. .. .
(They filed suits against each other)
For - .. (They waited for the results)
In - . .. . (He is in the house)
Into - .. . (He came into the house)
Midst, Amidst - .. . (He announced the result
in the midst of cheers)
On - . .. (He sat on the chair)
Of - .. (He is afraid of darkness)
Off - . . .. (He pushed him off)
Side - .. (By the side of the house)
Since - :. (He has been suffering since Monday).
Through - ..
(The thief came through the window)
Till - .. (I waited for him till mid-night)
To - (He went to Madras)
Under - .. :. (He is arrested under NASA)
Def: Interjections are words used to call a person at-
tention or to express sudden emotion.
Eg. Alas! Brave! Good-Bye! Oh! Hey!Hush!

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. He fell ..... the well (a)
a) into b) under c) on d) in
2. She has been absent ....... Friday last (b)
a) from b) since c) for d) by
3. He is jealous .......... his friends success. (a)
a) on b) upon c) from d) of
4. She listen to his speech...........the radio. (a)
a) on b) from c) to d) in
5. He fell ........ the cycle (c)
a) at b) of c) off d) out
6. She stared ......... me in anger. (d)
a) on b) with c) against d) at
7. He is proud ........ his daughter. (c)
a) at b) on c) of d) for
8. I prefer coffee .............. tea. (c)
a) than b) for c) to d) in
9. I have stayed here ....... five days. (c)
a) since b) in c) for d) from
10. The old man died ........ heart failure (d)
a) from b) with c) by d) of
11. I was going ........ the road. (c)
a) in b) through c) along d) on
12. You must cope ........ the demands to the
energing society. (c)
a) upon b) up with c) with d) up
13. I turn ......... the T.V. when I dont like the
Programme (a)
a) off b) down c) up d) for
14. The lecturer went ..... to explain the next point.
a) off b) about c) from d) on (d)
15. His friends congratulated Bhasker ........ his win-
ning the first prize. (a)
a) on b) for c) with d) over
16. The sun had already set before we could ar-
rive .......... the place. (b)
a) in b) at c) on d) from
17. The child has been missing ........ yesterday.
a) on b) before c) from d) during (c)
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'Verb' is a word which expresses an action or state.
Eg. He plays Cricket.
He is a Player.
'Tense' expresses the time of the action
Tense can be broadly divided into three kinds:
1. Present tense 2. Past tense, 3. Future tense.
I. PRESENT TENSE
There are four kinds of Present Tense.
I. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE:
It is used to express.
a) Habitual action and repeated actions.
Eg. He takes tea in the morning.
Eg. I go to college regularly.
b) Universal truths.
Eg. The Earth moves round the sun.
In simple Present Tense, the verb will be in its
plain infinitive form (go, see, work); but when the
subject is in third person singular, 's' or 'es' is added
to the plain infinitive (goes, sees, works)
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
It is used to express an action in progress at the
time of speaking or during recent times.
Eg. I am reading a novel now.
He is repairing his house.
In present countinuous tense the be-forms am,
is, are used with present participle form of the
verb.
Eg. am working, is doing, are playing.
3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:
It is used to express a just finished action.
Eg. I have written the letter just now.
She has not yet passed the examination.
In present perfect tense have or has is used with
the Past Participle form of the verb.
Eg. Have seen, has sent
Just, just now, already, yet are generally used
with Present Perfect Tense.
'Since-phrase' and 'for-phrase' are also used with
Present Perfect tense.
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
It is used to express an action which began in the
past and still continuing in the present.
Eg. We have been living here for ten years.
In Present Perfect Tense have or has + been +
Present Participle of the verb is used.
Eg. She has been working in the garden since morning.
'Since-phrase' and 'for-phrase' are used with
Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
II. PAST TENSE
1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE :
It is used to express a completed action in
the past.
Eg. We won Independence in 1947.
In Simple Past Tense, the verb will be in in its
Past Tense form.
Eg. Saw, Wrote, Worked, Played.
Adverbs of past time like Yesterday, last night,
ago, in 1990 etc.,
are used with the Simple Past Tense.
2. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:
It is used to express an action in progress at a
certain time in past.
Eg. When I was crossing the road, I saw an accident.
'was' or 'were' is used with present participle form
of the verb in the Past Continuous Tense.
Eg. was reading, were playing.
3. PAST PERFECT TENSE:
It is used to express a past action which was com-
pleted before another past action began.
In the past perfect tense had + Past Participle
form of the verb is used.
Eg. had gone, had written, had seen.
4. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
It is used to express an action which began in the
past and still continuing at a certain time in past.
Eg. It had been raining till yesterday evening.
In the Past Perfect Continuous Tense the Verb will be:
Had + been + Present Participle of the verb.
Eg. Had been working,
had been living etc.
III. FUTURE TENSE
It is used to express an action which is still to
take place.
3. VERB & TENSE FORMS 3. VERB & TENSE FORMS 3. VERB & TENSE FORMS 3. VERB & TENSE FORMS 3. VERB & TENSE FORMS
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Eg. I shall write to him.
In simple future tense Shall (I person) and Will (II
and III persons) are used with Plain Infinitive.
Eg. I shall go there.
He will pass the examination.
But to indicate intention or determination, 'will' is
used with I person and 'shall' is used with II & III
persons.
Eg. I will do it. (determination)
He shall pay the fee.
2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE:
It is used to express an action going on at some
time in the future.
Will or Shall + be + Present Participle is used
in the Future Continuous Tense.
Eg. We shall be visiting Agra in December.
3. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:
It is used to express an action which will be com-
pleted before a certain point of time in the future.
Shall or will + have + Past Participle is used in
the Future Perfect Tense.
Eg. I shall have taken my bath by then.
Saraswathi will have gone to Madras before Mohan
arrives.
4. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
It is used to express an action which will begin in
future and will be continuing at a certain time in
future.
Eg. We shall have been travelling for three hours by
8p.m. tomorrow.
Shall/will +have been + present participle" is
used in this tense.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. He.... the letter yesterday (b)
a) has been writing b) wrote
c) has written d) had written
2. She .... out five minutes ago (d)
a) has been writing b) wrote
c) went d) has gone
3. He ......... out an hour earlier. (b)
a) went b) has gone
c) had gone d) is going
4. He ........ here for the last five years. (c)
a) worked b) is working
c) has been working d) had been working
5. He thanked me for what I ........... (b)
a) have done b) had done
c) have been done d) have been doing
6. Birds ..... ever year? (b)
a) has migrated b) migrate
c) had migrated d) are migrated
7. Earth ........ around the sun? (d)
a) has moved b) had moved
c) is moving d) moves
8. He ........ unwell since yesterday (c)
a) is b) was
c) has been d) had been
9. Then I discovered that I ......... my purse at the
hotel (d)
a) left b) have left
c) was left d) had left
10. It is unlikely that he ........ every race. (a)
a) is going to win b) may win
c) wins d) win
11. The manager ......... into the papers when his
assistant came to see him. (b)
a) looks b) was looking
c) looked d) is looking
12. I ......... the telephone bill yesterday (a)
a) paid b) have paid
c) have not paid d) pay
13. I ....... my homework when Mohan came to see
me. (c)
a) did b) have done
c) was doing d) do
14. If I had the choice I ........ stayed on. (c)
a) had b) could have
c) would have d) have had
15. The train ........... before he reached there. (c)
a) left b) has left
c) had left d) was left
16. Choose the correct phrase (b)
a) turn out b) turn off
c) turn down d) turn up
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Voice .:. . ..
1. Active Voice 2. Passive Voice
Eg: Rama killed Ravana. (Active Voice)
Eg: Ravana was killed by Rama. (Passive Voice)
. .. : .. ... . 'Rama' - subject . .
. .. : ..: 'killed' . . (verb) Passive Voice
. .:
'Passive Voice' . Object Subject .. . ::
..: Object . Intransitive Verb . Passive Voice
.:. .
'Be' forms - am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
,s . . ...i Passive Voice . 'be' form .... verb
.. 'Past Participle' .. Tense, Person, number
. .: 8 .:: .... ... .... .:.
Number Present Past Future Conti- Perfect
Tense Tense Tense nuous Tense
Tense
1.Singular am,is was be being been
2. Plural are were be being been
Been: Present Perfect . he, she, it, Rama, .::
.. .. ... 'has been' ..
