Ba CPR D GB

CPR-D
Operating Manual
CPR-D DMR-D
Collapse Prediction Relay Damping Monitor
GB
Operating Manual CPR-D
Issue: 06/2008 Software Version:
CPR-D CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay

Operating Manual
Issue 06/12/2007 Copyright 2007 by A. Eberle GmbH & Co. KG All rights reserved
Published by
A. Eberle GmbH & Co. KG

Aalener Strasse 30/32 90441 Nuremberg, Germany Tel: 0911 / 62 81 08 - 0 Fax: 0911 / 62 81 08 96 Email: info@a-eberle.de hptt//www.a-eberle.de
A. Eberle GmbH & Co. KG cannot be held liable for any damages or losses resulting from printing errors or changes to this operating manual. Furthermore A. Eberle GmbH & Co. KG assumes no responsibility for any damages and losses resulting from defective devices or from devices altered by the user.
CPR-D
Table of Contents
3 General ................................................................................................ 6 Use of the CPR-D ............................................................................... 7 Functional Principle ..........................................................................
3.1 Fingerprint Analysis ...................................................................................... 12 .
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 Oscillations ..............................................................................................................16 Torsional oscillations ................................................................................................16 Low-frequency oscillations .......................................................................................17 Downwind tower shade or wind barrier effect...........................................................17
3.2 Lyapunov Exponent ...................................................................................... 20 3.3 Damping Monitor ......................................................................................... 21 . 3.4 Drift Process ................................................................................................ 27 .
Presentation of the Different Measurement Quantities ................... 8

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 Averages ...................................................................................................... 28 AveragesFPA ................................................................................................ 29 Extremes10ms ............................................................................................. 30 Extremes10ms5s ......................................................................................... 30 . MaximaFPA .................................................................................................. 31 BinarySignals ............................................................................................... 33 . AmplitudeFFT ............................................................................................... 33 ComplexFFT ................................................................................................. 33 DampAvg ..................................................................................................... 33 DampCnt ..................................................................................................... 34 .
Recorder Data ................................................................................... 35

5.1 Parameterisation of the Recorders ............................................................... 38 .
5.1.1 Measurement quantities (5s) ....................................................................................39
6 7 8
CPR-D as a System Component ...................................................... 4 Technical Design ............................................................................... 4

7.1 The Hardware .............................................................................................. 42 .
Electrical Data ................................................................................... 43

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Regulations and Standards .......................................................................... 43 . AC Voltage Input .......................................................................................... 43 . Binary Inputs (inputs E1 ... E6) ....................................................... 43 Relay Outputs (relay R1...R6, status relay) ...................................... 44 Analogue Outputs (K1, K2) ............................................................. 44 . Reference Conditions ................................................................................... 44 Electrical Safety ............................................................................................ 44 Electromagnetic Compatibility ...................................................................... 45 . Climatic Stability ........................................................................................... 46
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8.10 Power Supply ............................................................................................... 46 8.11 Display, Status, Reset ................................................................................... 46
Mechanical Design ........................................................................... 47

9.1 Plug-In Module ............................................................................................. 47 9.2 Pin Assignment ............................................................................................ 48 9.3 Block Diagram .............................................................................................. 48
0 Assignment of the Socket Connectors ............................................ 50

10.1 Socket Connector 1 : Voltages ..................................................................... 50 10.2 Socket Connector 4 ..................................................................................... 51 10.3 Socket Connector 5 ..................................................................................... 52
Interfaces .......................................................................................... 53
11.1 COM 2 Interface (RS232, optional) ............................................................... 53 11.2 COM 3 Interface (RS485, optional) ............................................................... 53 11.3 E-LAN (Energy Local Area Network) ............................................................. 53
Configuration Information ................................................................ 54

12.1 Time Synchronisation and Measurement Trigger ........................................... 56 12.2 Measurement Trigger .................................................................................... 57
3 Parameterisation ............................................................................... 59
13.1 WinCP - The Parameterisation and Evaluation Software ............................... 60
13.1.1 Overview (analyses, records, signals) .......................................................................60 13.1.2 Call via PQStart .....................................................................................................60 13.1.3 PQPara Thresholds, connections, IO ...................................................................61 13.1.4 PQPara Thresholds of half-period-signals ............................................................61 13.1.5 Relays + LED (CPParaConf) .....................................................................................62 13.1.6 Data classes in overview ..........................................................................................62 13.1.7 Data classes-Parameterisation CPR-D .....................................................................63 13.1.8 Continues recording ................................................................................................63 . 13.1.9 Disturbance recorder RecA/B/C/D ...........................................................................64 13.1.10 Events/ Oscillation events ........................................................................................64 13.1.11 Display in Para-Software ..........................................................................................65 13.1.12 Fingerprint-Analysis (FPA) ........................................................................................65 . 13.1.13 Stability-Analysis (Lyapunov Exponent) ....................................................................66 . 13.1.14 damps-Monitor ........................................................................................................66 13.1.15 Readout and display of measured data ....................................................................67 13.1.16 Trend display of important quantities ........................................................................67 13.1.17 Readout and display of the modes ..........................................................................68 . 13.1.18 Readout and display of the values ...........................................................................68 . 13.1.19 A possible IT infrastructure .......................................................................................69
4 Startup ............................................................................................... 70
14.1 Safety Information ........................................................................................ 70 . 14.2 Step-by-Step Procedure .............................................................................. 70 .
5 Applications ...................................................................................... 7
15.1 Application-Specific Programming ................................................................ 71
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6 Updating the Firmware ..................................................................... 7 7 Scope of Delivery .............................................................................. 7 8 Maintenance and Electricity Consumption...................................... 73
18.1 Fuse Replacement ....................................................................................... 73 . 18.2 Battery Replacement .................................................................................... 73 18.3 CPR-D Electricity Consumption .................................................................... 74
9 Storage Information .......................................................................... 75 0 Warranty ............................................................................................ 75
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1 General
Industrial growth is linked directly to the growing demand for electrical power. This is particularly apparent in Asia with an economic growth of 10% per year. Bottlenecks are not restricted only to Asia, Africa and America, however, and the networks in Europe also operate constantly at full capacity due to legal framework conditions (transfer services from East to West). Additional power demands or feeding capacities at the medium voltage level (e.g. through wind parks) can cause a critical operating status for the networks. If - due to changing load dynamics - the stability reserve becomes progressively smaller, excitations (connection or disconnection of major loads, change of supply feed, change of network topology) are no longer dampened sufficiently and the network may become unstable, which is often followed by a breakdown, i.e. a blackout. The need to find tools to offset this situation was the starting point for the development of the CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay. What had to be kept in mind during the process was the fact that the information was located where it had not been expected up to now - and had therefore not been pursued, namely in the frequency range from a few 10 mHz to 50 Hz. Classical measuring technology deals with voltages, currents, impedances, outputs and frequencies. With regard to frequency in particular, it needs to be noted that measurements were normally only done in the frequency range of 50/60 Hz and higher. It was always the harmonics - the 3rd, the 5th etc. - and more recently also the intermediate harmonics which had roused the interests of the measuring technicians and systems theorists. From the theories of non-linear dynamics, bifurcation theory and deterministic chaos in can be derived that the condition of a network can be permanently ascertained and assessed on the basis of its stability. It is primarily the < 50 Hz frequency range which is used to do this. The assessment of frequencies < 50 Hz opens up the possibility of monitoring collapse processes generating significant changes in this frequency range. If the process is slow, the network operator can initiate suitable countermeasures in time to prevent the network breakdown. This means that there are now suitable tools finally available which permit the introduction of countermeasures ahead of, and thereby preventing, a collapse. The economic benefit of this development is obvious. Of course, intended and/or unintended switching operations cannot be predicted with the CPR-D any more than natural disasters can be forecast.
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2 Use of the CPR-D
The CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay is a measuring and monitoring device for the early detection of blackouts, the identification of weak points in the network and for obtaining the data indispensible for safe network planning. This data is gained by continuously capturing and assessing the dynamic processes in the network. Although the type designation Collapse Prediction Relay indicates the use of the device for the prediction of collapses and blackouts, the CPR-D can be used not only for the early detection of a blackout but also for the prevention of largescale disruptions. The significance of this aspect is much more important than the prediction function. In normal, everyday operation, the damping values already provide a very good overview of the dynamic status of the network. The CPR-D generates a damping frequency map for the installation location and its environment. The definition of the term environment is difficult in this context because the CPR-D can also detect so-called inter-area oscillations with global effects. At any rate, this information permits the creation of damping maps which reveal the weak points in the network. Alerts on the impact of network changes and information on network responses due to load dynamics and stochastic suppliers influence the damping properties of the network and are indispensable parameters for dynamic network control. Another key aspect of dynamic network control is optimised network utilisation. With the variables gained from the CPR-D, the transmission capacities can be combined with the dynamic processes in the network and are thus better utilised. The fact that temperature measurement devices are installed on the transmission systems in many countries can be seen as a meaningful supplement to the information obtained from the CPR-D. The damping maps and the statistic evaluation of the change or the development of the Lyapunov exponents provide important insights for network planning. This aspect must be viewed primarily against the background of current change processes. The integration of regenerative energy converters, trade activities as well as elements that can change the load flow - previously a fixed variable - contribute to the instability of the networks and oppose the classical view. Experience shows that modern networks cannot be safely operated with classical tools. New types of facilities and measuring processes are required to match the society's current and particularly its future demands.
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Different interface cards (IEC 61850 ...) are used to incorporate the CPR-D measurement values into network control systems. This means that basic network parameters are now available for network control which can now also focus on the network dynamics.
CPR-D block diagram
*) The difference between the DMR-D damping monitor and the CPR-D is only the deactivation of the fingerprint analysis. The breakdown (collapse) of an electrical energy supply network causes major financial losses for both the network operator and the consumer. Therefore, the detection of a threat situation as early as possible is a prerequisite for being able to take measures to prevent such a breakdown. The new CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay helps detect network breakdowns at the earliest possible stage. Collapses in electrical supply networks can be explained using the theory of nonlinear dynamics, bifurcation theory and deterministic chaos. The main application for this device technology is in high voltage and extra-high voltage networks. There are various methods available for the early recognition of critical network situations and these can be used sequentially, simultaneously or independently of one another.
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The combination with external tap-changer information make the detection of gradual network breakdowns using the tap/time method possible Frequency relay functions (absolute value and gradient of network frequency is detected and analysed) is detected and analysed) is Measurement of low frequencies and comparison with a reference model (fingerprint) ( Monitoring of the voltage drift process Monitoring the change of the Lyapunov exponent Monitoring the damping profile of the network
The continual and precise measurement of all frequencies within the 0.1 to 50 Hz range is a particular requirement, in addition to voltage monitoring. These frequencies are used to evaluate the load dynamics and provide a measure for the network's stability reserve. Two different Fast Fourier Transformations (FFTs) covering the 0.01 Hz to 124.9 Hz range are used to determine the fingerprint. The stability reserve can also be defined by the distance of the system from the so-called Hopf point, although it must be remembered that the change of the distance from the Hopf point is not the only effect that can impact on a system with regard to its stability reserves. Once the Hopf point is reached, the network can devolve into a chaotic condition. This transition is known as a Hopf bifurcation. The position of the Hopf point is a function of the load dynamics but it can also be influenced by additional parameters. The approaching of the Hopf point is indicated by various frequency spectra, to which a specific global load dynamic can always be allocated. These spectra can be activated by torsional or load oscillations or the intermediate oscillations between electrical systems. The CPR-D can be deployed at any location in an electrical network. It only measures the voltages. The CPR-D provides various output signals: Advanced warning of a network breakdown Warning of a network breakdown Inhibit regulator Activation of regulator after alarm situation Every signal is assigned a specific parameter record using an automatic status device: Trigger condition Reset condition Reaction delay Reset delay
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Furthermore, mA signals are available as analogue outputs and can have any measurement parameters assigned to them (e.g. the Lyapunov exponent). The way in which the mA output Lyapunov exponent of the fingerprint analysis and/or damping monitor alters after a network breakdown advance warning helps decide whether the network is still moving in the direction of a collapse, if it is stuck in a critical condition, or whether the network parameters are stabilising. The activity guidelines for preventing a breakdown are also derived from the development of the Lyapunov exponent. The possible actions include: Load shedding Feeding additional active power Feeding additional reactive power Independent network Combinations Furthermore, critical changes to the network are stored in an event recorder together with information regarding the period before and after the event. Pre-trigger and post-trigger times can be selected individually. Depending on the incident, the fault record can be recorded either based on 0.5 ms, 10 ms, 5 s or 50 second sampling frequency and provides oscillographic pictures of the fault. The fault recorders can register the following signals: Sample values of the network voltage Average values of the network voltage Sample values of the network frequency Average value of the network frequency Gradient of the network frequency Binary input signals Binary output signals Summary of the CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay features: Spectral analysis with high frequency resolution in the 0.01 Hz to 124.9 Hz range Concurrent evaluation of the harmonic characteristics and comparison with reference model (fingerprint) Detection of collapse-specific frequency modes (fingerprint analysis) Spectral analysis, independent of level Analysis and evaluation of system dynamics Determination of network damping coefficient Real-time calculation of Lyapunov exponent Detection of gradual network breakdowns
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Frequency relay functions (average value, gradient) Standby function for voltage regulator Fault recorder functions Differentiated signalling strategies can be realised through several parameterisable binary outputs binary outputs binary
Description
Hardware-oriented block diagram of the Collapse Prediction Relay

