Power System Planning in India: An Outline

GlobalizationImpact:
INDIAisoneofthefastest growingeconomiesof theworld.Globalizationhaspositivelyinfluenced almosteverysectorinthecountry,includingthe powersector. TokeeppacewiththenewenergyChallengesthe governmentembarkeduponanumberofstructural andoperationalchangestoreformthepowersector. Themodificationsmainlyfocusedonbringing competitionindifferentsegments,settingupan independentregulatorycommission,and establishingproperfundingmechanism.

StatusofPowerSectorinIndia:
Theemergenceofthestateelectricityregulatory commissions(SERCs)iscontributingtowardthe developmentofthepowersectorasawhole. Theyplayanimportantroleinrationalizingthe tariffs,protectingcustomerinterests,ensuring improvedcustomerservice,andsettingthedelivery standards.Theyalsoguidetheopenaccessprocess atthestatelevel. Theunbundlingofthestateelectricityboards(SEBs) andtheenactmentoftheelectricityAct2003,along withNationalElectricityPolicy(NEP)andNational TariffPolicy(NTP),havecreatedastrongpolicy frameworktoensureinvestmentinallsectors.

ElectricityAct2003:
TheElectricityAct2003hasmademanynew provisionsintheareaofgeneration,transmission, anddistribution. Thegenerationhasbeenliberalizedanddelicensed uptoacertainextent. Electricityisnowbeingtreatedasacommodity,and tradinghasbeenidentifiedasanimportantactivity foracompetitiveelectricitymarket. TheActhasfacilitateddevelopmentofanefficient andcustomerorienteddistributionsystem.

NationalElectricityPolicy: Thepolicyenvisagespowerforallby2012, ruralelectrification,reductioninT&Dlosses, bettercostrecovery,improvedfinancial support,andgreaterprivatesector participation. Iturgesutilitiestousestateoftheart technologiesformanagement,operation,and control.

AcceleratedPowerDevelopmentandReform Program(APDRP):
TheAPDRPisastrivingcentralgovernmentinitiativeinthe distributionsegmentlaunchedintheyear2001. Theprogramhasthefollowingmainobjectives: 1)reducingAT&Closses 2)improvingqualityofsupplyofpower 3)increasingrevenuecollection 4)improvingconsumersatisfaction.

Toavailtheadvantagesoftheprogram,ithasbeenmade compulsoryforallthestatestofulfilltheeligibilitycriteriaset bythecentralgovernment.

FundingMechanism: Today,variousreformsprojectsarefunded through: *AcceleratedPowerDevelopmentand ReformProgram(APDRP), *RajivGandhiGrameenVidhyutikaranYojana: RajivGandhiRuralElectrificationPlan (RGGVY), *PowerFinanceCorporation(PFC),and *RuralElectrificationCorporationLimited (REC).

 InternationalagencieslikeWorldBank,Asian DevelopmentBank(ADB),andJapanBankfor InternationalCooperation(JBIC)arealso providingfundinginselectedstates. Thecommercialbankshavealsoextended credittotheDISCOMs;thefundismainly investedinimprovingtheT&Dnetwork.

Status&RestructuringofIndianPowerSector: ElectricalPowerIndustry/Sectorhasgone throughseveralreformsandstructural changeswithfocusoncustomercare. ConceptualevolutionslikeEnergyMarket Place,ElectricityTrading,OpenAccess, CompetitiveElectricityMarketStructures,etc. aresomeofthemtomentionhere.

CurrentStatus Generation
Installed capacity: 1,50,000 MW as of June 2009 Shortage: Peaking : 12% (16.6% in 07-08) Energy : 11% (9.9% in 07-08)
Plan 8th (199297) 9th (199702) 10th (200207) Target(MW) 30538 40245 41110 Achieved (MW) 16423 19119 21180 Percentage achievement(%) 53.80 47.50 51.70

WINDPOWERINSTALLATIONSININDIA

RenewableEnergy:WindPower

India: 5th Largest Wind Power Producer

Total Renewable Energy Sources ~ 13 GW

Wind Installed Capacity ~ 9 GW

Estimated Wind Potential ~ 45 GW

CurrentStatus Transmission
National Power Grid by 2012 Adoption of advanced technologies 800 kV UHV AC transmission 800 UHV DC Transmission FACTS Projects