Eg. He has been working since morning.
Been: .. ... ... 'have been' 'you, we, they'
Pronouns: You have been, they have been.
'I' ..... 'I' have been' . ..
'Nominative, objective' case .. 'Noun' 'sub-
ject, object' ......
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
;-\ . e .. .: :.. :. e . : . .. ..
. Subject ,..i Predicate ,. i object ,. . i ..
.. .. . ..
Eg. Rama killed Ravana.
.... .. ..... .. .. . ..
. ..
.. ... killed . verb .. ... .: who
- what - . ..:. .. .... 'Rama' :
. killed . verb .. ... . . .
. .:. .. .. .. object. . . killed .
'verb' .. . .` .. .. .. Ravana. .... .
.. ... 'object' .:. .
Eg. 'Rama goes'
4. VOICE 4. VOICE 4. VOICE 4. VOICE 4. VOICE
INTRANSITIVE:
8 .. ... 'goes' .... object .. .::
..... 'verb' 'intransitive verb' ,.... .i
.:.. .. . .. :. .. ..:.. ..:
: 'intransitive verb' - object .. verb.
TRANSITIVE:
Rama gave a pen to Sita. 8 .. ... 'gave' .
'verb' .... .:. objects .. verb .... ..:
. . . . objects . verb transitive verb.
DIRECT OBJECT:
Rama gave him a book - 8 .. ... 'gave' .
'verb' .. . . ... .. .... direct
object (a book).
INDIRECT OBJECT:
verb .. .... .. . ... . .. ....
'Him'. .. : Indirect object .::.
Eg. 'Rama's father bought him a pen' . .. ... 'a
pen' . : direct object. 'Him' . : - Indirect object.
Eg. I sent telegram to Ashok (A.V.)
A telegram was sent to Ashok (P.V) . (or)
Ashok was sent a telegram
Active :. passive .. :
Eg: Rama killed Ravana (A.V.)
Ravana was killed by Rama (P.V.)
RULES :
i) Object - Subject . c
ii) Helping verb .:. . c
iii) Verb .. 'Tense' .: 'Be' .. . . ..
. . ..c
iv) 'be form' . .... verb .. .. . . . ..
. c past-participle
v) By . Preposition . c ...
:. . . .. at, with, to .:: Prepositions
. ..
vi) Subject object . c .. . .: I-me,he-
him, she-her, who-whom .. . c
1) Assertive ....
Eg. She had loved novels (A.V)
Novels had been loved by her (P.V.)
2. Imperative - order, request, advise, .. ..c.
.. ... imperative .. ...
a) 8 ... 'object' .. 'passive voice' ..
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. .:. ,. 'let' . .. :: :. 'be' . past-par-
ticiple verb ...
Eg. Post the letter (A.V)
Let the letter be posted (P.V.)
b) Object . :. 'order' 'command' .. ..
...:. 'You are ordered' . passive voice
.... ..:::.c
c) Eg. Get out (A.V.)
You are ordered to get out (P.V.)
d) Eg. Please help Rama . .:. You are requested
to help Rama.
e) Advise . .. .. .. .. ...
You are advised' . .. .. .. :: :.c
Eg. Prepare well.
You are advised to prepare well.
Interrogative sentences :. :. .:.
a) Who . .. .. .. :. . .
'By whom' . .. ..
Who wrote the Ramayana ? (A.V.)
By whom was the Ramayan written ? (P.V.)
b) do, did .. . . .. :. . . be . . ... .. ..
.. :: :. ..
Eg.1. Did they sell books ?
Were the books sold by them ?
2. Does he help me ?
Am I helped by her ?
3. Do they pass the test ?
Is the test passed by them ?
c) Main Clause, Subordinate Clause : . ... .
Main Clause . Verb . . object . . ....
. .. "Passive Voice" .. .. :. it .
.. :: :.c
Eg. They hope that we will get First Division
It is hoped that we will get First Division
d) . 'Passive Voice' .... 'by + object' .:. .
.. .. ... .. .: .. :.c ..::
... -'by whom' .:. .. : .. .. ,.
unknown agent ...c
Eg. Some one stole my watch (A.V.)
My watch was stolen (P.V.)
. .. .. (P.V.) . by + object ..
.. . . ... Tenses . .. Voice ...
..... Assertive .....
TENSE ACTIVE FORM PASSIVE FORM
Present Ind. Tense Rama takes my book My book is taken by Rama
Past Ind. Tense Rama took my pen My pen was taken by Rama
Future Ind. Tense Rama will take my book My book will be taken by Rama
Present Imperfect Rama is taking my book My book is being taken by Rama
Past Imperfect Rama was taking my book My book was being taken by Rama
Future Imperfect Rama will be taking my book ........ .......... ..........
Present Perfect Rama has taken my book My book has been taken by Rama
Past Perfect Rama had taken my book My book had been taken by Rama
Future Perfect Rama will have taken my book My book will have been taken by Rama
Present Perfect Continuous Rama has been taking my book ............. ............ ............
Past Perfect Continuous Rama had been taking my book ............. ............ ............
Future Perfect Continuous Rama will have been taking my book ............. ............ ............
Active Voice . iz . . ...:. Passive Voice . s . . ... .:. ... Tenses . ... .....
Active, Passive . . ...
Tense Active Passive
Present Indefinite Who takes the pen ? By whom is the pen taken ?
Past Indefinite Who took the pen ? By whom was the pen taken ?
Future Indefinite Who shall take the pen ? By whom shall the pen be taken ?
Present Imperfect Who is taking the pen ? By whom is the pen being taken ?
Past Imperfect Who was taking the pen ? By whom was the pen being taken ?
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PASSIVE VOICE
The passive is formed with the suitable tense of
the verb followed by the past participle. Below are given
the common tenses of the verb 'give' :
Active Passive
give, gives am, is, are } given
am, is, are } giving am, is, are } being given
gave was, were } given
was, were } giving was, were } being given
has, have } given has, have } been given
had } given had } been given
will, shall } give will, shall } be given
will, shall } have given will, shall } have been given
The object of an active verb becomes the subject
of a passive verb.
Active Passive
1. Bees make honey Honey is made by bees.
2. Mohan took my pen. My pen was taken by Mohan
3. They are repairing the road. The road is being repaired
4. Somebody has picked my pocket My pocket has been picked
5. I will invite Mr.John. Mr John will be invited
. . .. .. . .. 'Active Voice'
.... . .. ... .. 'Passive Voice'
.. . . . .. .... i .. . z .. .... .
. . .. . 'interest is on the action'. .::. .
..... .. .. ... .. . .....
'Somebody' 'unknown agent' . . .. .. . c .
.. .. ... .:. objects-direct-indirect object ..
passive voice . . .. :: :. ... . ..
Future Imperfect Who will be taking the pen ? ............ ............ ............
Present Perfect Who has taken the pen ? By whom has the pen been taken ?
Past Perfect Who had taken the pen ? By whom had the pen been taken ?
Future Perfect Who will have taken the pen ? By whom will have the pen been taken?
Present Perfect Continuous Who has been taking the pen ? ........... .......... ..........
Past Perfect Continuous Who had been taking the pen ? ............ ......... ..........
Future Perfect Continuous Who will have been taking the pen ? ............ ......... ..........
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Somebody has broken the chair (b)
(Choose the correct passive form)
a) The chair was broken by somebody
b) The chair has been broken
c) The chair is broken
d) The chair had been broken by somebody
2. The officer was not suprised at this (c)
(Choose the correct Active form)
a) This had not surprised the officer
b) This has not surprised officer
c) This did not surprise the officer
d) The officer did not surprise at this
3. They asked me many questions. (b)
(Change to passive voice)
a) We asked them many questions
b) I was asked many questions by them
c) They were asked many questions by me
d) They are asked many questions by me
4. The constable noticed a man throwing a stone
(Convert into passive voice) (b)
a) A man was noticed throwing a stone
b) A man was noticed by the constable throwing a stone
c) A man was notice throwing a stone to the constable
d) A stone was throwing a man notice by the constable
5. All desire wealth and some acquire it (c)
(Change into passive voice)
a) wealth was desired by all and acquired by some
a) wealth is acquired by all and desired by some
a) wealth is desired by all and acquired by some
a) wealth was desired all and acquired by some
6. We shall be praised by every one. (c)
(Change into Active Voice)
a) They shall Praise us
b) Every one shall Praise us
c) Every one shall be Praising us
d) Every one will Praise us
7. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. (c)
(Chage into passive voice)
a) Hamlet writes Shakespeare.
b) Hamlet wrote Shakespeare.
c) Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
d) Hamlet is written by Shakespeare.