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3 Functional Principle
The principal function is explained using the block diagram (see page 8) of the CPR-D. The CPR-D requires two external conductor voltages as input quantities. Much of the information required to detect a blackout can be ascertained from the voltages with the help of signal analysis (FFT transformation, Wavelet transformation (Morlet), Hilbert transformation, etc.). Current measurements are not suitable because the current primarily reflects the load situation at the chosen installation location and system-wide changes cannot be mapped in a suitable format. The measurement values are first digitalised (A-D converter) and subjected to spectral analysis. The system information hidden in the frequencies of the enveloping oscillations is determined using FFT, Wavelet transformation (Morlet Wavelet), Hilbert transformation etc., and fed into a unit which compares the measurement results with existing signatures. The networks often exhibit patterns in the frequency spectrum (fingerprints) ahead of collapse events. The number of patterns is limited and can be determined empirically. Detected patterns are then stored in the frequency pattern fingerprint function block.
3.
Fingerprint Analysis
The fingerprint analysis is based on an FFT spectral analysis. Experience has shown, for example, that a load step change on a turbine shaft generates a torsional oscillation which is normally well dampened, meaning it subsides quickly. In addition to this oscillation, subharmonics occur which correlate with the torsional oscillation (resonant frequency of the turbine). When a frequency is detected in the frequency spectrum which is similar to the resonant frequency of the turbine but has no matching subharmonic, then it is clear that this cannot be a torsional oscillation (phase swinging).

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Other typical frequencies lie in the mHz range. It is also known that generators synchronise or cluster in a stable interconnection. This is no longer possible in heavily loaded networks as the generators work with different frequencies. Due to the integrated output frequency controller, the frequency is directly proportional to the output. Operating the network in the proximity of a Hopf bifurcation point can lead to frequency differences between East, West, North and South. The impression that energy is pushed from one side of the supply area to the other from where it flows back again is an appropriate description of the scenario. The so-called inter-area oscillations are in the range of a few mHz and are also a significant indicator of a network with a stability reserve approaching zero. The non-linear dynamics are allocated to specific frequency ranges below. A number of literature sources in which the authors had examined different physical phenomena were assessed for this purpose. Furthermore, the IEEE models in the publication Subsynchronous Resonance in Power Systems were evaluated and used as research basis. The objective of these efforts was to establish a comparison with generic nonlinear models. The dynamics can be allocated to the causes generating them. With some non-linear processes the further process progression is determined by the pattern.
Fingerprint analysis: frequency classes
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The fingerprint analysis is based on spectral pattern recognition, which in turn, is based on the assessment of 32 frequency interval classes through a neural network. The neural network is supplied with current measurement data at 5 second intervals. Each frequency interval class combines neighbouring spectral components k = E {0...2047} from an FFT, with gaps and overlaps being possible. The parameters mid-frequency, bandwidth and the type of FFT (sampling rate) of each frequency interval class are used to define a weighting function wm (k) through which the recorded spectral values are mapped on the normalised effective value. In the case of the matrix analysis, all the spectral lines of a frequency class are added up and combined to form a representative frequency class. If the Gauss assessment is used, the frequencies occurring at the periphery of the class enter the result only marginally, whereas those at the band centre enter it predominantly.
Fingerprint analysis: overview
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Different events in the network modulate the supply voltage envelope and can be determined with spectral signal analysis. As shown on page 18, typical fingerprints develop for certain events which can be interpreted as a combination of different frequencies. To make sure there are no future restrictions with the allocation of different frequencies to a fingerprint, the CPR-D has been created with a feature permitting any combination of frequency interval classes.
Fingerprint analysis: NEURON
The individual frequency classes are submitted to a connection matrix. A total of 64 neurons can be selected from the connection matrix which can each be selected with 8 (out of 32!) frequency interval classes. Each frequency class is weighted with a neuron (see figure above) and submitted to a summing facility. The weighting factors w1..wn are determined empirically. The sum signals are again assessed in the output function function block. The degree of compliance is generated by applying the minimum operator to the output values of the neuron. The following example explains this more clearly: Classic Boolean logic is based on a bivalent statement logic. It assumes that each statement is either true or false; an element either belongs to a quantity or it does not. Quantities with such defined quantity limits are also called crisp sets in fuzzy logic. In both everyday life and in technology there are conditions which resist such a rigid classification.
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Most people perceive a room temperature of 0C as cold and a temperature of 35C as warm. What about a temperature of 18C, however? Everyone knows that depending on the biorhythm and other boundary conditions 18C can appear to be warm but also cold. In fuzzy logic, elements are allowed to have a certain association, both to the one and to the other quantity. The association is also referred to as membership value. The membership value lies in the value range [0, 1]. The summation result of a neuron is treated analogically to the above example. The exponents d and Xref in particular enable the increase in the output function to be determined. The greater d is, the smaller the transition range becomes, the smaller Xref is, the smaller the fuzzy range. In the transition range, at a specific percentage the respective x belongs to the one and to the other quantity. Based on current knowledge, more neuron inputs are available than required. The output values of neurons that are not used must therefore be set to 1. According to the equation for the output function, y becomes 1 if Xref becomes 0.
3..
Oscillations
The oscillations of a synchronous machine rotor (phase swinging) lie in the 0.1...2.5 Hz range (period duration: 10 s to 0.4 s). Intermediate oscillations lie in the 0.8 to 2.5 Hz range. Plant mode- or local mode oscillations lie in the 0.1 to 0.7 Hz range.
3..
Torsional oscillations
Each load step change causes torsions on the generator shafts which, depending on the mechanical mass, balance out more or less quickly. As there are different generators and different load dynamics, the frequency range of the torsional oscillations is characterised by a greater frequency spectrum. The frequency spectra are referred to as modes. Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 around 20 Hz around 31 Hz around 36 Hz
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24 Hz is considered a typical subsynchronous torsions modal frequency. Transitions from one mode to another are therefore possible. These transitions develop gradually. According to Canay, the transition from 24 Hz to 24.5 Hz, for example, occurs at a time constant of approx. 20 s.
3..3
Low-frequency oscillations
Frequencies in the 6...15 Hz range can be interpreted as oscillations of the load angle. Typically, three frequency ranges are formed: f1 = f2 = f3 = 5.1 Hz 6.7 Hz 12.3 Hz
3..4
Downwind tower shade or wind barrier effect