CurrentStatus Distribution
RAPDRP:IntroductionofDatacentresatDiscoms/Statesin India ReductionofAT&CLossesto15% Emphasisonincreasingreliability,efficiencyandsafety

SmartGrid
OpportunityforexistingAGINGsystemstoleapfrog byenvisioningafuturisticpowergrid

SmartGridCharacteristics
Emerging technology Integrates new technologies to enable re-look at design & operation of power system Detect & address emerging problems before they impact service Respond to local & system-wide inputs Incorporate measurements & Feedback controls that quickly return to stable system operation after disturbances Automatically adapt protective systems to accommodate changing system conditions Re-route power flows, improve voltage profiles, change load patterns etc. during contingencies Enable loads & Distributed generation to participate in operations Self-healing & adaptive

SmartGridTechnologicalDrivers
Advanced metering Infrastructure (AMI) Key component of smart grid Able to dynamically monitor & price electricity consumption Real Time pricing leading to Peak demand reduction AMI may result in long lines Encompasses all endpoint meters, networking Hardware and IT

SmartGridTechnologicalDrivers

Demand Response
End-customers change normal consumption patterns based on changes in electricity price Leads to products of high efficiency and savings

Advanced Transmission & Distribution

Includes new technologies to enhance power delivery, reliability, security an management (Eg: FACTS, Custom Power) Self healing, adaptive, accommodates all types of generation & storage options Distributed energy resources (DER) to supplement conventional generation

TechnologyDevelopmentNeeded
Two-way Integrated communication technologies
Sub station automation, AMR, Demand response, SCADA &EMS

Sensing & Measurement technologies

To evaluate equipment health, aid in theft control, congestion management, WAM, Time of use, real-time pricing etc.

Advanced components
R&D in superconductivity, large storage systems, FACTS systems etc.

TechnologyDevelopmentNeeded
Advanced control strategies
Devices & algorithms that enable rapid doiagnostics and solutions to grid disturbances

Improved Interfaces & Decision support tools

For grid operation Convert complex data into easily understood information for decision making Visualization techniques Knowledge management

Surplus Regions

34,280 MW 230 2440 0 16680 35240 MW

35,800 MW

Deficit Regions

Installed Capacity : 1,37,000 MW Peak Demand : 1,04,000 MW Peak Availability : 96,000 MW Energy growth : 8-9% / annum

Five Regional Grids Two Frequencies

August 2006 North synchronized With Central Grid

March 2003 West synchronized With East & Northeast October 1991 East and Northeast synchronized Central Grid

NEW Grid
South Grid

North West
South East Northeast

Five Regional Grids Five Frequencies

Inter Regional Links by 2012 40,000 MW Capacity

3000MW
Sahupuri Agra Allahabad Dehr i Sasaram Muzaffarpur Patna Biharshariff Barh Gaya Sasaram Birpara NER Pooling Salakat i North-

Northern
Auraiya Kota

Gorakhpur Balia Balia Kankroli Balia Singrauli Agra Balia Fatehpur

eastern
Malda Siliguri Bongaigaon Bongaigaon

3250 MW

5000 MW
Ujjain Gwalior Malanpur Vindhyachal Zerda Korba Raipur Ranchi WR Pooling Chandrapur

12650MW

Eastern
Budhipada r Rourkela Sipat Ranchi

Western
Ponda Kolhapur

7250 MW

Jeypor Talcher e

Balimela

2700 MW
Nagjhari Ramagunda Belgaum m With Krishnapattanam UMPP Gazuwaka Kolar Upper Sileru

3650 MW

Southern

INTERREGIONALLINKCAPACITYBYENDOF 11th PLAN(2012)

4000 MW
NORTHERN REGION

7600 MW

8500 MW
NORTHEASTERN REGION

8500 MW
WESTERN REGION

EASTERN REGION EASTERN REGION

2250 MW

2700 MW

3600 MW 37,150 MW OF INTERREGIONAL POWER BY 2012

SOUTHERN REGION

PeculiaritiesofRegionalGridsinIndia
Deficit Region

REGIONAL GRIDS
CHICKEN-NECK NORTHERN REGION
EASTERN REGION

Snow fed run-of the river hydro Highly weather sensitive load Adverse weather conditions: Fog & Dust Storm Very low load

NORTHEASTERN REGION

High hydro potential Evacuation problems Low load High coal reserves Pit head base load plants Industrial load and agricultural load High load (40% agricultural load) Monsoon dependent hydro