8. The thief was chased by him bravely. (b)
(Change into Active Voice)
a) Being brave, he chased the thief.
b) He chased, the thief bravely.
c) thief chased by him.
b) He is chasing, the thief bravely.
9. He was driven to desperation by poverty.
(Choose the correct active form) (d)
a) Poverty was driving desperation into him
b) He was driving desperation by poverty
c) Poverty has driven desperation into him
d) Poverty drove him to desperation
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Direct Speech: . .. . . . .:. ..
.. .. . . . .. . . ,:
Indirect Speech: . .. . . . .:..
.. . .. .. .. .. . . ,: .. ,. . .. .
... ...
Eg. Rama said "I am writing this essay".
Rama said that he was writing that essay.
. .. ... Indirect Speech . .. .. .
i ... .. c...
z Direct Speech .. .. Indirect .. ..
...: 'that' . conjunction .. ..
'I' . Pronoun ... Reporting verb . .
. .: ,.. . . :. .. ...
. .:i 'he' . pronoun ..:
. 'this' - . objective - 'that' ..:
Direct Speech :. Indirect Speech . ..
.. . Reporting verb past tense . .:.
1. "Present Indefinite" changes to "Past indefinite".
2. "Present perfect" changes to "Past perfect".
3. "Present continuous" changes to "Past continuous"
4. "Past indefinite" changes to "Past perfect".
He said'I write a letter' (Present Inde)
He said that he wrote a letter (Past Inde)
He said "I have written a letter" (Present per)
He said that he had written a letter (Past per)
He said "I am writing a letter" (Present con)
He said that he was writing a letter (Past continuous)
He said "I write a letter" (Past Indefinite)
He said that he had written a letter (Past perfect)
.:. ... . :.
1. Assertive ... ,. ..:. i statement . .
Eg. 'Man is mortal'.
2. Interrogative ... .` ...
a) Who is the leader?
b) Is this the way?
c) When do you leave?
3. Imperative ... :. . .. . . .
.. :: .. :. :: .. . . .::..
a) "you stop there" (Command)
b) "Please pardon me, sir" (request)
c) "Work hard" (advice)
d) "Let me be free" (Wish)
4. Exclamatory - .. .. . ..
How beautiful the building is!
What a fool!
1. Assertive .: :.. . -.-: -c
Direct speech :. Indirect speech ..
.. :. 8 Rules .: :.c
. .. . . : .. .. . . .. :.
...:. 'that' .: 'conjunction' (link word)
. ::
1. He said "I come from America" (Verb present)
He said that he came from America (Verb past)
2. He said " I will go to America (future)
He said that he would go to America.
3. He said "I have milk everyday" (habit)
He said that he would have milk everyday.
4. He said "love is blind" (Universal truth)
He said that love is blind. ,. ...... .. .
. .. .:. . verb present tense . .::::i
2. Interrogative (...: .:.i
a) :. . ask, question, enquire ..... conjunc-
tions . ..
He said "When will the show commence?"
He asked when the show would commence.
b) If the interrogative is introduced by an auxiliary verb
"asked" is followed by 'whether' or 'if' . .. :: :.c
Eg. He said 'Do you know Rama (Direct)
He asked if (whether) he knew Rama.
Rule: Direct Speech . . .. .. what, who,
which, when, whether, whose, whom .:: ...
.` .... ..:... ... if . 'whether' .
.. .. .. .. Indirect speech . . c
Eg: Rama said, "what is the price"?
Rama asked what the price was
3. Imperative sentences . request, order, advise
wish . .. . . .. :. . . : . ..
a) He said to the officer "Please grant me leave"
He requested the officer to grant him leave (request)
b) He said to the servant "Leave this place". (order)
He asked the servant to leave that room.
c) He said to the boy "Work hard to get first class".
(advise)
He advised the boy to work hard to get first class.
5. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH 5. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH 5. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH 5. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH 5. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
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d) He said "Let me meet death like a man". (wish)
He wished to meet death like a man.
e) He said to us "Let us search for him" (suggestion)
He suggested to us to search for him.
Rule: . .... .. .. .: imperative words: re-
quest, order, advise . . .. 'to' . verb . c. . c
4. Exclamatory .. .... exclaim, wonder, remark
.:: . .. link words (conjunction) . ..
He said "what a tragedy"!
. . . .. : . .. "assertive" ..c
.... . 'indirect speech' .. ..c 'what a
tragedy! - 'It is a great tragedy' . assertive ..:
...:: .... .: He remarked that it was a great
tragedy !
Affirmative ... ,'Yes' - . .. .. .. ...i
Negative ... ,'No' - . .. .. .. ...i
.: Indirect speech . ... ,.
Affirmative : Yes - . . :.. .: 'replied
in the affirmative' . 'agreed' . 'accepted'
. ...
Negative: 'No' . . :.. .: 'replied in
the negative, refused, rejected, denied .:: ...
.. ..
Eg. Rama said 'Are you going to school' ?
'Yes' he replied.
Rama asked him if he was going to school.
He replied in the affirmative.
(He said that he was going to school) - . .. :
Direct: 'Please listen to what I say' said the prisoner, to
the king. 'No' said the king.
Indirect: The prisoner requested the king to listen to
what he would say, the king refused.
. . .. .... Direct speech :. Indi-
rect speech . . .. .. .. : .. :. . c
Pronoun . -.-: -c. Rules: Reported Speech
. 1st person pronouns . . reporting verb
.. Subject . person . .:. . person .. ..c
Direct Indirect
1. He said 'I will go' 1. He said that he would go
2. You said 'I will go' 2. You said that you would go
3. I said, 'I will go' 3. I said that I would go
Rule: Reported Speech . . 2nd personal pro-
nouns .:: Reporting verb .. object . person
. .:. . person .. ..c
1. He said 'you are right'.
He told me that I was right.
2. He said to you 'you are right'.
He told you that you were right.
3. He said to them 'you are right'.
He told them that they were right.
Rule: Reported Speech . 3rd Personal Pro-
nouns .. -. .
Rama said 'he is right'.
Rama said that he was right. . . 'he' ...
: : -: :. . . . .: :.c
Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
1. Shall, will changes to should, would
2. This " that
3. These " those
4. Now " then
5. Here " there
6. Hither " thither
7. Then " so
8. Ago " before
9. To-night " that night
10. To-day " that day
11. To-morrow " next day or following day
12. Yesterday " previous day
13. Last night " previous night
14. Hence forth " thence forth
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. "Good morning,Sir" Greeted or wished him
2. Asked/Questioned if or whether
3. "Let the fellow be
arrested" ordered
4. "Hark brother" directed the attention
5. "Pardon" asked pardon
6. "Heaven knows" called upon heaven to witness
7. Oh, Alas, Ah exclaim
8. How pretty very pretty
9. How beautiful very beautiful
10. Ladies and gentlemen told the audience
11. Hellow Greeted
12. Congratulations Congratulated
13. Thanks Thanked
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7. Mother Said to Son, do not to run so fast.
(Change into Indirect) (c)
a) Mother wanted Son, not to run so fast.
b) Mother said Son, not to run so fast.
c) Mother advised Son, not to run so fast.
d) Mother ordered Son, not to run so fast.
8. Plato said socretes, Whom do you consider
the happiest man living? (b)
(Change into indirect speech)
a) Plato wanted socretes, who was the happiest
man in his consideration.
b) Plato enquired socretes, who was the happiest
man in his consideration.
c) Plato asked socretes, who is the happiest man
in your consideration.
d) Plato suggested Socretes, who is the happi-
est man in his consideration.