The downwind tower shade effect with the parallel operation of two wind power systems with identical design and asynchronous generators causes a superimposed sinusoidal alternating portion where its amplitudes in relationship to the stationary nominal moment can be up to 20%. The rotor phase difference causes a synchronising moment aimed at the synchronous running of the system. This reinforces the effect naturally. The frequency ranges: Large wind power systems: 12...15 revolutions per minute 0.6 ...0.75 Hz for three blade systems Small wind power systems: 27...30 revolutions per minute 1.35 ...1.5 Hz for three blade systems Note: modern wind power systems compensate the downwind tower shade effect through electrical intermediate circuits but their interaction generates other problems. A total of 13 frequency intervals have been defined based on the nominal frequency of 50 Hz. 1 2 3 4 > 0.0 > 0.3 > 0.7 > 1.1 < 0.3 Hz < 0.7 Hz < 1.1 Hz < 2.0 Hz
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5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 > 2.0 > 2.5 > 4.0 > 14.0 > 20.0 > 29.0 > 35.0 > 49.9 > 50.1 < 2.5 Hz < 4.0 Hz < 14.0 Hz < 20.0 Hz < 29.0 Hz < 35.0 Hz < 49.9 Hz < 50.1 Hz
The frequency classes derive from simulations and empirical values. However, the class limits can be shifted with WinCP at any time. The individual dynamic compensation processes with their characteristic frequency portions have been allocated to a specific excitation as frequency pattern below. Example: An intermediate system oscillation has occurred when frequencies from intervals 1 and 2 can be detected in the signal mix. Intermediate frequency oscillations: Interval: Pattern: 1 1 2 1 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x
Locally limited oscillations Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 1 4 1 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x
Mode 1 torsional oscillations Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 1 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x
Mode 2 torsional oscillations Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 1 10 11 12 13 x x x x
Mode 3 torsional oscillations Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 1 x x x
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Supersynchronous modes of torsional oscillations Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 1 10 11 12 13 1 1 x 1
Oscillation mode through the forerunners of a global event (Kuspe) Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 1 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x
Tower barrier effect through systems > 1 MW Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 1 3 1 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x
Tower barrier effect through systems < 1 MW Interval: Pattern: 1 1 2 1 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x
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An essential condition for a collapse prediction has been met once an archived fingerprint is detected.
3.
Lyapunov Exponent
The Lyapunov exponent is also determined. The Lyapunov exponent determined is the respective largest short-term Lyapunov exponent. The largest Lyapunov exponent can also be defined as the poorest measure of damping. The Lyapunov exponent is a measure for the degree of order and thus the stability of the electrical system in question. The determination of the Lyapunov exponent is based on two similar starting values for the system in question, with the trajectories being monitored. Trajectories can be understood as development lines approaching a solution or a specific final system status. The Lyapunov exponent is close to zero if the development lines do not drift apart. It becomes negative when the solutions approach each other and becomes positive when the trajectories move apart. This condition is the critical scenario from a system theory perspective. The Lyapunov exponent can also be given as an analogous value which reflects the change of the degree of order, i.e. the stability, of the system in a time-line diagram (graph). If the Lyapunov exponent changes in the direction of positive values, then this is another indication of the onset of system instability.
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3.3 Damping Monitor
The damping characteristics of the individual frequencies in the 10 mHz to 124.9 Hz range are determined in the damping monitor function block. Since an electrical system cannot have a single damping value but only damping values for specific frequencies, the entire frequency spectrum monitored was divided into frequency modes (frequency ranges). Frequency lines are determined within these frequency modes, their damping characteristics are defined and stored in a memory. Based on this voltage time series, the damping monitor detects supply voltage oscillations and estimates the resonant frequency, damping and amplitude for the associated time intervals. The corresponding parameter sets receive a timestamp and are recorded as damping events. The statistical analysis of the damping events allows characteristic values to be obtained for the evaluation of the network stability. The basis is the voltage time series of the line voltage envelope. The damping monitor only supplies variables which characterise the system behaviour. It does not use system model parameters and does not deliver variables for system modelling. The tasks is that of generating a so-called output-only analysis, i.e. the modal system characteristics (resonant frequency, damping, amplitude) for non-observable excitations need to be estimated on the basis of the system reaction. Parametric processes are not practical because of the non-deterministic character of the excitation. Since the system to be monitored is normally not excited in a manner permanently broadbanded to the oscillations, the modal parameters must be estimated from oscillation events that can be identified as closed ranges with significant amplitude in the time-frequency level. The spectral estimation requires large time windows for adequate frequency resolution of the low-frequency modes. In contrast, smaller time windows are required for an adequate time resolution of the dynamics of modes with higher frequencies. Therefore the high frequency dynamic (0.005 Hz..125 Hz i.e. 1 : 25000) cannot be realised through a spectral analysis with consistent resolution in the frequency and time range.

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The frequency damping map indicates the recurrence of the detected events in the form of defined frequency and damping classes. The recurrency with which a frequency damping class was excited is colour-coded and entered as a square in the frequency damping level. The corresponding colour code of the events is shown as legend next to the map (red ellipsis). The presentation in y-direction shows the recordable frequency range. The damping values can be found on the x-axis. Frequency bands that can each be interpreted physically are typically seen in the areas a) to d). Example: we assume a collective voltage superimposed by a slow oscillation (0.05 Hz) which rises in its amplitude within several ten seconds from zero to a significant value and then subsides again with the same time characteristic. On the one hand the damping map then shows - at the 0.05 Hz frequency - one or several events of positive damping (f and g) but, on the other hand, one or several events of negative damping (e). If we further assume that the increasing or subsiding oscillation process is consistent over the existing period, the two zerosymmetric entries for damping are made at the corresponding frequency in the map. If this described event occurs several times, the two entries are colour-coded in the map corresponding to their recurrence. This process described cannot be expected to progress in such an ideal manner in actual systems and so an exact