WESTERN REGION

SOUTHERN REGION

REQUIREMENTS2022
Northern region
Installed =145,000 MW Production=110,000 MW Demand=140,000 MW Deficit =30,000 MW

North-Eastern region / Sikkim/Bhutan /Mynmar

Installed =80,000 MW Production=60,000 MW 20,000MW Demand=10,000 MW 2nos 1200kV,AC Export =50,000 MW

-Eastern region/ 27,000MW 2 nos 1200kV, AC Installed =106,000 MW Production=60,000 MW Demand=10,000 MW Export =50,000 MW

10,000MW nos 1200kV, AC

23,000MW 2 nos 1200kV, AC

Western region
Installed =135,000 MW Production=100,000 MW Demand=130,000 MW Deficit =30,000 MW

15,000MW 2 nos 1200kV, AC

Installed =135,000 MW Demand=130,000 MW

15,000MW, 2 nos 1200kV,AC

Southern region
Production=100,000 MW Deficit =30,000 MW

NEW CHALLENGES TO THE ELECTRICITY NETWORK

Main Challenges being faced by Power Utilities

1

Increasing demand for energy and electricity

2

Moving towards an environmentally-friendlier energy mix (lower carbon emissions, more renewable energy)
3

Volatile energy prices and critical energy losses

Emerging large regional transmission networks

RAISING THE NETWORKS COMPLEXITY

A dramatic penetration of renewable in the energy mix

Global electricity production
Other renewables Solar

46% renewables

Wind Biomass Hydro

IEA 2008 report on future energy technologies Scenario for a 50% reduction of CO2 by 2050 Calls for 32 new nuclear power plants per year 46% coming from renewables (including Hydro)

Other Hydro Nuclear Gas Oil

Nuclear

Gas with CCS Gas

Coal

Coal with CCS

2005

For a 50% reduction in CO2 by 2050

REINFORCING CUSTOMERS NEEDS

REINFORCING EXISTING NEEDS

Reliability and quality
Ensure security of supply, reliability of the network and quality of the electricity delivered

Stability
Monitor oscillations and manage the network to prevent blackouts and maximize availability of power

Environmental concerns
Provide clean energy (CO2 free) and reduce environmental impact

Energy efficiency
Deliver the maximum of electricity to the end-user, starting from a given quantity of energy and from existing assets

Market efficiency
Set up tools and processes to fully enable energy markets Enable customers / end-users dynamic participation

The network must be smarter with more intelligence at all levels

WITH SUPPORT FROM NEW TECHNOLOGY AND REGULATION

New technology Capabilities

New technology capabilities

Technological Convergence Modeling and simulation Complex systems control Energy storage Power electronics

Energy policies / Regulatory push

Emerging governmental energy policies for energy & environmental efficiency:

Energy supply Blackout prevention Energy demand management

SmartGrid Objective

Expectation from a smart grid A smart grid should deliver electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It should also address energy independence, global warming and emergency resilience issues
ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide34

Smart Grid Constraints in Implementation Indian Scenario

Vast geographical spread of our networks Requirement of large scale project integration Huge costs The regulators on one hand have insisted-upon utilities for meeting strict supply reliability, they are also stringent to approving CAPEX for expenditure Time requirement for implementation
ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide35

Smart Grid A Novel Approach Introduction

A proven methodology has been suggested for real time monitoring and smarter distribution grid, the prototype is quite replicable for transmission utilities also A real time monitoring system online and offline analysis of network Planning, and CAPEX optimization It works on a number of inputs and calculation methods Partly data measurement from SCADA Partly from GIS data-base / ERP Partly from Synthetic load curves of consumers (Statistical tool) Output of a power system simulation / analysis tool NEPLAN The entire network may be analyzed, planned and operated on actual hour-by-hour values rather than peak estimates.

ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide36

Smart Grid A Novel Approach Solution Overview

The major challenge would be continuous collection of large chunk of data from MV and LV network, processing it into information and reacting to it. However the proposed prototype of solution is currently working in a system having more than 900,000 customers and associated LV & MV network

ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide37

Smart Grid A Novel Approach Data from Primary & Secondary Sub-stations Primary substations are proposed to be monitored with a traditional SCADA DMS (Distribution Management System). Following data can be imported to Smartgrid Bus configuration at primary substations Bus voltages Load currents at feeder head Switching state (topology) in MV network Incoming measurements validation through Rules Engine
ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide38

Smart Grid A Novel Approach Data from ERP / GIS In order to build an exact model for continuous calculations, network data can be imported say every 24 hours from two sources - SAP PM and GIS. MV lines HV/MV and MV/LV transformers Network structure Line lengths Substation locations Consumer details & Category

ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide39

Smart Grid A Novel Approach Load Data Load data are essential for making a reliable network state estimation. Load data can be collected from a combination of following sources: Hourly energy sales, remotely read customers Hourly energy production, embedded generation Annual energy sales, small customers Telemetered MV/LV stations

ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide40

Smart Grid A Novel Approach Load Data Large Consumers It is proposed that large Consumers e.g. Industrial / commercial should be remotely read This may be used as an estimate for mean load in that specific hour. Power factor if not measured, can be taken into consideration suitably Hour by hour values can be transformed in 10 minute values by interpolation for comparison with actual measurements. Hourly energy production, embedded generation Data treatment Similar to large consumers
ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide41

Smart Grid A Novel Approach Load Data Small Consumers

Minimised mesurement points crux of the approach, small consumer data to be captured as following From consumer database, following information for the consumers should be retrieved every 24 hoursExpected annual consumption Load category Topological connection to network Since neither power factor nor reactive power is known, suitable estimate can be made by Smartgrid. Energy sales are then converted into synthetic load curves, detailed in subsequent slides

ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide42

Smart Grid A Novel Approach

Load Data Small Consumers Development of load Curves
The approach would be Divide customers into different unique categories, it is proposed to have as many categories as possible Convert the annual energy sales Q per category to peak load Pmax, using Velanders formula: Pmax [kW] = A * Q [MWh] + B * Q Where the parameters A and B are determined statically for each category or from up to date load measurements Convert Pmax to apparent peak power Smax, assuming a mean cos(phi) for the load Calculate Smax of apparent peak power for all categories and substations on feeder Since individual peak loads do not occur simultaneously, Smax will exceed peak load measured at feeder head, Smeasured head. Consequently, substation loads are downscaled by a factor k = Smeasured / Smax
ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide43

Smart Grid A Novel Approach Continuous network state estimation

From the information imported to Smartgrid data base, full model including loads and generators is built. The calculation engine proposed here is NEPLAN. NEPLAN calculates load flow using load balancing feature Calculated flows and voltages are returned to Smartgrid where the virtual measurements are stored alongside real measurements with a tag identifying them as virtual. Should calculations on single feeders or primary substations fail for some reason; the system will notify the operator but continue calculations on remaining part of the network.
ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide44

Smart Grid A Novel Approach Off-line analysis with NEPLAN

Smartgrid database can transfer all the network information to NEPLAN in a project file containing the entire network - for any point back in time. This is a very powerful feature for medium and long term network planning NEPLAN capabilities for online and offline analysis is as listed below Load flow with load profiles Optimal distribution network Optimal separation point Investment analysis (Net present value) 3-ph and 1-ph load flow (unsymmetrical network, loads) Convergence check, starts from predefined point Area and zone control Contingency analysis With single mode / common mode outage Ranking of severity of violation Results in table and online diagram (customizable) Results summary, overloads, voltage violations, comparison of variants.

ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide45

Smart Grid A Novel Approach NEPLANs Integration with GIS Data-base

ABBGroup July15,2009|Slide46

 MicroGrids:DispersedDistributionSources SmartGrids:definedasthesecureintegration oftwoinfrastructures namely,theelectrical andtheinformationinfrastructure *viewedasanenablingenginethat: isintelligent isqualityfocused isefficient isflexible selfhealing

SmartGridTechnologicalDrivers

AMI

ThecharacteristicsofaSmartGrid?
EnableActiveParticipationbyConsumers AccommodateAllGenerationandStorageOptions EnableNewProducts,Services,andMarkets ProvidePowerQualityfortheDigitalEconomy. OptimizeAssetUtilizationandOperateEfficiently. AnticipateandRespondtoSystemDisturbances (Selfheal). OperateResilientlytoAttackandNaturalDisaster.

Technicalchallengesforachievinga SmartGrid
Smartequipment. Communicationsystems. Datamanagement. CyberSecurity Information/dataprivacy. Softwareapplications.

 Documentation:Success/Failurestories