9. He said , How could you speak to me like
this? (b)
(Choose the correct Indirect form)
a) He asked me how I could have spoken to him
like that
b) He said how I could speak to him like that
c) He asked how could I speak to him like this
d) He asked me how I could speak to him like
that
10. The teacher asked if I had done my home work.
( Choose the correct direct form) (c)
a) The teacher said, Will you do your home work?
b) The teacher said, Do you do your home work?
c) The teacher said, Have you done your home
work?
d) The teacher said, Will you do your home work?
11. He asked her Do you love me?
(Choose the correct Indirect form) (b)
a) He asked her whether she had loved him
b) He asked her whether she loved him
a) He agreed her whether she was loving him
a) He asked her if she did love him
12. The actor said that he was not been on con-
testing elections. (d)
(choose the correct direct form)
a) The actor felt, I am not been on contesting in
the elections.
b) The actor said, I was not been on contesting
in the elections.
c) The actor told, I was not been on contesting in
the elections.
d) The actor said, I am not been on contesting in
the elections.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Komali asked to go with her. (b)
(Choose the correct Direct form)
a) Komali requested Shyam, Please go with me
b) Komali said to Shyam, Come with me
c) Komali spoke to Shyam, Be with me
d) Komali asked Shyam, Go with me
2. Which way did he go? asked the king(c)
(Choose the correct Indirect form)
a) The king asked which way we went
b) The king asked which way he was gone
c) The king asked which way he had gone
d) The king asked which way he has gone
3. Change into Indirect speech : (a)
Do you write good hand the teacher said,
a) The teacher asked whether I wrote good hand
b) The teacher questioned him whether he wrote
good hand
c) The teacher told me about my good hand
d) The teacher ordered me whether I write good
hand
4. Change into Indirect speech : (c)
The king said to old man Who is the happi-
est man on the earth.
a) The king told the old man who were the hap-
piest man on the earth.
b) The king ordered the old man who is the
happiest man.
c) The king asked the old man who is the happi-
est man on the earth.
d) The king advised old man who is the happi-
est.
5. The speaker said that it gave him great plea-
sure to be there that evening (c)
(Change into Direct speech)
a) The Speaker told , It gave me great pleasant
to be here with evening.
b) The Speaker Said, It gave me great pleasure
to be here with evening.
c) The Speaker announced It gave me great
pleasure to be here evening.
d) The Speaker has said, It is pleasure to be
here in the evening.
6. The Teacher said to him, do not read so Fast.
(Change into indirect) (d)
a) The Teacher ordered him do not read So Fast
b) The Teacher asked him do not read So Fast
c) The Teacher advised him do not read So Fast
d) The Teacher told him not to read So Fast.
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Rules: Before going to simple, compound and com-
plex sentences, we must know phrases and clauses. A
phrase is a group of words without a subject and predi-
cate. (Subject is the doer of the action which comes
first in a sentence. Predicate tells us about the subject
and it is formed with verb and the other words that fol-
low the verb.)
Eg. In the morning, inspite of his hard work etc.
A clause is a group of words with a subject and
predicate. If the clause gives a complete sentence,
it is called the main clause.
Eg. Birds fly in the air.
Here 'Birds, is the subject and 'fly in the air' is the
predicate. As there are a subject and predicate and
as the above clause gives a complete sense, it is
called a main clause.
If a clause does not give a complete sense, it is
called a 'Sub-ordinate Clause' and it must always
be attached to a main clause to have a complete
sense.
Eg. Though he worked hard, he failed in the exami-
nation.
In the above sentence 'though he worked hard' is a
sub-ordinate clause because it does not give a
complete meaning. It gives a complete meaning
when it is attached to the main clause - "he failed
in the examination".
Kinds of sentences:
1. Simple sentence: It may have one main clause
and one phrase.
Eg. Seeing the teacher, the students kept quiet.
2. Compound sentence: In a compound sentence,
there will be two or more main clauses connected
by a co-ordinating conjunction.
Eg. The students saw the teacher and they kept
quiet.
3. Complex sentence: In a complex sentence, there
will be one main clause and one or more sub-ordi-
nate clauses. The subordinate clauses begin with
subordinating conjunctions.
Eg. When the students saw the teacher, they kept
quiet.
Kinds of phrases: Phrases are used to form simple
sentences.
1. Participle phrase: This phrase begins with a
present participle.
(i.e. ing-form' of the verb)
Eg: Seeing the tiger, he climbed the tree.
N.B.: This phrase can be used when two ordinary
statements are connected and the subject is com-
mon for both the statements. If the subjects are
different, the subject must precede the phrase.
Eg. It, being a holiday, we did not go to college.
2. Absolute construction: This phrase begins with
'Having + Past participle' and it is used when there
is a time gap between the actions.
Eg. Having gone there, I found the well empty.
Having written the letter, he posted it.
3. Prepositional phrase: This phrase begins with any
one of the prepositions like in, on, besides etc.
Eg. Inspite of his hard work, he failed in the examination.
(The phrase in spite of must be followed by a noun)
Besides losing his ticket, he lost his purse.
(Besides means 'in addition to' and it must be fol-
lowed by a noun or gerund (ing-form)
Besides men, women and children were also killed.
4. Infinitive phrase: This phrase begins with a to-
infinitive and is used to express reason or purpose.
Eg. I went to the station to see my friend off (reason)
He is working hard to get a first class (purpose)
Co-ordinating conjunctions: Co-ordinating con-
junctions are used to join main clauses in the com-
pound sentences.
The important coordinating conjunction are:
'And ':It is used to join two ordinary statements.
Eg. I heard the sound and I woke up.
'But & Yet': They are used to join opposite statements.
Eg. He worked hard but failed in the examination.
He is poor yet he is honest.
'Or' : It is used to express condition or alternative state-
ments.
Eg. You must work hard or you will not pass.
He may be in the department or in the library.
'Either...or, Neither...Nor': These conjunctions are used
to join alternative statements (Either.....or is used
in the positive sense and 'Neither......nor' in the
negative sense)
Eg. He can play neither football nor cricket.
'Not only.....but also': This conjunction is used in the
sense of 'in addition to'.
6. SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX SENTENCES
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Eg. He is not only a poet but also a dramatist.
So: It is used to express reason.
Eg. He worked hard so he got a first class.
Kinds of sub-ordinate clauses: Sub-ordinate clauses
are used along with main clauses in complex sentences.
There are different types of Sub-ordinate clauses:
1. Noun Clause: A sub-ordinate clause which is in
the place of a noun (as a subject or as an object)
is called a noun clause.
A noun clause may begin with 'that, who, when,
where, why, what'.
Eg. 1. What he said is true (subject of the sen-
tence)
2. I don't know when he will return. (object)
Eg. Where there is a will there is a way.
This is the place where I was born.
2. Adjective Clause: If a sub-ordinate clause does
the function of an adjective (i.e. if it qualifies a noun)
it is called an adjective clause. An adjective clause
begins with the relative pronouns and relative ad-
verbs: who, which, whose, that, as, such as etc.
Eg. 1. The boy who stood first in the class was
given a prize.
2. This is the matter which I am proud of, because,
since, that.
3. Adverb Clause of Cause or Reason: It is intro-
duced by as, because, since, that.
Eg. I paint because I like painting.
As it is very hot, the cows lie under a tree.
4. Adverb Clause of Condition: It is introduced by
if, unless, whether etc.
Eg. If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
Unless you work hard, you will not pass.
5. Adverb Clause of Concession: It is introduced
by 'though, although, eventhough, even if, where
as' etc.
6. Adverb Clause of Purpose: It is introduced by
'That, in order that, so that, etc.
Eg. We eat that we may live.
I worked hard so that I might win the gold medal.
7. Adverb Clause of Degree: It is introduced by as,
'as.....as', 'so.....as' than'.
Eg. She is as wise as she is beautiful.
She is not so intelligent as her sister.
She is not taller than her husband.
Some hints to be noted in the transformation of
sentences
Simple Compound Complex
1. Seeing and, so when, as
having seen
2. Inspite of but or yet though or although
3. Besides Not only....but also
4. Too.....to So that......not
5. or if-not (unless)
Let us see the above in detail.
1. If the simple sentence begins with a participle
phrase, or 'having + past participle' phrase, the
compound sentence can be formed with the
conjunctions 'and' or 'so'. And the complex
sentence may begin with 'when' or 'as'.
Eg.