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symmetry for the zero damping of the map cannot be expected (compare the horizontal red mark). The operator can specify a damping limit from which point warnings or triggering actions of the fault recording function can be executed (vertical light-gray line, f-g section limit), for example. In addition to this option, the device also provides the capability of using the frequency damping diagram to obtain information as to whether, how often and with which frequency modes the set damping limit is violated. A differentiated view of the frequency range (comparable to the fingerprint analyses) is also possible here. Apart from global modes - intermediate system oscillation, oscillation modes within control zones, etc. - the different frequency ranges (a-d) also contain information on local modes such as torsional modes, subsynchronous resonances, modes caused by tower barrier/downwind tower shade effects, etc. if these modes were excited in the respective network area. This allows for a detailed analysis of the network environment at the measuring site. On the basis of the chosen statistical presentation, the user can assess the development of these effects. Network change processes in the damping behaviour in particular can be monitored and assessed with the help of the statistics evaluations. A differentiated view of the networks, a risk assessment through undamping networks complements the otherwise customary 50 Hz view of the networks. The development of the damping data can be added to analyses for strategic network development and dynamic weak points can be ascertained in a targeted manner. Depending on the damping development, solutions can also be developed with the network operator which contribute to the improvement of the damping behaviour in the relevant frequency ranges through network construction measures - in case of further undamping of the networks during operation, via control systems or over time. Due to the change processes in the network through the integration of decentralised feeders, changed load properties, requirements for the economic optimisation of the networks, etc., network considerations are no longer limited to the 50 Hz components alone. Frequency modes smaller than 50 Hz, especially in the very low ranges represent additional risks for networks. These need to be detected and assessed early on.
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Signal analysis with the help of FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) is not suitable for demonstrating dynamic processes damping events. The reason for this is explained by the following illustrations:
The two signals 1 and 2 are added. This yields test signal 1 The FFT of test signal 1 delivers:
and the Wavelet transformation leads to the following spectrum
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Now these two test signals are not added but are viewed with a time offset. This yields test signal 2
The FFT of test signal 2 delivers:
and the Wavelet transformation leads to the following spectrum:
This demonstrates that FFT is not suitable for dynamic processes. The FFT leads to the same spectra for both very different signal shapes. With the Wavelet transformation, the two different signal shapes also lead to different spectra.
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The illustrations demonstrates this once more in a combined view:
Modulated signal with FFT and Wavelet transformation
Signal with changing frequency with FFT and Wavelet transformation
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3.4 Drift Process
Another blackout indicator is the time progression of the voltage after an interference resembling a drift process. In well damped networks the voltage returns to a stationary value following the transient procedure. The stationary value can only be influenced by load changes or changes on the feed side. The network has a tendency to instability if the operating point of the network is located in close proximity to the bifurcation point. An increase or decrease of the voltage with a specific gradient can be observed in such cases. The gradient (e.g. 1%/ hour) largely depends on the network structure (see also Greece incident).
Example of a drift process Greece blackout July 12, 2004
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4 Presentation of the Different Measurement Quantities
Different measurement value classes are recorded, edited and stored in the CPR-D. The distinction is made between: Cyclical measurement data, event-triggered measurement data and recorder data. Overview of the cyclical measurement data With the cyclical measurement values, a distinction is made between primary and derived measurement values.
Function
Nom. network frequency [Hz] Converter factor of primary converter Primary value of primary converter [V] Secondary value of primary converter [V] Nominal value measurement channel [V] (ReadOnly) Continuous value measurement channel [V] (ReadOnly) Full scale range measurement channel [V] (ReadOnly) Reference voltage Uref [V] Significance threshold voltage / Uref [%] Significance threshold spectral components Transformer configuration
Value range
Value: 50.0;60.0;16.7? +/-0.001...10000 +/-0.001...1000000 +/-0.001...1000 Channel: {1..2} Channel: {1..2} Channel: {1..2} 0.001...1000000 0.0...100.0 0.0...1.0 0 (n.u.)
Event-triggered measurement values The results are stored in an event recorder. Each event is registered with start and end information.
4.
Averages
Description r.m.s. value voltage u12 [V] r.m.s. value voltage u23 [V] r.m.s. value voltage u31 [V] r.m.s. value collective voltage [V] Gradient of collective voltage [V/s] Standard deviation collective voltage [V] Correlation factor collective voltage Voltage asymmetry [%] Lyapunov exponent Network frequency [Hz] Gradient of network frequency [Hz/s] Standard deviation network frequency [Hz] Correlation factor network frequency
8
CPR-D
4. AveragesFPA
Description Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 1 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 2 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 3 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 4 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 5 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 6 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 7 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 8 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 9 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 10 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 11 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 12 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 13 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 14 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 15 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 16 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 17 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 18 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 19 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 20 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 21 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 22 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 23 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 24 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 25 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 26 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 27 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 28 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 29 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 30 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 31 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 32 Intensity mode 1 Intensity mode 2 Intensity mode 3 Intensity mode 4 Intensity mode 5 Intensity mode 6
9
CPR-D
Intensity mode 7 Intensity mode 8 Intensity mode 9 Intensity mode 10 Intensity mode 11 Intensity mode 12 Intensity mode 13 Intensity mode 14 Intensity mode 15 Intensity mode 16
4.3
Extremes0ms
Description Minimum U12 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum U12 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum U23 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum U23 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum U31 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum U31 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum UK (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum UK (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum gradient UK (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum gradient UK (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum UU (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum network frequency (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum network frequency (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum gradient network frequency (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum gradient network frequency (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum Lyapunov exponent (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum Lyapunov exponent (10 ms / 8.33 ms)
4.4
Extremes0ms5s
Description Minimum U12 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum U12 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum U23 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum U23 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum U31 (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum U31 (10 ms / 8.33 ms)
30
CPR-D
Minimum UK (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum UK (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum gradient UK (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum gradient UK (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum UU (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum network frequency (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum network frequency (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum gradient network frequency (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum gradient network frequency (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum Lyapunov exponent (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Maximum Lyapunov exponent (10 ms / 8.33 ms) Minimum U12 (5 s) Maximum U12 (5 s) Minimum U23 (5 s) Maximum U23 (5 s) Minimum U31 (5 s) Maximum U31 (5 s) Minimum UK (5 s) Maximum UK (5 s) Minimum gradient UK (5 s) Maximum gradient UK (5 s) Maximum UU (5 s) Minimum network frequency (5 s) Maximum network frequency (5 s) Minimum gradient network frequency (5 s) Maximum gradient network frequency (5 s) Minimum Lyapunov exponent (5 s) Maximum Lyapunov exponent (5 s)
4.5
MaximaFPA
Description Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 1 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 2 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 3 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 4 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 5 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 6 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 7 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 8 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 9
3
CPR-D
Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 10 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 11 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 12 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 13 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 14 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 15 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 16 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 17 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 18 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 19 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 20 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 21 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 22 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 23 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 24 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 25 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 26 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 27 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 28 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 29 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 30 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 31 Maximum normalised 5 s r.m.s. value frequency band 32 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 1 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 2 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 3 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 4 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 5 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 6 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 7 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 8 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 9 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 10 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 11 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 12 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 13 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 14 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 15 Maximum 5 s intensity mode 16
3
CPR-D
4.6 BinarySignals
Description 5 s limit signals 1..32 5 s limit signals 33..64 5 s limit signals 65..96 5 s limit signals 97..128 Binary inputs 1..32 Relay outputs 1..32 LED 1..32
4.7
AmplitudeFFT
Description Amount of spectral component 0 (0.00 Hz) Amount of spectral component 1 (0.10 Hz / 0.01 Hz) ... Amount of spectral component 1249 (124.9 Hz / 12.49 Hz)
4.8
ComplexFFT
Description Amount of spectral component 0 (0.00 Hz) Phase of spectral component 0 (0.00 Hz) [] Amount of spectral component 1 (0.10 Hz / 0.01 Hz) Phase of spectral component 1 (0.10 Hz / 0.01 Hz) [] ... Amount of spectral component 1249 (124.9 Hz / 12.49 Hz) Phase of spectral component 1249 (124.9 Hz / 12.49 Hz) []
4.9
DampAvg
Description Frequency class 1 : frequency average value [Hz] Frequency class 1 : damping average value Frequency class 1 : amplitude average value Frequency class 1 : rel. recurrence of damping events < dmin [%] Frequency class 2 : frequency average value [Hz] Frequency class 2 : damping average value Frequency class 2 : amount average value Frequency class 2 : rel. recurrence of damping events < dmin [%] Frequency classes 3..177
33
CPR-D
Frequency class 178 : frequency average value [Hz] Frequency class 178 : damping average value Frequency class 178 : amount average value Frequency class 178 : rel. recurrence of damping events < dmin [%]
4.0
DampCnt
Description Measuring time[s] Sum of damping events Frequency class 1 : number of damping events Frequency class 1 : number of damping events d<dmin Frequency class 1 : number of damping events damping class 1 Frequency class 1 : Frequency class 2 : number of damping events damping class 90 Frequency class 2 : number of damping events Frequency class 2 : number of damping events d<dmin Frequency class 2 : number of damping events damping class 1 Frequency class 2 : Frequency class 1 : number of damping events damping class 90 Frequency classes 3..177 Frequency class 178 : number of damping events Frequency class 178 : number of damping events d<dmin Frequency class 178 : number of damping events damping class 1 Frequency class 178 : Frequency class 178 : number of damping events damping class 90
34
CPR-D
5 Recorder Data
The CPR-D has four recorders available. Recorder A: The sampling rates of the voltages are stored in recorder A. The sampling rate is 2048 Hz and therefore delivers fault records for the voltages comparable to those from the protective devices. The fault record can be recorded with a selectable pre-trigger and post-trigger time. Recorder B: The 10 ms values from limit violation with information before and after the event are stored in recorder B. Recorder C: The 50 s values from limit violation with information before and after the event are stored in recorder C. Recorder D: The 5 s values from limit violation with information before and after the event are stored in recorder D. Each recorder can store several fault records of equal length which are stored in chronological sequence. The length of the fault record can be parameterised. The recorders are also triggered through binary signals.
35
CPR-D
Binary triggers:
Binary inputs External triggers Software triggers Measurement value triggers Exceeded thresholds
Triggering occurs when a released trigger signal changes from the passive to the active state. The distinction is made between two scenarios depending on the current recording status: 1. Each trigger event has a pre-trigger and post trigger time. If a trigger event occurs after the last recording activity was completed, a new fault record is generated, the length of which was determined by the RECLEN parameter. If the period between the end of the record and the new trigger time is greater than the pre-trigger time, the record is stored and the sequence trigger incremented by the value 1.
36
CPR-D
2. If only a period smaller than the pre-trigger time exists between the end of a record and the new event, the next record is appended immediately after completion of the first record. The length of the subsequent record is defined by the RECLEN parameter. In this case, part of the information that would be expected in the pre-trigger of the subsequent record will be included in the post-trigger of the first record. The sequence trigger is also incremented by the value 1 in this case. The maximum number of the sequence triggers can be parameterised.
The counter is set to zero if a fault sequence needs to be terminated because the maximum number of permitted fault records has been reached. Trigger signals for recorder A Recorder A records the events on the sampling value level. The sampling rate is 2.048 Hz Measurement quantities: Base ID = 832 Description Sampling value u12 [V] Sampling value u23 [V] Sampling value u31 [V]
Data type Float Float Float
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CPR-D
5. Parameterisation of the Recorders
Function Fault record length (sampling r.) Trigger point (sampling r.) Retrigger point (sampling r.) Trigger signal dwell time [s] Max. number of fault records / sequence Upper trigger threshold CC volt. / UC, [%] Lower trigger threshold CC volt. / UC, [%] Upper trigger threshold coll. volt. / UC, [%] Lower trigger threshold coll. volt. / UC, [%] Upper trigger threshold gradient coll. volt. / UC*s, [%/s] Lower trigger threshold gradient coll. volt. / UC*s, [%/s] Voltage hysteresis / UC, [%] Upper trigger threshold frequency, [Hz] Lower trigger threshold frequency, [Hz] Upper trigger threshold gradient frequency, [Hz/s] Lower trigger threshold gradient frequency, [Hz/s] Frequency hysteresis, [Hz] Trigger enable screen: Bit(ID) read, write Bit index = ID%32 + 1, vector index = ID/32 Reading, writing by vector Vector index = ID/32 ID : see below Argument : Value range, default value 420480, 2048 0 <= Trigger point < (Length-1), 682 Trigger p. < retrigger point < (trigger p.+ Length-1), 1365 0, 20.0 s 116, 4 0...200 %, 110 % 0...200 %, 90 % 0...200 %, 110 % 0...200 %, 90 % 0...100 %/s, 1 %/s -100...0 %/s, -1 %/s 0...100 %, 2 % 0...100 Hz, 50.5 Hz 0...100 Hz, 49.5 Hz 0...100 Hz/s, 0.01 Hz/s -100...0 Hz/s, -0.01 Hz/s 0...100 Hz, 0.05 Hz 0 = disabled 1 = enabled 0x00000000...0xFFFFFFFF, 0x00000000
Trigger signals for recorder B Recorder B records averaged period signals in the 10 ms grid. Trigger signals for recorder C Recorder C records average values of interval length 5 s. It is only triggered by the 5 s values. Trigger signals for recorder C Recorder D records average values of interval length 50 s. It is only triggered by the 5 s values. The maximum recording length per fault record is 2000 measurement points.
38
CPR-D
5.. Measurement quantities (5s)
Description r.m.s. value of u12 [V] r.m.s. value of u23 [V] r.m.s. value of u31 [V] r.m.s. value of uk [V] Gradient of the r.m.s. value of uk [V/s] Asymmetry [%] Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 1 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 2 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 3 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 4 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 5 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 6 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 7 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 8 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 9 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 10 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 11 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 12 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 13 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 14 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 15 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 16 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 17 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 18 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 19 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 20 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 21 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 22 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 23 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 24 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 25 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 26 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 27 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 28 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 29 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 30 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 31 Normalised r.m.s. value frequency band 32 Intensity mode 1 Intensity mode 2 Intensity mode 3 Intensity mode 4
Data type Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float
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CPR-D
Intensity mode 5 Intensity mode 6 Intensity mode 7 Intensity mode 8 Intensity mode 9 Intensity mode 10 Intensity mode 11 Intensity mode 12 Intensity mode 13 Intensity mode 14 Intensity mode 15 Intensity mode 16 Lyapunov exponent Min. sliding average of the Lyapunov exponent Max. sliding average of the Lyapunov exponent Network frequency [Hz] Gradient of network frequency [Hz/s] Binary inputs (currently max.16) Binary outputs (currently max.16) Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Float Long(32Bits) Long(32Bits)
40
CPR-D
6 CPR-D as a System Component
The CPR-D can be connected to all devices in the XXX-DX series (REG-D, REG-D, D, REGDA, REG-DM, PAN-D, REG-DP, MMU-D, EOR-D etc.) of A. Eberle GmbH Co. -DM, DM, PAN-D, -D, D, REG-DP, MMU-D, EOR-D etc.) of A. Eberle GmbH Co. KG's range of devices to create a measurement, regulation, registration control and monitoring system. The individual devices are connected via the E-LAN system bus. Up to 255 different devices can communicate with each other on an E-LAN. The following example illustrates the system overview and in particular, the benefit resulting from the global view of the devices. If a voltage regulator from A. Eberle GmbH Co KG's range is used it is connected with the CPR-D via E-LAN. In the event of a collapse warning, the CPR-D could send a message to the regulator which forces it to shut down. This would be a worthwhile approach because voltage drops can often be observed ahead of a collapse which the regulator would normally need to compensate for by increasing the voltage. However, additional power would be requested by increasing the voltage which could destabilise the unstable system. After the fault, the regulator could also be switched back to normal mode via the bus.
4
CPR-D
7
7.
Technical Design
The Hardware
The CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay is an extremely flexible component from both the hardware and the software perspective. The basic unit is supplied as a 19 plug-in module (18TE, 3HE). In addition to using standard 19 technology, all standard mechanical mounting and installation options can be used. The 19 plug-in modules must be mounted in a suitable control panel mounting enclosure or wall mounting enclosure if desired. The advantage of 19 technology: in principle one basic unit can be used for all design types. This provides significant simplifications, particularly with regard to the storage and maintenance of devices.
Feature M00:
5 relay outputs 6 binary inputs 2 mA outputs Status relay
4
CPR-D
8 Electrical Data
The description only shows the mechanical base unit, the 19 plug-in module. For the specific hardware characteristics (type of housing, connection elements, etc.) of your Collapse Prediction Relays CPR-D, refer to section 5.3 Your Device Type or the corresponding design specification (BV) included with the delivery.
8.
Regulations and Standards

