9/9/2009

MORAL GUIDELINES
GARIS PANDUAN MORAL

BMFA 4813 Jurutera Dalam Masyarakat

Prepared by: Pn Nur Aidawaty Rafan Ext : 6509 http://cikguhumaira.blogspot.com

CONTENT
Objective Why Be Moral? Moral Vs Ethics Moral phenomenology How to identify ethical issue? Utilitarianisme Right ethics & Duty Ethics Virtue Ethics Self Realization & Self Interest

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OBJECTIVE
At the end of this session, student should be able to:
Differentiate between moral and ethics Describe what is moral phenomenology Identify ethical issue Describe moral values

WHY BE MORAL?

Answer that morality pays Because it is right

Should act from self-interest Right action is always to your advantage The Socratic Paradox said: People act immorally, but they do not do so deliberately Morality is a contributing condition to happiness

Because of our ethics Rightness is not a motive for being moral Should attempt basis of morality knowledge about what is right

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MORAL VS ETHICS
Ethics a set of concerns, rules, principles, virtues, values, and decision processes that allow people to live together and pursue their common and individual interests. Moral a study of human behavior as a consequence of beliefs about what is right or wrong, or good or bad, as that behavior is useful or effective. Correspond to what actually is done in a society.

Isaac Asimov : Never let your sense of morals get in the way of doing what is right

MORAL PHENOMENOLOGY: EXPERIENTIAL ASPECT OF MORALITY

What is moral phenomenology what-it-is-like of being faced with situation in which we take ourselves to be confronted with a moral choice (when we have to make what Mandelbaum called direct moral judgments) Being faced with the suffering of another person. Being faced with the choice to lie or tell the truth. What are our moral experiences like? an obligation to perform (or refrain from performing) a particular action(s) imposed upon us from outside, directed against us independent of us: our desires, preferences, aversions demanded by features of the situation itself categorical (to use Kants terminology)

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HOW TO IDENTIFY ETHICAL ISSUE?

Smell test

What other ethical people in society would think Enlist the emotion of shame, a powerful motivator to be sure we are getting this right

Consequences or outcomes determine what is right or wrong

Utility Test

A way of thinking that recognizes human beings as valuable in and of themselves

Rights Test

Exception Test

Claiming it is ethical for us to do an action but not ethical for others to do it in the same situation

Valuable vs equality
Choices Test

Fair distribution
Justice Test

To pursue individual goods

Common good test

Good life as what specific actions we do

Character/Virtue Test

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UTILITARIANISME

Greatest happiness for the greatest number

Utilitarianism principle

UTILITARIANISME
1.

Bentham
Happiness = pleasure and absence of pain The theories led to extensive social reform affecting Parliament, criminal law, prisons etc. Being considered when making laws Hedonic Calculus:
Remoteness how near it is Purity how free from pain it is Richness to what extent it will lead to other pleasures Intensity how powerful it is Certainty how likely it is to result Extent how many people it affects Duration how long it lasts

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John Stuart Mill

Of what benefit is our happiness if it derives from the unhappiness of others? must consciously minimize conflicts between our aims and the aims of others such is the opposite of selfishness Our outward motives must be to care for others In short, a cultivated mind finds inexhaustible interest in all that surrounds itincluding prospects for the future of all

WHAT IS UTILITARIANISME?
the consequences or outcomes determine what is right or wrong. For this principle the ends justify the means: an action is right if it creates the best overall outcome. Good outcomes can be measured by:
a. b. c.

happiness and unhappiness (pleasure and pain) the preferences of individuals money, as an indicator of preferences

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DUTY ETHICS & RIGHT ETHICS

Similar to each other These theory holds that those action that respect the right of individual are good Good outcome for society is not the only moral consideration

Duty Ethics be honest Do not cause suffer to other people Be fair to others OUR DUTIES to express respect other people Will result to a proper performance of ones duty

Right Ethics Human have the right to live Liberty Property People have fundamental right that other people have a duty to respect Individual person must be respected and action are ethical when respect for the individual are maintained

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CONFLICT BETWEEN DUTY AND RIGHT ETHICS Basic right of one person (or a group) may conflict with the basic right of another group How do we decide whose right have priority?

Utilitarian approach

To determine the most good is useful

VIRTUE ETHICS
Virtue may be judged by his innermost desires as well as by his intentions; and this fits with our idea that a virtue such a generosity lies as much in someones attitudes in his actions (Virtue and Vices, 1977,5)

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MORAL CONCEPT OF VIRTUE ETHICS

Character is most important than conformity to rules and that virtues should be inculcated and cultivated over time through educational interactions, role models, etc (B&C,29) Example of cultivation of virtues :
Compassion Discernment Trustworthiness Integrity Conscientiousness Benevolence (desire to help)

SELF REALIZATION & SELF INTEREST

Self Realization Self Interest

Life based on the actualization of human potentialities Self-development Ethical egoism about we should do Virtue of Selfishness

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SELF REALIZATION
Self-realization; obtaining our full potential; becoming confident, eager to express our beliefs, and willing to reach out to others to help them Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: If certain needs
are not previously met, self actualization is not possible
Self realization is a process of discovering important needs and goals

SELF INTEREST
all people should do what is in their own interest.
Formulations of ethical egoism:
We should do what we believe with good reason will benefit us the most, We should do what is in our own interest. We should do what gives us the most pleasure or happiness. We should do whatever we prefer the most.

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Objections to ethical egoism

Everyone would be at war Inconsistent advice Inconsistency of belief Interpersonal disputes

According to rule egoism, it may not be in your interest as an individual to do certain things, but it might be in your overall interest for everyone to follow the same rule.

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