1. Hearing the noise, I woke up. (Simple)
I heard the noise and woke up. (Compound)
When I heard the noise, I woke up. (Complex)
2. Having worked hard, he got a first class. (Simple)
He worked hard so he got a first class.(Compound)
As he worked hard, he got a first class.(Complex)
3. If The Simple sentence begins with 'inspite of' the
Compound sentence can be formed with the con-
junction 'but or yet' and the Complex sentence may
begin with 'though' or 'although'
Eg:1-1.Inspite of his poverty, he is honest. (Simple)
He is poor, yet he is honest. (Compound)
Though he is poor, he is honest. (Simple)
2. Inspite of his riches, he is not contented.(Simple)
He is rich, but he is not contented. (Compound)
Though he is rich, he is not contented. (Complex)
3. If the simple sentence begins with 'besides', the
compound sentence can be formed with the con-
junction 'not only.....but also'.
Eg. Besides playing the flute, he plays the Veena.
(Simple)
He plays not only the flute but also the Veena.
(Compound)
Besides America, he toured Europe. (Simple)
He toured not only America but also Europe.
(Compound)
4. If the compound sentence has the conjunction 'or'
the complex sentence can be formed with 'if not' or
'unless'.
Eg. You must go quickly or you will miss the train.
(Compound)
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If you do not go quickly, you will miss the train.
(Complex)
5. If there is an adjective in a simple sentence, that
adjective can be changed to an adjective clause in
a complex sentence.
Eg. 1. I saw a dead lion. (Simple)
I saw a lion which was dead. (Complex)
I saw a lion and it was dead. (Compound)
2. He is a very clever student. (Simple)
He is a student who is very clever. (Complex)
He is a student and he is very clever. (Compound)
3. She bought a red saree. (Simple)
She bought a saree whose colour was red. (Complex)
She bought a saree and its colour was red. (Compound)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. A man that is drowning will catch at a straw.
(Choose the correct Simple sentence form)
a) A drowning man will catch at a straw (a)
b) A drowning man is catching straw
c) A straw catches at a drowning man
d) A drowning man catches straw
2. He was very strong. He was defeated. (c)
(Choose the correct Compound Sentence form)
a) He was very strong, so he was defeated
b) He was strong, and he defeated
c) He was very strong, yet he was defeated
d) He was strong and defeated himself
3. This was done in my absence (b)
(Choose the correct Complex sentence form)
a) This was done when I absent
b) This was done when I was absent
c) This was done as I absent
d) This was done as I was made absent
4. Change into compound sentence (a)
He is Poor. He does not complain
a) He is poor but does not complain
b) He is poor so that does not complain
c) As he is poor' he does not complain
d) Inspite he is poor he does not complain
5. Which sentence is a simple sentence? (b)
a) A lively discussion took place and the motion
was adopted
b) The motion followed a lively discussion
c) After a lively discussion the motion was adopted
d) None of these
6. He is rich, Yet he is unhappy (d)
(Change into Simple sentence)
a) He is rich and unhappy
b) He is rich and not happy
c) He is unhappy to the rich
d) Inspite of being rich, he is happy
7. He is a Cripple. He cannot ride a horse
(Change into Compound sentence)
a) He is a cripple and therefore cannot ride a horse
b) He is a cripple and he wants to ride a horse
c) He rides a horse and cripple
d) He is a cripple and he is not riding a horse
8. We expect every man to do his duty. (d)
(Change into Complex sentence)
a) We expect so that every man will do his duty
b) Since we expect so that every man will do his duty
c) We expect that every man will do his duty
d) Every man will do his duty as we expect
9. The School was opened by the collector.
(Change into Simple sentence) (c)
a) Collector has opened the school.
b) Collector had opened the school.
c) Collector opened the school.
d) School opened the Collector.
10. Shyamala lives in Madras. She is my Cousin.
(Change into compound sentence) (c)
a) As Shyamala is my Cousin, she lives in Madras.
b) Because Shyamala lives in Madras, she is my
Cousin.
c) Shyamala who lives in Madras, is my Cousin.
d) Shyamala lives in Madras and she is my
Cousin.
11. He is incompetent; He is polite.(Change into
compound sentence) (d)
a) As he is incompetent, he is polite.
b) He is incompetent and he is polite.
c) Because he is incompetent, he is polite.
d) He is incompetent, but he is polite.
12. You should study hard or you will not pass
the test (d)
(Choose its correct simple form)
a) Working hard you have passed the test
b) Hard study has made you pass the test
c) You will be passing the test by hard study
d) You should study hard to pass the test
13. Rich men are not always happy (b)
(Choose its correct complex form)
a) Always happiness is not for those who are rich
b) Men who are rich are not always happy
c) Those who are happy are not rich
d) Men are rich though they are not happy.
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A synonym is a word of similar meaning
It may be possible to choose the cor-
rect answer by rejecting those words
that simply cannot be the proper choice.
This is done by a process of reasoning
and elimination. However, you are ad-
vised to use this process only when
you are not certain of the answer. Re-
member that this process is very time
consuming.
.. . :. . . .. . . ::
. .. . . .. . c .:. . ..
Synonyms .... .. . . .
..: .:. ... .. ..
.. : . .:.c . . . ..
. . : . .: ,.. . .. : ..
Carefully studying the Synonyms :
A
Abandon desert
Abate decrease
Abbreviate abridge
Abhor detect
Abolish cancel
Abstain Keepout
Abundant ample
Accuse indict
Accomplish fulfil
Accurate correct
Acknowledge announce
Agitation excitement
Adversity calamity
Answer respond
Anger wrath
Announce publish
Amend reform
Appease calm
Assent consent
Ascend climb
Attempt try
Averse dislike
B
Beautiful lovely
Behave conduct
Benefit service
Bent bend
Bet wager
Bid command
Brave bold
Brief short
Bliss happiness
Broad wide
C
Calm quiet
Capable able
Capture trap
Cause reason
Cease stop
Centre middle
Character personality
Compact agreement
Custom habit
D
Damage injury
Dangerous risky
Decide determine
Decrease reduce
Degeneration worsening
Despise scron, disdain
Deny rejection
Difficult laborious, hard
Diligent industrious
Disaster adversity
Discourse speech, lecture
Disease sickness
Dismal gloomy
Distinguish differentiate
Divide separation
E
Eager very eavhest
Eccentric peculiar, odd
Efficient able, competent
Extravagant profuse
Elevate raise, lift
Emancipate free
Emphasize pressure
Encoach tresspass
Endure bear, tolerate
Enemy foe, opponent
Energy force, vigour
Enormous large, huge
Entertain amuse, cheer
Eradicate eliminate
Error mistake
Esteem respect
Eternal perpetual
Evidence proof
Exaggerate overstate
F
Famous celebrated
Fear terror, dread
Feeble weak, infirm
Ferocious fierce, savage
Fight contest
Firm hard, stable
Foolish silly, stupid
Forbid prohibit, debar
Frank candid, open
Frugal thrifty, economical
Furnish supply, give
G
General common
Genious liberal
Gentle mild, kind
Grasp snatch
Greedy avid, avaricious
Guard watch, protect
H
Habit custom
Harmony agreement,
accord
Hasty speedy, quick
Haughty proud, arrogant
Hideous ugly, cruel
Hinder obstruct, prevent
Honest upright, rightout
Humble modesty, meek
I
Idle lazy, indolent
Imitate reproduce, copy
Impair weaken, damage
Impudent imperitinent
Incite encourage,
instigate
Increase enlarge, augment
Insolvent bankrupt
Invasion attack, raid
Irritate excite, provoke
J
Jealous jealouse, envious
Jeer sneer, mock
Judgement decision, decree
Just fair, impartial
K
King charitable
L
Labour work, toil
Laconic brief, concise
Latent internal, hiden
Lex negligent,
careless
Lazy indolent, idle
Lenient tolerant, gentle
Liberal Magnanimous
SYNONYMS
7. SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS
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Liberty freedom
Lie dishonesty,