IEC 1010 / EN 61010 (VDE 0411) CAN / CSA - C 22.2 No. 1010.1 - 92 VDE 0110 IEC 255-4 EN 61326 -1 / A1 IEC 688 -1 BS 6253 IEC 529 BS 5490 EN 50178 / VDE 0160 / 11.94 (currently in draft form) VDE0106 part 100 DIN 40050
8.
AC Voltage Input
Input voltages U Frequency range Curve shape Usync Internal consumption Overload capacity 80 V ... 120 V DC ... 65 Hz Sinus (45 ... 65 Hz) UNominal2 / 100 k < 1.7 UNominal
8.3
Binary Inputs (inputs E ... E6)

Control voltage Curve shape, permissible H level L level Signal frequency fs Input resistance Electrical isolation 48 V...250 V AC/DC Rectangular, sinusoidal > 48 V < 10 V DC fs 60 Hz 108 k Optocoupler
43
CPR-D
8.4 Relay Outputs (relay R...R6, status relay)
Max. switching frequency Electrical isolation Contact load Switching frequency Status relay 1 Hz Isolated from all device-internal potentials 250 V AC, 5 A ( cos = 1.0 ) 250 V AC, 3 A ( cos = 0.4 ) 220 V DC, 55 W ( L/R = 0 ms) 110 V DC, 55 W ( L/R = 0 ms) 60 V DC, 55 W ( L/R = 0 ms) 30 V DC, 150 W ( L/R = 0 ms) > 105 electrical Relay with change-over contact
8.5
Analogue Outputs (K, K)

Electrical isolation End value of the output current (Y2) Characteristic curve Max. load voltage Nominal load Short circuit proof Idle-proof Alternating component Isolated from all device-internal potentials 2.5 mA, 5 mA, 10 mA, 20 mA Unipolar, bipolar and bent 8 V 8 V / Y2 Outputs are protected against constant short circuit Outputs are idle-proof <0.5% of Y2
8.6
Reference Conditions
Reference temperature Input quantities Auxiliary voltage Frequency Curve shape Nominal load for mA outputs Other 23C 1 K 100 V, 5A H = Hn 1% 50 Hz...60 Hz Sine, form factor 1.1107 Rn = 4 V / Y2 1% IEC 688 - Part 1
8.7
Electrical Safety
Protection class Degree of pollution Overvoltage category I 2 II, III
44
CPR-D
Overvoltage categories
III Input circuits of the voltage transformer, power supply II Control circuits, analogue outputs, ELANs, COMs
Nominal isolation voltages

50 V E-LAN COM 1 - COM 3, Time synchronisation, analogue outputs 0 V Input voltage 30 V Power supply, binary Inputs (E1 ... E6), relay outputs (R1 R5), status relay
8.8
Electromagnetic Compatibility
The device conforms to the emitted interference and interference immunity requirements specified in EN 55011: 1991, EN 50082-2: 1995.
Interference emissions
In accordance with EN 55011 Limit class A group 1
Immunity to interference
Discharge in air Contact discharge
Electromagnetic discharge in accordance with EN 61000-4-2 8 kV 4 kV
Electromagnetic fields In accordance with ENV 50140, ENV 50204 80 MHz...1000 MHz 10 V / m Radio frequency range 900 MHz 5 MHz 10 V / m 10 V / m pulse-modulated
Fast transient interference (bursts) in accordance with EN61000-4-4 Supply voltage Data cables Conducted interferences 0.15 MHz...80 MHz Radio frequency range 230 V AC, 4 kV 2 kV In accordance with EN 50141 Ueff = 10 V Ueff = 3 V
Magnetic fields in accordance with EN 61000-4-8 50 Hz fields 30 A / m

45
CPR-D
8.9 Climatic Stability
Temperature range Function (housing) Function (plug-in module) Transport and storage -10C...+50C -10C...+60C -25C...+65C
8.0
Power Supply
Feature AC DC Power consumption Frequency Miniature fuse H 85 V...110 V...264 V 88 V...110 V...280 V 15 VA 50 Hz / 60 Hz T2 250 V H 18 V...60 V...72 V 15 Watt T2 250 V
The following applies to all features: Voltage dips from 80 ms cause neither loss of data nor malfunction.
8.
Display, Status, Reset

Status display: LED - green Four freely programmable LEDs (red, green, and the secondary colour orange) can be assigned to specific freely selected events. Function monitoring (Status) The battery, processor cycles (watchdog), operating voltage and the communication with other components, if required, are all monitored in every device. A reset button is located on the front of the CPR-D which can only be operated with a tool and which is required to load new firmware versions (see also Section 16).
46
CPR-D
9
9.
Mechanical Design
Plug-In Module
Front panel Height Width Weight Degree of protection Plug-in modules Socket connector Mounting Plug-in connectors Aluminium, RAL 7035 light grey 3 HE (128.5 mm) 18 TE (91.4 mm) 1.5 kg IP 00 IP 00 Conforms to DIN 41494 Part 5 DIN 41612
Dimensions
Location of the circuit boards and blade connectors (top view)
47
CPR-D
9. Pin Assignment
Position of the socket connector (rear view)
9.3
Block Diagram
The block diagram shows the allocation of the individual function blocks to a particular socket connector and the labelling of the pin position. This information is only required if the plug-in module is removed from the 19 unit and is to be mounted outside of A. Eberle GmbH Co. KG's factory. In general, only the pin assignment is of relevance if the devices are mounted in a housing or mounting rack at the A. Eberle GmbH Co. KG factory. Not all combinations of characteristics are listed on the following pages, but the omitted ones can easily be deduced from the information provided.
48
CPR-D
CPR-D block diagram
49
CPR-D
10
0.
Assignment of the Socket Connectors