falsehood
Loyal faithful, true
M
Mad folly, insane
Magnificent splendid, stately
Magnify exaggerate, glorify
Malady illness, disease
Malevolent hateful, evil
Marvel wonder
Matrimonial martial
Melodious harmonious
Mischievous harmful, injurious
Misery suffering
Modest bashful, humble
Monotonous boring, dull
Monstrous enormous
Mourn grief, lament
N
Naive simple
Nasty filthy, dirty
Necessary needful, essential
Noble lofty, illustrious
Norm model, standard
Novice learner, beginner
O
Obedient respectful
Obseene filthy
Obscure hidden, unknown
Obvious clear, evident
Odd strange, peculiar
Omit exclude, eliminate
Opportunity access, accasion
P
Pacify appease, soothe
Pardon forgive, excuse
Permit admit, alow
Pious godly, religious
Precise strict, exact
Predict forecast, foretell
Profuse lavish
Proscribe prohibit, ban
Project plan, scheme
Prodent discreet, wise
Q
Quake agitate, shake
Quest investigate,
search
Queer strange, eccentric
Quiet calm, silent
Quit leave, depart
R
Rapid quick fast
Recede retreat, return
Rectify correct, amed
Remember recollect
Restrain curb, restriction
Revenge vengeance
Rigid strict, stiff
Rule reign, manage
Rare uncommon
Recover regain, retrieve
Relate narrate, tell
Respect esteem, regard
Reverence respect
Rude impolite
S
Safe secure, sure
Secret mystery, hidden
Severe stern, strict
Skilful able, capable
Sly crafty, cunning
Smooth even, flat
Spread expand
Superfluous needless
Small little, tiny
Straight direct, right
Sallen glum,morose
Scanty meager
Sense feeling, meaning
Shy bashful, coy
Slander discredit
Sluggish dull, inactive
Spacious wide, broad
Subsidy grant, aid
Sympathy compassion, pity
Solitary single, lonely
Subdue overcome
Surpass exceed, excel
T
Taict implied,
understood
Teach educate instruct
Tender soft, delicate
Thrift economy, frugality
Tradition custom, convention
Transparent clear, lucid
Tactful skilful, diplomatic
Tedious wearisome
Thin slender, lean
Timid shy, diffident
Transient passing, transitory
Triumsphant victorious
Try attempt, strive
U
Ubiquitious everywhere
Underhand secret, hidden
Unique unequalled
Usual common, ordinary
Ultimate final, last
Undergo endure, suffer
Utility advantage, benefit
V
Vacant empty, void
Vacillate hesitate, waver
Vague uncertain,
indefinite
Valiant courage, brave
Variety distinct, diversity
Venomous poisonoul
Villain rascal, scamp
Virtuous blameless
Vacation recess, holiday
Vagrant wandering
Vain fruitless,
conceited
Vanquish overcome,
conquer
Various many, several
Vertical perpendicular
Violate transgress
Voracious greedy, covetous
W
Wander rove,roam
Wax growth,increase
Wholesome sound,health
Withstand oppose, resist
Workable practicable
Wane decline, decrease
weak feeble, infirm
Winsome cheerful
Wizard conjurer,magician
Y
Yawn gape,oscitate
Yell scream, cry
Yet further, still
Yield give, submit
Yearn wish, desire
Yester past,elapse
Yearly every year,annual
Young youthful, juvenile
Z
Zany mimic, buffoon
Zest relish, taste
Zone gridle, belt, zonal
Zeal ardour,
enthusiasm
Zero cipher, nothingness
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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Choose the correct synonym
of abstain (d)
a) refine b) rebut
c) restrain d) refrain
2. What is the synonym of
diescent (c)
a) Consent b) Ascent
c) Differ d) Approve
3. Synonym of Explicit? (c)
a) Exact b) Definite
c) Distinct d) Vague
4. What is the synonym of
Devine (b)
a) Good b) God-like
c) Bad d) Heaven
5. The synonym of futile is
(d)
a) useful b) costly
c) rare d) useless
6. Choose the correct synonym
of slavery (b)
a) negro b) bondage
c) sluggishness d) livery
7. The synonym of retentive
(a)
a) unforgetful b) secretive
c) greedy d) forgetful
8. The synonym of caption is
(c)
a) correction b) misprint
c) heading d) paragraph
9. The synonym for haste is
(c)
a) Fast b) Rush
c) Hurry d) None of these
10. The synonym of prosperous
is (c)
a) cultured b) wealthy
c) wealthy d) successful
Antonyms are words of Apposite mean-
ings (.c .. .. . . ... Antonyms
.::. i
Antonym is a word which has oppo-
site or nearly the opposite meaning of
the given word. Whenever possible
question-word and answer-word must
be of the same part of speech. For ex-
ample, if the question-word is in the
passive, the answer should be in the
passive. Similarly, if the question word
is in the past tense the answer should
be in the past tense, and so on. A
favourite trick for the examiner is to in-
clude a synonym in the answer choices
for an antonym question. Be careful
about what is asked for before answer-
ing a question. Don't fumble if you
don't get the dictionary meaning of the
exact opposite. You are expected to
choose the word, which has most
nearly the opposite meaning. Don't
ponder over a question for too long. It
is better to answer those questions you
know first. Then come back to these
that you don't. It may be possible to
choose the correct answer by rejecting
those words, that simply cannot be
proper choice. This is done by a pro-
cess of reasoning and elimination. How-
ever, you are advised to use this pro-
cess only when you are not certain of
answer. Remember that this process is
very time-consuming.
Study the following Antonyms
A
Above X below
Absent X present
Abolish X establish
Abscond X arrive
Accept X refuse
Abstract X concrete
Announce X withhold
Adverse X favourable
Adversity X prosperity
Antipathy X sympathy
Appreciate X depreciate
Artificial X natural
Ascend X descend
Assent X dissent
Assemble X disperse
Attract X repel
ANTONYMS
Asset X liability
Argument X agreement
Analysis X synthesis
Awake X asleeping
Acquit X convict
Acknowledge X deny
B
Busy X idle
Beautiful X ugly
bad X good
Bitter X sweet
Bondage X freedom
Bless X curse
Black X white
Blunt X sharp
Barbarous X civilised
Benevolent X malevolent
Big X small
Bold X timid
Barren X fertile
Bright X dull
Broad X narrow
Buy X sell
C
Chaste X unchaste
Cold X hot
Credit X debit
Cheating X honest
Compatible X incompatible
Credible X incredible
Congratulate X censorious
Conquest X defeat
Compulsory X optional
Cheerful X gloomy
Clear X obscure
Close X remote
Confirm X cancel
Condense X expand
Counterfeit X genuine
Comic X tragic
Clever X foolish
Common X uncommon
Conceal X reveal
Capacity X incapacity
Consistent X inconsistent
Correct X incorrect
Competent X incompetent
Commence X end
Construction X destruction
Compare X contrast
Contented X discontented
Concord X discord
Consequence X damage
Connect X disconnect
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Control X helplessness
Covert X overt
D
Danger X safety
Deteriorate X ameliorate
Democracy X autocracy
Definite X indefinite
Distinct X indistinct
Demand X reject
Decrease X increase
Disciple X undisciple
Divine X human
Difficult X easy
Deficient X sufficient
Disclose X conceal
Devastate X repair
Death X life
Dry X wet
Departure X arrival
Decent X indecent
Diminish X enhance
Despair X hope
Decision X indecision
Dissolve X solidify
Delay X haste
Durable X perishable
Diligent X idle
Discourage X encourage
E
Entrance X exit
Exotic X native
Enemy X frient
Ebb X flow
Exclude X include
Explicit X implict
Efficient X inefficient
Eligible X ineligible
Exterior X interior
External X internal
Encourage X discourage
Esteem X contempt
F
Fair X foul
Fortune X misfortune
Fantastic X real
Friendly X hostile
Folly X wisdom
Failure X success
Forward X backward
Fallible X infallible
Friend X foe
Fact X fiction
False X true
Frightened X bold
Freedom X slavery
Forgive X convict
Foreign X native
Fit X unfit
Futility X utility
G
General X particular
Great X small
Gloomy X bright
Genus X ungenus
Genuine X false
Guilty X innocent
H
Honour X dishonour
Holy X profane
High X low
Help X hindre
Host X unhost
Hard X soft
Heavy X light
Hope X despair
Humility X arrogance
I
Insult X honour
Impatient X patient
Incoherent X coherent
Industrious X indolent lazy
Impure X pure
Injustice X justice
Illigitimate X legitimate
Intricate X simple
Immoral X moral
Illegible X legible
Indiscretion X prudence
Import X export
Inferior X superior
Identical X different
Invest X divert
Independent X dependent
Ill X well
J
Judicious X irrational
Just X unjust
K
Knowledge X ignorance
Known X unknown
Keen X dull
L
Liquid X solid
Lose X gain
Love X hate
Lucky X unlucky
Lawful X unlawful
Lunacy X sanity
Lend X borrow
Long X short
Loyal X disloyal
M
Memory X forget
Mature X immature
Manage X mismanage
Miser X liberal
Modest X immodest
Merit X demerit
Monogamy X polygamy
Mild X stern
Major X minor
Malady X remedy
Monotony X variety, diversity
Marriage X celibacy
Material X spiritual
N
Neutral X partial
Near X far
New X old
Normal X abnormal
Natural X artificial
Necessary X unnecessary
O
Oral X written
Optimistic X pressimistic
Outward X inward
Obedient X disobedient
Origin X end
Own X disown
Ominous X auspicious
Omission X commission
Outlet X inlet
Order X disorder
Ordinary X extraordinary
P
Promote X demote
Perennial X temporary
Polite X impolite
Plain X uneven
Propriety X impropriety
Precede X succeed
Punctual X unpunctual
Pleasure X displeasure
Possible X impossible
Patient X impatient
Politeness X rudeness
Part X whole
Publish X suppress
Pollute X purify
Presence X absence
Prospect X reprospect
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Preservation X destruction
Partial X impartial
Prolong X shorten
Permit X prohibit
Punishment X pardon
Perfect X imperfect
Popular X unpopular
Private X public
Proper X improper
Q
Qualification X disqualification
Quick X slow
R
Recall X forget
Religious X irreligious
Release X arrest
Rashly X stouly
Rational X irrational
Rough X smooth
Reserved X unreserved
Regular X irregular
Right X wrong
S
Surplus X insufficient
Sour X sweet
Straight X crooked
Savage X refined
Singular X plural
Soon X late
Sane X insane
Sorrow X joy
Social X antisocial
Swift X slow
Secret X open
Silence X noise
Separate X unitee
Suspected X confirm
Stable X unstable
T
Trust X distrust
Talker X taciturn
Thin X thick
Triumph X defeat
Tidy X untidy
Tangible X intangible
Temporary X permanent
Trivial X great
Tightness X loseness
Temperal X spiritual
Take X give
Tranquilty X noisy
Try X leave off
Tolerance X intolerance
Toil X rest
Tease X please
U
Useful X useless
Union X disunion
Urban X rural
Unique X common
Use X misuse
Upright X dishonest
usual X unusual
Uniform X irregular
V
Valid X invalid
Vast X small
Violent X gentle
Vice X virtue
Veracity X falsehood
Visionary X reality
Variety X uniformity
Vouch X deny
Vanity X modesty
Victory X defeat
Verdict X misjudgement
Vulgar X refined
W
Wander X stay
Weight X lightness
Win X lose
Wake X sleep
Wicked X good
Withdraw X advance
Wealth X poverty
Wisdom X foolishness
Withhold X offer
Weaken X strengthen
Wide X narrow
Wit X dullness
Y
Yearn X disatisfied
Yield X deny
Youthful X old
Z
Zeal X apathy
Zenith X root
Zest X distaste
-Zigjag X straight
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Choose the correct antonym
of 'urbane' (a)
a) rude b) disciplined
c) rural d) soft
2. What is the antonym of
Transparent
(d)
a) Obvious b) Lucid
c) Glossy d) Turbid
3. Choose the correct antonym
of ' Transparent'? (a)
a) vague b) distinct
c) definct d) exact
4. What is the antonym of
abolish? (d)
a) demolish b) object
c) construct d) revive
5. The antonym of 'genuine' is
......... (c)
a) cheap b) fair
c) fake d) fine
6. The antonym of frown is?
(a)
a) smile b) shout
c) laugh d) shine
7. The antonym of obstinate is
(c)
a) gullible b) obstructive
c) yielding d) faithfly
8. The antonym of mandatory is
(a)
a) voluntary b) flexible
c) wilful d) fanciful
9. The antonym. for hard is
(c)
a) Rigid b) Flexible
c) Soft d) None of these
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Letter and its kinds : A letter is the medium of com-
munication. Letters are of three kinds :
1) Official Letters 2) Business Letters 3) Private Letters
1) Official Letters : Official Letters embrace communi-
cations between Government and National and Local
Public Bodies on matters of administration.
2) Business Letters : Business Letters include all cor-
respondence relating to business matters between mer-
chants.
3) Private Letters : Private Letters or letters of friend-
ship include all correspondence between relatives and
friends, concerning marriages and private matters such
as invitations.
PARTS OF A LETTER
A letter has six parts, the heading, the inside
address, the salutation, the body of the letter or sub-
ject-matter of communication, the complimentary close
or subscription and the signature of the writer.
1) Heading : Heading includes place and date. It is
written on the right hand top-corner or at the left hand
bottom-corner of the letter. After place, a comma is used
and after date, a full-stop. Heading indicates when and
where the letter is written.
2) Inside Address : Inside address is the address of the
person to whom the letter is addressed. It is written on
the left hand side of the letter at the top, just below the
line, where the heading ends. It may be diagonal or mar-
ginal. It is written for the sake of further reference in busi-
ness letters and usually left out in private letters.
3) Salutation : Salutation is the complimentary term
used to commence a letter. The form of salutation de-
pends chiefly upon the degree of intimacy, existing
between the parties to the correspondence. It is written
just below the inside address on the left hand side of
the letter. A comma is used after the salutation.
4) Body of the Letter : The body of the letter forms the
subject-matter of communication. This is begun just be-
low the line where the salutation ends or about an inch
from the left hand margin of the letter. The second line
should be written from the margin. The subsequent para-
graphs, if any should be written in the same manner.
5) Complimentary Close : The Complimentary Close
consists of words of respect or regard used to express
the feelings of the writer towards his correspondent. The
form chosen for the Complimentary Close depends upon
the term adopted for salutation. It follows the body of the
letter and immediately precedes the signature of the writer.
The Complimentary Close consists of one or more lines
and a comma is used at the end of each line.
N.B : No new page should be used for the Complimen-
tary Close alone. Atleast the last one or two lines of the
body of the letter should be carried over to the fresh
page and then the Complimentary Close written.
6) Signature of the writer : Signature is the most im-
portant part of the letter and without it the rest of the
letter is of little or no value. It is the name of the writer
placed after the Complimentary Close. A full-stop is used
after the signature. If a designation follows the signature
a comma is used after it, and then a full-stop is used
after the designation
TERMS OF SALUTATION
a) Sir, when addressed to a gentleman
Dear Sir,
My Dear Sir,
b) Madam, when addressed to a lady
Dear Madam
c) My Dear Father, when addressed to father or
My Dear Mother mother
d) Dear Rama, when addressed to a friend or
My Dear Rama, equal
e) Sir,
Respected Sir,
Most Respected Sir, when addressed to an officer
Honoured Sir, of rank.
Most Honoured Sir,
TERMS OF COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE
a) I am, when written to father or mother
Your loving, or
affectionate son,
b) Yours lovingly, when written to father,
Yours most lovingly mother or any other near
Yours affectionately, relation
Yours most affectionately
c) Yours truly when written to a gentleman
Yours very truly or a lady or an equal
Yours sincerely,
Yours very sincerely,
d) I am, when written to a teacher
Your most obedient pupil,
Yours most obediently,
e) I beg to remain,
Sir, when written to an officer of rank
Your most obedient
servant,
Yours faithfully,
Faithfully yours,
N.B.
1) These two terms, 'Yours faithfully' or Faithfully your's
are hitherto used in business letters. After the advent of
Independence, the Indian Government has accepted
them to be used in official letters.
2) If the letter is addressed to a firm or company, you
have to use 'Dear Sirs' in the salutation but not mere 'Sirs'.