Socket Connector : Voltages
Description Voltage (AC) Voltage (AC) Voltage (AC) Functional earthing Auxiliary voltage UL1 UL2 UL3 FE UH
Function L1 L2 L3 L (+) L (-) PE
Pin Assignment 8 10 12 14 24 28 30 32
The voltage inputs U1E ... U3E and the synchronisation input Usync can be used up to a rated value of b110 V / 230 V.
50
CPR-D
0. Socket Connector 4
Binary inputs and relay outputs, analogue outputs feature M92
Description Status
Relay
Binary outputs 230 V
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R1...R6 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E1...E6
Function NC contact NO contact Pole NO contact NO contact NO contact NO contact NO contact NO contact Pole + + + + + + GND + + -
Pin b10 b12 b14 b18 b20 b22 b24 b26
Comments
Faulty operation Normal operation Collapse advance warning Collapse warning Regulator inhibit Regulator activation Freely program. Freely program.
Binary inputs 230 V
Analogue outputs
K1 K2
b16 z2 Suppression collapse signal b2 Freely program. z4 Freely program. b4 Freely program. z6 Freely program. b6 Freely program. z8 b32 Lyapunov exponent z32 b30 Freely program. z30
5
CPR-D
0.3 Socket Connector 5
Interfaces: Communication COM 2, COM 3, E-LAN, BUS synchronisation
Description COM 2 RS232
COM 3 RS485
E-LAN R
Right
E-LAN L
Left
Time Trigger
Function +12 V CTS RTS GND RxD TxD Rx Rx + Tx Tx + EE+ EAEA+ EE+ EAEA+ Time A Time B Trigger A Trigger B
Pin z24 z22 z20 b24 b22 b20 z32 z30 b32 b30 z12 z10 z8 z6 b12 b10 b8 b6 b4 b6 z4 z6
5
CPR-D
11 Interfaces
The CPR-D has several interfaces. Each device is equipped with the COM 1 (RS232) as standard which is used by a PC to handle the parameterisation and the transfer of data. Two E-LAN interfaces are also included as standard so that each CPR-D is able to communicate with the system. -D D is able to communicate with the system. Other interfaces can be selected if required. For example, a dedicated line (modem) can be connected to COM 2 without blocking the parameterisation interface COM 1. The COM 3 RS485 interface enables additional interface modules (ANA-D, BIN-D) to be connected which extends the hardware resources of every single CPR-D by including extra analogue inputs and outputs and extra binary inputs and outputs.
.
COM Interface (RS3, optional)

The COM 2 serial interface can be used, amongst other things, to connect the CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay to higher-level control devices. The control centre coupling card REG-P(X) can be connected via COM 2 in order to control the output of the CPR-D, for example, using the IEC870-5-101 / 103 protocol.
.
COM 3 Interface (RS485, optional)

Up to 15 interface modules (BIN-D, ANA-D) can be connected to COM 3 in any combination in order to increase the number of inputs and outputs.
.3
E-LAN (Energy Local Area Network)

Two E-LAN interfaces are available on the CPR-D as standard. This ensures that each CPR-D has system capability. The E-LAN is used to link up to 255 E-LAN bus stations (CPR-D, DMR-D, EOR-D, REG-DP, REG-D, REG-DA, REG-DM, MMU-D, PAN-D, PQI-D). -DP, DP, REG-D, REG-DA, REG-DM, MMU-D, PAN-D, PQI-D). All the stations can communicate with each other or can be centrally controlled. Characteristics of the E-LAN 255 bus stations can be addressed Multimaster structure Integrated repeater function Can be operated as open ring, bus or combination of bus and ring Record based on SDLC/HDLC frames Transfer rate 15.6 kbit/s and 375 kbit/s Telegram length 10 ... 30 bytes Average throughput approx. 100 telegrams at 62.5 kbit/s For configuration see E-LAN (Energy Local Area Network) in Win CP.
53
CPR-D
12 Configuration Information
The E-LAN (Energy Local Area Network) is a powerful bus used to realise the communication of all bus devices. It can be operated either as 2-wire or 4-wire bus. -wire wire or 4-wire bus. The bus controller can store up to 255 addresses. This means that, theoretically, up to 255 A. Eberle GmbH Co. KG devices can be operated by one E-LAN, and -LAN, LAN, and in extreme cases, they can all be read and parameterised using a single COM 1 or COM 2 (RS232) interface. It is possible to use either a 2-wire and 4-wire line-to-line connection, or to operate up to 32 devices in parallel using a dedicated 2-wire line such as a standard bus connection. Combinations of the two topologies are possible, as is the conversion to other bus protocols and other physical media (fibre-optic cable connection, coaxial cable, etc.). The line-to-line topology has an E-LAN characteristic which is particularly useful for distributed installed devices. Two RS485 devices can be separated by a distance of up to 1.2 km according to the specification of the RS485 driver. However, since the CPR-D, like all other bus components, is equipped with a double interface (E-LAN right and E-LAN left), each bus device acts as a repeater, meaning that the distance to be bridged can be increased by a further 1.2 km. Figure 14 shows a configuration in which four CPR-Ds, with addresses <A> to <D>, are operating on a dedicated 2-wire line using standard bus technology. The distance between these four devices may not exceed 1.2 km. A second bus line is opened from address <B>. In this example, it leads to two bus stations a REG-D voltage regulator (address <E>) and a Peterson coil regulator (address <F>). In this example, an EOR-D is connected to the right hand E-LAN interface of the CPR-D with address <D> using a 4-wire connection. The issue of which device should be connected to the right interface, and which to the left interface is easily settled: both are acceptable. The system can detect which sort of device is connected to which interface (left or right) and enters the corresponding bus station (address, type of device, connection type) into its own bus index. Therefore, the bus type does not have to be taken into consideration when planning an E-LAN. However, it must be ensured that each E-LAN component has a unique address (A...A9, B...B9, C...C9.....Z...Z4) and that the transfer speed and bus topology are identical between two devices that are connected with each other. Furthermore, if a two-core connection is used, it must be ensured that the first and last bus connection are terminated with a resistor. Reflections at the end of the bus are suppressed by the resistor. Resistors are available in every device and can be activated or deactivated using WinCP.
54
CPR-D
Unused E-LAN connections should either be terminated or operated in the 4-wire mode.
E-LAN networking example
55
CPR-D
. Time Synchronisation and Measurement Trigger
The CPR-D has an accurate quartz real time clock (RTC), which continues to run even if the auxiliary voltage is interrupted. The synchronisation of multiple devices is achieved by linking the CPR-Ds via the so-called time synchronisation bus (RS 232) and/or E-LAN. If a device is defined as the time master, it cyclically transmits its local time via ELAN to all the other CPR-Ds. The master also sends additional pulses to the other CPR-Ds every second via the time synchronisation bus to achieve sub-second accuracy. Thus, the real time clock of each synchronised CPR-D will exactly match that of the master CPR-D. If the master CPR-D is synchronised by a radio time signal (e.g. DCF77), this signal is also applied to all the CPR-Ds it synchronises. Multiple CPR-Ds can also be synchronised by connecting a DCF 77 receiver or GPS receiver to each CPR-D.
BUS synchronisation, Example for 3 CPR-Ds in two-wire connection
56
CPR-D
Termination
.
Measurement Trigger
The CPR-D records fault records triggered by events. They are connected with a measurement trigger bus in order to be able to receive simultaneous fault records across several CPR-Ds. If an event occurs in one CPR-D which triggers an internal fault record recording, this unit sends a trigger impulse to the measurement trigger bus. This pulse is then detected by the other CPR-Ds and triggers the recording -Ds Ds and triggers the recording of fault records if external triggering has been enabled.
57
CPR-D
The time trigger can also be used to retrospectively deduce how a particular event at input 1 has affected the voltage quality at output 5. The measurement trigger should always be activated if the exact time sequence of events is required. Time differences of a few tenths of a millisecond may occur if time-critical data is transmitted over the E-LAN, due to the bus running time. From the electrical point of view, the time synchronisation bus and the measurement trigger bus exhibit the same characteristics as the E-LAN (RS 485). However, in contrast to the E-LAN, the interfaces of the first two can only be configured using jumpers. All CPR-Ds are supplied with the termination switched off. The default values do not have to be altered if one or more CPR-Ds are operated in a single housing or 19 mounting rack. The first and last devices on the bus must be correctly terminated if multiple housings or mounting racks are used (causing the bus length to be longer than 50 cm). For time and measurement trigger signals there is a difference between active and passive termination. Active termination terminates the bus with the wave resistance at the start of the cable and, at the same time, applies the driving voltage to the appropriate bus segment. On the other hand, a passively terminated bus station is normally located at the end of the cable, and is simply terminated with the wave resistance in order to prevent reflections. For this reason, the first device on the bus must be set to active termination and the last device to passive termination. The termination remains switched off for all the intermediate devices, i.e. they remain in the default status. The jumpers for the two signals are located on an additional board which is mounted on the circuit board CPU (see figure on page 57). A total of 32 devices can be connected in this manner. The RS 485 drivers specification stipulates that the maximum separation of two devices should not exceed 1.2 km.
58
CPR-D
13 Parameterisation
The CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay can be connected to the E-LAN just like -LAN LAN just like all other REGSys devices. A PC is used for the parameterisation and for the synchronisation management as well as to display the measurement data of the networked devices. It can be connected to one or more CPR-Ds using the COM -Ds Ds using the COM interface. The communication is implemented via REG-L commands. WinCP is available as program. The data management encompasses both the internal (within the device) and external (within the PC) management of the measurement and parameterisation data. The user can only access the settings, statuses and measurement data of the devices by using a PC (serial interface) as the CPR-Ds do not contain a control element. However, the units do not require any external computer to carry out the measurements. Each CPR-D can record measurement data for a certain amount of time, after which the information must be transferred to a PC (database) as offline data. A selection of the current measurement quantities can be transferred to the PC as real-time data, either continuously or all at once. The selection is not affected by the configuration of the recording of the measurement data. Both real-time and offline data can be displayed. In the interests of efficient utilisation of the device's memory and transmission capacity resources, the user needs to select the quantities that are to be permanently recorded. The parameterisation and programming of the CPR-D is carried out using the WinCP software. The software is database-oriented, i.e. all measured data can be stored in the database and can thus be easily located again and edited. The WinCP software is inevitably complex in order to be able to utilise the full potential of the CPR-D. This presents the problem of an appropriate description. On the one hand, the software should be set up by a software installer from A. Eberle GmbH Co. KG. The setup procedure should be followed by training. On the other hand, a user cannot be expected to study 200 pages of text for a single facility installation. For this reason, only the key WinCP software functions are shown in this operating manual in the form of screenshots. Further important information can be obtained from the program's help pages.
59
CPR-D
3.
3..
WinCP - The Parameterisation and Evaluation Software

Overview (analyses, records, signals)
Evaluation: Damp- Monitor
Oscillations- Events Damp- statistic 5-sec-, 50-sec- and 10-min Data class Average values of 32 wave bands 16 Moden (thereof 8 special classified)
Fingerprint- Analysis
Stability- Analysis
Lyapunov Exponent
Recordings:
Average and extreme value recordings of common measured quantities: phase-to-phase voltages, collective voltage, Unbalance, mains frequency (including gradients and standard deviation) Disturbance recordings: sample, RMS, 5-sec- and 50-sec-recordings Damp events: Timestamp, frequency, damping, magnitude and duration Damp statistic: 90 damp classes of 178 frequency classes
MySQL M SQL
Messages:
Half period- binary signals:
P-to-P- voltages Collective voltage Gradient of collective voltage frequency Gradient of frequency
5-sec- Binary signals:

P-to-p- voltages collective voltage Gradient of collective voltage frequency Gradient of frequency
Other binary signals:

Stations- status- signals Operation- signals I/O- signals Damp monitor- signals
Lyapunov Exponent
Lyapunov Exponent
Intensity- moden 1..16 (Warning- and Alert stage)
3..
Call via PQStart
Klick
Menu: for parameterisation of CPR-D
60
CPR-D
3..3 PQPara Thresholds, connections, IO
Main topics: 1. Transformer, connection, time 2. Thresholds half period binary signals 3. Thresholds 5s- binary signals y g 4. Analogue- output 5. Binary input 6. Relay/LED- output
3..4 PQPara Thresholds of half-period-signals
Collective voltage:
U 1 / 2 =
2 2 2 U 121 / 2 + U 231/ 2 + U 311/ 2 3
Thresholds (Upper + lower): 1. phase-to-phase-voltage 2. Collective voltage 3. Gradient of collective voltage g 4. frequency 5. Gradient of frequency 6. Lyapunov Exponent
6
CPR-D
3..5 Relays + LED (CPParaConf)
Allocation of a internal quantity 1. CrpRelX <input 1..32> <relay-Num. 1..16>=binary signal Invert a logic input 1. 1 CrpRelXI <input 1..32> <relay-Num. 1 16> 0/1 <inp t 1 32> <rela N m 1..16>=0/1 Allocation to AND- term (higher priority) 1. CrpRelXA <input 1..32> <relay-Num. 1..16>=0..31 Other Parameters: 1. Operation mode (e.g. bistable, set/reset by ECL), ..) 2. Delay time (new not implemented in PQI-D) 3. Holding time Classification of the signals: 1. Half period binary signals 2. 5-sec-binary signals 3. 3 Stations-status-signals Stations stat s signals 4. Operation signal 5. IO- signals (BIN-IN + REL/LED-OUT) 6. Damp monitor binary signals
3..6
Data classes in overview
Recorder A (100 s values): (100-s-values):
Voltages: U12, U23, U31 Length, trigger point, retrigger RMS Threshold Threshold/Gradient: Collective voltage Threshold/Gradient: frequency
10-ms10 ms frequency (10 periods) :
5-s-Average 5 s Average values:
50/60 values (1/2 Sec.) per point
Frequency, voltages (LL), Collective voltage Gradient, Correlation, Standard deviation Lyapunov Exponent Fingerprint- Analysis Limit signals Extreme Extreme values Broadband- FFT- Spectral components
Recorder B (10-ms-Average values):

Voltages: U12, U23, U31 Collective voltage (Gradient) frequency (Gradient) Lyapunov- Exponent Binary inputs
50-s-Mittel:
Average values Fingerprint- Analysis Fingerprint Extreme values Broadband- Spectrum (Magnitude) Narrowband- Spectrum (Magnitude + angle)
Recorder C (recording of 5-s-values):

Like recorder B RMS value wave band 1..32 Fingerprint- Analysis 1..6
Data structure in CPR-D CPR D
10-Min-values:
Recorder D (recording of 50 s values): 50-s-values):

Measured quantities like recorder C Trigger/Thresholds like recorder C
Average values Fingerprint- Analysis Extreme values von 10ms- and 5s-valuesn Maximum values of 5s-Fingerprint- Analysis Broadband- Spectrum (Magnitude) Narrow band- Spectrum (Magnitude)
Events:
Violation of thresholds Disturbance recorder Table (9 Columns of 64 rows)
Oscillation events:
Damp- Statistic:
Every events with its parameters (frequency, damp ratio, magnitude and duration)
Fixer memory for average + counter Measure period, Sum damp events Average: frequency, damp, Amplitude Counter across 178 frequency classes
6
CPR-D
3..7 Data classes-Parameterisation CPR-D
Menu: (Parameterisation CPR-D) ( ) 1. Memory overview 2. Online- Panel 3. One tab per data class
3..8 Continues recording

5-sec-Broadband-FFT: (magnitude + angle)
(1250 values 0Hz .. 124,9 in 0,1 Hz distance)
Average values (all 3 classes):

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3x phase-to-phase Collective voltage and Gradient Standard deviation + Correlation factor Mains frequency and Gradient Lyapunov Exponent
50-sec-Broadband-FFT: (magnitude)
50-sec-Narrow band-FFT: (magnitude + angle) (1250 values 0Hz .. 12,49 in 0,01 Hz distance)
Average values FingerprintAnalysis:
10-min-Broadband-FFT: (magnitude)
10-min-Narrow band-FFT: (magnitude)

(1250 values 0Hz .. 12 49 in 0 01 Hz distance) 12,49 0,01
Data class 5- Second5 Second average 2. 50- Second- average 10- Minute
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.
Normalized RMS values wave band 1..32 (Average value, bandwidth, Characteristic CPParaCalc) Values of fingerprintanalysis Moden 1..16
Extreme values (10ms) all classes: 5-sec-limit signals:

1. 2. 3. 4. Limit signal 1..128 Binary input 1..32 Relay output 1..32 LED 1..32
3x phase-to-phase Collective voltage and gradient Standard deviation + Correlation factor Mains frequency and Gradient Lyapunov Exponent
63
CPR-D
3..9 Disturbance recorder RecA/B/C/D
General parameter:
1. 2. 3. Number of recordings Recording mode Recording control
Recorder parameter:
1. 2. Length, trigger, retrigger Thresholds (LL- voltage, Collective voltage, frequency, Lyapunov- Exponent)
Trigger mask:
1. 2. 3. 4. Violation of thresholds External trigger bus Software trigger Via binary input
Data class
RecA: Sample values RecB: RMS values RecC: Recording from 5-sec- memory RecD: Recording from 50-sec- memory
3..0 Events/ Oscillation events

Event mask:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. System messages Frequency events Voltage events Calculation results Binary input
Data classes
Events Oscillation events
General parameter:
1. 2. 3. Number of recordings Recording mode Recording control
Analyse method (Oscillation events):

Continues Wavelet analyses for precise time-frequency resolution Oscillation events:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Timestamp Frequency in Hz Damp ratio Magnitude Duration [s]
64
CPR-D
3.. Display in Para-Software
Calculation- Setup: 1. 1 Fingerprint analysis 2. Stability analysis 3. Damp monitor 4. Filter parameter
Direct access to the station: 1. 5-sec-values on online panel 2. Recordings in curve form g 3. Lyapunov Exponent 4. Fingerprint analysis 5. Graphic of oscillation events
3.. Fingerprint-Analysis (FPA)

Fingerprints: Stored frequency pattern to classify and detect dynamical events
32 frequency classes: f l 1. Centre of frequency of the class 2. Bandwidth of the class 3. Characteristic (Gauss or Rectangle) 4. FFT window width Neuronal web (compare to stored pattern): 1. Reference value of the neuron 2. Exponent neuron 3. 3 Waiting factors 4. Frequency class index Results in 5-s-, 50-s-, 10-min-Data class: 1. Normalised RMS wave band 1..32 2. 2 FPAFPA modem 1 16 (1 9 are specified) 1..16 (1..9 Intersystem, Local, Torsion_1..3, Supersynchron, Kuspe, Tower block>1MW, Tower block<1MW
65
CPR-D
3..3 Stability-Analysis (Lyapunov Exponent)
Lyapunov Exponent: After event detection, observation and supervision of the mains behaviour
Parameterisation: (only experts)
3..4 damps-Monitor
Damp-Monitor: Continues observation and supervision of the mains behaviour
Parameterisation: (only experts) Damp statistic (DampCnt + DampAvg): 1. Measurement period [s] 2. Sum of damp events 3. Damp average values
frequency, damp Amplitude rel frequency damp, Amplitude, rel. frequency d<dmin
4.