8. LETTER WRITING
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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Letters to intimate friends should be written
in (d)
a) a respectful manner b) a business like manner
c) a formal style d) a conversational style
2. The form of subscription in letters to relatives
should be (a)
a) Yours affectionately b) Yours faithfully
c) Yours truley d) Yours SIncerely
3. The mode of address in a letter to a firm should
be of (c)
a) My dear ones b) Dear friends
c) Dear Sirs/Gentlemen d) Dear Gentleman
4. A formal invitation should contain (a)
a) Complimentary close b) Heading
c) Salutation d) None of the above
5. Which language is used for friends? (b)
a) formal b) informal
c) personal d) impersonal
6. colloquial language is used to (b)
a) The Editor b) The Officials
c) Friends d) Business letters
7. Which subscription to friend is correct? (c)
a) your sincere friend
b) yours sincere friend
c) yours sincere friends
d) your sinceres friend
8. Which salutation is used in official letters(a)
a) Sir b) Dear Sir
c) Dear Sirs d) My dear sir
9. Formal language is used in (a)
a) Letter to friend b) Letter to Parent
c) Official d) None of these
10. Correct Subscription is (d)
a) Your's Sincierly b) Yours Sincerely
c) Yours Sinceerly d) Yours Sincerely
11. Formal salutation is used in official letters(d)
a) Dear Mr Hari b) Hari
c) Dear Hari d) Respected Sir
12. Which language is used in a Business Letters?
a) Long and Personal b) Brief and Personal(b)
c) Long and impersonal d) Brief and impersonal
13. Usually personal letters will be written to
........... (a)
a) Ones friends and relatives
b) Office Staff c) Editor d) Officials
14. Usually the language used in personal letter
will be ......... (a)
a) Informal and simple b) formal and simple
c) formal and pedantic d) pedantic and simple
15. Which of the following subscriptions with
punctuation is correct? (a)
a) yours faithfully, b) yours faithfully
c) yours faithfully d) your's Faithfully
16. The subscription in the letters written to close
relatives will be ..........? (d)
a) yours truly b) yours faithfully
c) yours sincerely d) yours lovingly
17. The formal salutation in case the receiver of
the letter is an officer not personally known to
you will be (b)
a) Dear officer b) Sir
c) My Dear Sir d) Dearest Sir
18. Which of the following subscriptions is cor-
rect (d)
a) yours sincerely b) yours sincerly
c) your sincerely d) yours sincerely
19. The body of a letter contains (b)
a) the salutation b) the message
c) the acknowledgement
d) none of the three
20. Formal language is used in (b)
a) friendly letters b) official letters
c) letters to relatives d) none of these
21. The formal in case the receiver of the letter is
not fairy intimate will be (c)
a) Respected Ram b) My dear Ram
c) Dear Mr. Ram d) Dear Ram
22. Which of the following subscriptions is cor-
rect. (d)
a) Yours truely b) Your truely
c) Yours truely d) yours truly
23. A business letter is generally (b)
a) long and impersonal b) brief and impersonal
c) long and personal d) brief and personal
24. Informal language is used in (b)
a) newspapers b) letters to friends
c) letters of applications for jobs
d) official letters
25. The subscription in official letters generally is
a) Yours obediently b) Yours sincerely (d)
c) Yours lovingly d) Yours faithfully
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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
I. Read the passage given below and write the
suitable answer:
Scientists tell us that without the presence of the
cohesive force among the atoms that comprise this
globe of ours. It would crumble to pieces and we
would cease to exist and even as there is cohe-
sive force in blind matters. So must there be in all
things animate and the name for that cohesive force
among animate beings is love. We have to learn to
use that force among all that lives, and in the use
of it consists our knowledge of God. Where there
is love there is life, hatred leads to destruction.
Life persists in the middle of destruction. Only un-
der that law would a well-ordered society be intelli-
gible and life worth living.
1. What do you mean by cohesive force? (c)
a) A force that repels one particle from the other.
b) A force which maintains balance between things.
c) A force which binds different particles or atoms
of a thing together.
d) A force which attracts things from the atmo-
sphere to the earth.
2. What binds on human being with the other?
a) self- interest b) instinct of security (d)
c) fear of God d) love
3. What does our knowledge of God consist in?
a) in understanding his omnipresence (b)
b) in relating to love all living things
c) in learning that sinful acts lead to demonation
d) in believing that God helps the poor and the down-
trodden.
4. What enables life to persist in the midst destruc-
tion? (d)
a) Gods mercy
b) mans urge to live
c) the law imposed by teh rules d) love
5. How does hatred lead to destruction ? (d)
a) hatred leads to war
b) it cuts away the binding force of love
c) it generates bad bloods and therefore hostility
d) it is a negative passion and so eats into the
vitals of those who practise.
II. Read the passage given below and write suit-
able answers
We talk about democracy but when it comes to
any particular things, we prefer a man belonging to our
caste or religion or community. So long as we have this
kind of temptation, it means that our democracy is a
phoney kind of democracy. We must be in a position to
respect a man as a man and to extend opportunities
for development to those who deserve them and not to
these people who happen to belong to our community
or race. This fact of favouritism and nepotism has been
responsible for much discontent and ill-will in our own
country. If any one asks us why we suffer. We need not
point to the stars above or say that God has punished
us. We have to put it down to our inequities. Our
disloyalities and our deviations from the ideals which
we profess. True democrats must not toerate any kind
of carruption, nepotism and communal prejudices and
conflicts.
1. When does our concept of democracy become
phoney? (c)
a) when we shed temptation for our caste or com-
munity
b) when people stop respecting the Government
c) when we prefer a man belonging to our caste or
religion.
d) None of the above
2. When should we do to make our democracy a
reality? (a)
a) We should raise ourselves above the narrow con-
siderations of caste and respect a man as a man.
b) We should favour people of other communities
c) We should support the policies of the Govern-
ment.
d) None of the above.
3. What factor is responsible for creating ill-will
in our country (c)
a) The feelings of ill-will in our country are an order
of God
b) People in our country do not wish to create good-will
c) Favouritism and nepotism is responsible for cre-
ating ill-will in our country.
d) None of the above.
4. What does democracy demand? (b)
a) It demands hard and honest work
b) It demands complete removal of favouritism,
racial feelings and all such petty consi derations.
c) It demands attachment with the past.
9. COMPREHENSION
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d) None of the above.
5. A true democrat respects a man (a)
a) as a man b) as a God
c) as a patriot d) as a friend
III. Read the passage given below and write suit-
able answers :
The political condition of Punjab and Northern In-
dia towards the end of the 18th century was deplorable
because it was ruled by numerous chiefs of several
communities and classes-Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus,
Gurkhas, Marathas, the English and Shah Zaman of
Afghanistan. These rulers were involved in mutual con-
flicts and quarrels Any intelligent, capable and spirited
man could reap full advantage of such a political condi-
tion as prevailed in that province at that time. A clever
politician like Ranjit Singh could never allow to slip away
such an opportunity. He took full advantage of it. He
advanced this steps very cautiously. He organised the
forces of Sikh community. Then he laid the foundation
of a vast Sikh kingdom after conquering a very large
part of Punjab. Raja Ranjit Singh is remembered for his
bravery, statesmanship and diplomacy. He kept the
ruled satisfies and happy. History records his achieve-
ments in glowing terms. His name is associated with
celebrated kings.
1. The political condition of Punjab and Northern
India was deplorable because (d)
a) People there had no political consciousness
b) People were not hard working
c) It was ruled by dictorial rulers
d) It was ruled by unmerous chiefs who constantly
fought with one another
e) People were not courageous
2. Why could a clear politician take advantage of
the situation? (b)
a) Because the situation was tricky and required
of a clever politician
b) Because the ruling chiefs were weak due to their
mutual conflicts
c) Because the people demanded a clear ruler
d) Because the people required a strong ruler
e) Because the people were ignorant.
3. How did Ranjit Singh take advantage of the situ-
ation (e)
a) He befriended the ruling chiefs
b) He bought the ruling chiefs
c) He threatened the ruling chiefs
d) He deceived the ruling chiefs
e) He advanced cautiously and organised the Sikh
community
4. Why is Ranjit Singhs name recorded in his-
tory ? (c)
a) For deceitfulness
b) For being a dictator
c) For bravery and statesmanship
d) For leading a lazy and luxurious life
e) For being an out - standing chess-player
5. People under his rule were (c)
a) Miserable and unfortunate
b) Sad and happy c) Happy and satisfied
d) Cruel and unhappy e) Satisfied and contented
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