178 frequency classes (rows)

Number of damp events Number events d<dmin Number in 1..90 damp classes
Damp monitor events: 1. Measurement period [s] 2. 2 4 Parameter

Frequency, damp ratio, magnitude and duration [s]
66
CPR-D
3..5 Readout and display of measured data
Online-Panel: Online Panel: Complete or selective display of 5-sec-values
3..6 Trend display of important quantities

Online-Panel: Complete or selective display of the 5-sec-values
67
CPR-D
3..7 Readout and display of the modes
Online display: p y Complete or selective display of the 5-sec-values
3..8 Readout and display of the values

Offline- table: All Data classes but disturbance recorder (RecA/B/C/D)
68
CPR-D
3..9 A possible IT infrastructure
NT-service program: Collects the data of local server Intelligent backup of the database
Protected access
C1: PQI-D CPR-D
PC Box10
Backup-Disk
SERVER-PC: Data import Power-Quality e.g. 192 168 0 1 192.168.0.1 Password: winpq MySQL
e.g. 192.168.0.10
PC Box20
e.g. 192.168.0.20
C2: PQI D PQI-D CPR-D
Local server e.g. PQBox with IPC PQB i h

C3: PQI-D CPR-D CPR D
[PROGRAM]: ClearSource 1 ClearSource=1 SQLMain=PQID [ [BACKUP]: ] TEMP=C:\WinPQ DESTINATION=G:\WinPQ START=04:00
PC Box30 B 30
e.g. 192.168.0.30
[ [REMOTESQL]: ] Box1=SQLCON;04:00 Box2=SQLCON;06:00 Box3=SQLCON;08:00
69
CPR-D
14
4.
Startup
Safety Information
Before you begin using the device, you need to be aware of some of the dangers which may occur if the device is used improperly. This is a protection class I device. Please connect the devices protective earth conductor to your systems earthing system before the device is connected to a voltage supply. The device may not be used to carry out measurements on circuits that contain corona discharges. The device must be removed from the network immediately if it is found that the device can no longer be operated safely due to a mechanical or electrical fault. Please note that there is a danger to life wherever a voltage with an amplitude > 30 V r.m.s. is present.
4.
Step-by-Step Procedure
Preparation: Please check the nameplate and confirm that the supplied device conforms to your requirements. Is the voltage supply correct? Note: changes to the voltage supply range can only be carried out in our factory. Are the rated values for the input voltages correct? Part of the WinCP program is specifically designed for the parameterisation and programming of the analogue outputs, binary inputs and the LEDs.
70
CPR-D
15
5.
Applications
Application-Specific Programming
Programs for specific tasks can either be written independently using REG-L or can be requested from our head office. An example of an application-specific program is given in Section 2.3.
16
Updating the Firmware

The plug-in module must be disconnected from the power supply before updating the firmware. The reset button must remain pressed in when the voltage supply is connected. The status LED changes colour to indicate that the device is in the update mode. If it is red, it means the device is ready to be updated. The firmware update must be carried out directly on the device itself, and requires the following steps: Establish a physical connection between the CPR-D and the zero modem cable. The program COMM.EXE can be found in the Firmware folder, which is located in the directory containing the WinPQ program. To upload the new firmware, select a transfer speed of 115 baud and RTS/CTS for the hardware protocol. The station is then put in the Firmware Upload Mode (press and hold reset button for at least 5 secends). The status LED then comes on in red. In the program COMM.EXE menu: Select Send Terminal/Firmware with Reset. The familiar Open File Dialog of Windows is shown. The valid firmware file (e.g. PQI_UU.MOT) must be opened. The data transfer begins immediately. The status of the upload can be followed in the program status line. Verify the version number on the terminal once the upload is complete (3 to 5 minutes). The command is called VER, the response may appear as follows: PQI-D: Version 2.0.10 of 23-07-04 Next: Enter SYSRESET = 590. The station is restarted. The status LED will light up again after approximately 8 seconds.
7
CPR-D
17 Scope of Delivery
CPR-D according to design features Operating manual Supplement
7
CPR-D
18
8.
Maintenance and Electricity Consumption

Fuse Replacement
Caution! Be sure to disconnect the CPR-D from the power supply before changing the fuse! Required fuses: Microfuse T (time-lag) 250 V, 2 A The fuse holder can be found on circuit board 2.
8.
Battery Replacement
Caution! Be sure to disconnect the CPR-D from the power supply before changing the battery! Required battery: Lithium 3 V with soldering tags Type VARTA AA-6127 Service life When stored > 6 years When in operation with a switch-on duration > 50 % > 10 years We recommend having the battery changed at the factory.
73
CPR-D
8.3 CPR-D Electricity Consumption
Measurement circuit (00 V DC)
Measurement results Power-up spike of 00 V DC Measured at 50 V AC 100 V AC 150 V AC 230 V AC peak approx. 2.5 A approx. 6.0 A approx. 7.5 A approx. 10.0 A
The measurement values provide information regarding the fuse selection.
74
CPR-D
19 Storage Information
The devices should be stored in clean, dry rooms. The devices and their respective replacement modules can be stored between -25C and +65C. The relative humidity must not lead to the formation of either condensation or ice. We recommend that the storage temperature is kept at between +0C to +55C to ensure that the built-in electrolytic capacitor does not age prematurely. We also recommend that the device be connected to an auxiliary voltage every two years to reform the electrolytic capacitors. This procedure should also be carried out before the device is put into operation. Under extreme climatic conditions (tropics), this also ensures pre-heating at the same time and helps to avoid the formation of condensation. The device should be stored in the service room for at least two hours prior to being connected to the voltage for the first time so that it can become accustomed to the ambient temperature there and to avoid the formation of moisture and condensation.
20
Warranty
The warranty is valid for three years from the date of delivery.
75
CPR-D
. Index
Symbole A Automatic status device 9 B Bifurcation theory 6, 8 Bivalent statement logic 15 Blackout 6 Block diagram 12 Boolean logic 15 Breakdown 8 C Canay 17 Classical measuring technology 6 Clustering 13 Collapse 6 Connection matrix 15 CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay 6 Creeping network breakdown 9 Critical operating condition 6 D Damping monitor 21 Damping profile 9 Degree of order 20 Deterministic chaos 6 Development lines 20 Downwind tower shade 17 Downwind tower shade or wind barrier effect 17 Drift process 9 Dynamic network control 7 E Early blackout detection 7 Economic benefits 6 Enveloping oscillations 12 Event recorder 10 F Fault record 10 Feeding capacity 6 Fingerprint 9 Frequency interval class 14 Frequency modes 21 Frequency relay functions 9 Fuzzy logic 15 G Global load dynamics 9 H Harmonics 6 High voltage and extra-high voltage network 8 Hopf bifurcation 9 Hopf bifurcation point 13 Hopf point 9 I IEC 61850 8 IEEE model 13 Independent network 10 Information before and after event 10 Inhibit regulator 9 Inter-area oscillations 7, 13 Interface cards IEC 61850 8 Interharmonics 6 Intermediate system oscillations 9, 16 J K Kuspe 19 L Liability 2 Load dynamics 6 Load oscillations 9 Load shedding 10 Load step change 12 Local mode 16 Lyapunov exponent 7 M Modal system characteristics 21 Morlet-Wavelet 12 N Network planning 7 Network topology 6 NEURON 15 Non-linear dynamic 8 Non-linear dynamics 6 O Optimised network utilization 7
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CPR-D
Oscillations 16 Output frequency controller 13 P Phase swinging 12 Plant mode 16 Power demand 6 Pre-trigger, post-trigger times 10 Prevention of major interferences 7 Printing errors 2 Q R Reference model 9 Regenerative energy transformers 7 Resonant frequency 12 Rotor 16 Rotor phase difference 17 S Signatures 12 Spectral analysis 12 Stability reserve 6, 9 Statistic evaluation 7 Subharmonics 12 Subsynchronous resonance in power systems 13 Supersynchronous modes 19 Synchronous machines 16 T tap/time method 9 Temperature measurements 7 Torsional oscillation 9, 12 Torsional oscillations 16 Torsions-modal frequency 17 Trajectories 20 Transfer capacities 7 Transfer outputs 6 Turbine shaft 12 U V W Weak points in network 7 Weighting function 14 Wind barrier effect 19 Wind parks 6
X Y Z
77
CPR-D
A.Eberle GmbH & Co. KG

Aalener Strasse 30/32 90441 Nuremberg, Germany Tel: +49 (0) 911 / 62 81 08-0 Fax: +49 (0) 911 / 62 81 08 96 http://www.a-eberle.de info@a-eberle.de
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B620D201-03.INDD
78

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CPR-D

Collapse Prediction Relay Damping Monitor

Issue: 06/2008 Software Version:

CPR-D CPR-D Collapse Prediction Relay

A. Eberle GmbH & Co. KG

Operating Manual CPR-D

Presentation of the Different Measurement Quantities ................... 8

Recorder Data ................................................................................... 35

CPR-D as a System Component ...................................................... 4 Technical Design ............................................................................... 4

Electrical Data ................................................................................... 43

Operating Manual CPR-D

Mechanical Design ........................................................................... 47

0 Assignment of the Socket Connectors ............................................ 50

 Configuration Information ................................................................ 54

Operating Manual CPR-D

9 Storage Information .......................................................................... 75 0 Warranty ............................................................................................ 75

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

CPR-D block diagram

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Hardware-oriented block diagram of the Collapse Prediction Relay

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Fingerprint analysis: frequency classes

Operating Manual CPR-D

Fingerprint analysis: overview

Operating Manual CPR-D

Fingerprint analysis: NEURON

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Downwind tower shade or wind barrier effect

Operating Manual CPR-D

Locally limited oscillations Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 1 4 1 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x

Mode 1 torsional oscillations Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 1 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x

Mode 2 torsional oscillations Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 1 10 11 12 13 x x x x

Mode 3 torsional oscillations Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 1 x x x

Operating Manual CPR-D

Tower barrier effect through systems > 1 MW Interval: Pattern: 1 x 2 1 3 1 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x

Tower barrier effect through systems < 1 MW Interval: Pattern: 1 1 2 1 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 11 12 13 x x x x

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

and the Wavelet transformation leads to the following spectrum

Operating Manual CPR-D

The FFT of test signal 2 delivers:

and the Wavelet transformation leads to the following spectrum:

Operating Manual CPR-D

Modulated signal with FFT and Wavelet transformation

Signal with changing frequency with FFT and Wavelet transformation

Operating Manual CPR-D

Example of a drift process Greece blackout July 12, 2004

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Operating Manual CPR-D

Presentation of the Different Measurement Quantities ................... 8

CPR-D as a System Component ...................................................... 4 Technical Design ............................................................................... 4

0 Assignment of the Socket Connectors ............................................ 50

Configuration Information ................................................................ 54

9 Storage Information .......................................................................... 75 0 Warranty ............................................................................................ 75

Binary Inputs (inputs E ... E6)

Analogue Outputs (K, K)

COM Interface (RS3, optional)

3..4 PQPara Thresholds of half-period-signals

3..8 Continues recording