SEMINAR PERANAN FISIKA DALAM EKSPLORASI MINYAK DAN GAS

METODE EKSPLORASI MINYAK & GAS

METODE GEOFISIKA
UNIVERSITAS MATARAM 23-24 SEPTEMBER 2011

OLEH: WAHYU TRIYONO PERTAMINA PHE ONWJ

Lingkup Kerja Geofisika

1. PENGUKURAN GRAVITY/MAGNETIK UNTUK STUDY AWAL 2. PENGAMBILAN DATA SEISMIK 3. PENGOLAHAN DATA SEISMIK 4. INTERPRETASI DATA SEISMIK 5. PEMETAAN BAWAH PERMUKAAN 6. PENENTUAN LOKASI PENGEBORAN 7. PENENTUAN KEDALAMAN PENGEBORAN 8. PENGAMBILANG DATA KECEPATAN SUMUR (CHECK SHOT/VSP)

Seismic Acquisition
Akuisisi data seismik terdiri dari: 1. Land Acquisition 2. Marine Acquisition 3. Transition

Seismic sources and recek/ers

On land Sources: Impact Sledpi e harnmer Drop-weight Accelerated \veiailt Impulsive Dynamite Detonating cord A irgun Shotgun Borehole sparker \ ibrator Vibroseis Vibrator plate Rayleigh wave generator Receivers: Kieophonc. accelerometer I lydrophones (streamers) Airoun Gas gill] Sleevo gun Water gun Multipulse Geochicp Pinger Boomer Sparker Steam gun On water

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Land Acquisition
Sumber gelombang (source): Dinamit, vibroseis Receiver: Geophone Recording unit menggunakan truk atau mobile unit

Source Dynamite

Land Acquisition

Jenis-jenis Vibroseis

Acquisition setup
Single channel measurements (profiling) Only one source and receiver are used with often an equal distance between the source and receiver. This is repeated for several positions along a line. Multi channel measurements Multi channel systems use one source and several receivers, which measure at the same time. Several spreads are possible to orient the sources and receiver:

Types of reflection spreads. The symbol o and + represent source and geophone-group center locations, respectively.

Jenis-jenis Geophone

Kondisi Seismik Akuisisi Darat

Schematic Land Acquisition

Marine Acquisition
Sumber gelombang (source): air gun Receiver: Hydrophone Recording unit: menggunakan kapal Reciever dibentangkan menggunakan streamer

Marine Streamers
~6 km length Groups of hydrophones every 25 meters

birds

receivers

Marine Acquisition

Seismic Acquisition

MARINE SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION

Transition Zone Acq

Sumber gelombang (source): air gun & Dynamite Receiver: Hydrophone & Geophone Reciever dibentangkan menggunakan kabel Area di sekitar pantai atau laut dangkal yang tidak bisa dilewati kapal

TEORI SEISMIK

HUKUM SNELL

KECEPATAN GELOMBANG SEISMIK

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi : Litologi Bulk density Porositas Perbedaan tekanan Fluida pori

KECEPATAN GELOMBANG & LITOLOGI

GL-5044 INTERPRETASI SEISMIK GEOLOGI

Waves

1 2 period f 2 wavenumber k velocity v . f

WAVELET
Definisi :
gelombang dengan durasi waktu (t) yang pendek yang dihasilkan oleh suatu impuls Dalam pengolahan data seismik biasa digunakan dua jenis wavelet

GL-5044 INTERPRETASI SEISMIK GEOLOGI

Minimum phase and zero-phase wavelet

Energy is maximally front-loaded (Energy does not arrive before zero time)

Symmetric with respect to zero time and peaks at zero time (Energy arrives also before zero time)

FACTORS WHICH AFFECT AMPLITUDE

Superimposed Noise Source Strength-9 and Coupling Geophone Sensitivity and Coupling Interference of Different Events Instrument Balance

Array Directivity Scattering

IllfatiVer
V V

Tran,missivity

PegLeg Multiples from Thin Reflectors Spherical Divergence Absorption Reflection Coefficient Reflection Curvature and Rugosity Variation of Reflection Coefficient with Incident Angle

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Vibrator

Apcoming trkr.K.

Exam & OF r0.110CtiOn CO.ISrnO9rarn

Morriant of clischar9E First arrivirlEi

icripulses

0 100 200 300. 41X1

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Shot geometry variables

Stacking
CMP Stack a CMP gather
Stack
Repeat separately for each gather

Improve SignaltoNoise Cancel Multiples One Trace Per Reflection Point Easyto--interpret Times
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Example of stacking to attenuate multiple

........ ...... 01

,1/4.

Primary Reflector 2
--

STACK

A,

S I G NALIT 0-NOISE AIIPUTUDE IMPROVEMENT

Arrival Time 1
) Multiple

liN
mak=
tow two% %WWI

where NI a Immalhot off

sec
6CMP Input Traces
after NMO Correction Stacked Trace

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Definisi Fold

Sampling
By measurements using a digital system, the data is not continuously measured, but at a specific time interval measured and transported to the AD-converter.

Analogue representation of a sinusoidal function

Digital representation of a sinusoidal function

NOISE
Definisi :
gangguan yang sering ditemui pada rekaman data seismik

Noise dapat dibagi dua :

Noise koheren

Noise tak-koheren

GL-5044 INTERPRETASI SEISMIK GEOLOGI

GL-5044 INTERPRETASI SEISMIK GEOLOGI

Noise
The S/N ratio Signal-to-noise ratio gives the ratio between the amplitude of a signal (e.g.Reflections) to background noise(random noise) or noise sources (coherent noise). One aim of the dataprocessing is to increase the S/N ratio.

Coherent Noise
Sided-scattered noise From irregularities or the point scatters Multiples (repeated pattern) Ghost, Simple multiple, Water-bottom multiple, Peg-leg multiple, Inter-bed multiple Vibration noise Interface wave

Ground roll (Rayleigh surface waves on land survey) Low frequency Strong amplitude Low group velocity
Guided waves (refractions and head waves on shallow marine survey) Strong velocity contrast with the substratum Early arrivals

Multiples
Long-path multiples (occur when exceptionally large reflectioncoefficients are present): -> Ghost reflections, where rays from a buried explosion on land (or an airgun in water) are reflected back from the ground surface (or sea surface) to produce a reflection event, known as a ghost reflection, that arrives a short time after the primary. -> Water layer reverberations, where rays from a marine source are repeatedly reflected at the sea bed and sea surface Short-part multiples (peg-leg multiple): Involve only a short additional path length to arrive so soon after the primary event that they extend the overall length of the pulse. (Multiples between two interfaces of a layer)

Ray paths of some common multiple families

Source ghost

Receiver ghost

Simple multiple

Water bottom multiple

Peg-leg multiple

Inter-bed multiple
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Random Noise Instrument noise

Machinery Power line Cable noise

A, B, C, D are guided waves trapped (refracted waves) at the sea floor. They have a dispersive character with low frequencies C arriving first, higher frequencies B arriving next, and moderate frequencies D arriving last

A = weak reflectors B = strong reflectors C suggests a fault in spread D = ground roll

Deep water shot record

A is direct arrival B is water-bottom reflection C is shallow reflection M is 1rst water-bottom multiple, note double time of B PL is water-bottom and peg-leg multiples of C

Resolution of two boundaries depends on wavelength

Decreasing image separation

Resolution
Resolution refers to the minimum separation between two features such that we can tell that there are two features rather than only one.

Comparison between the wavelength of a 30-Hz Signal, Big Ben and a Log of a drilling.

Geological model, reflection series and seismogram

Contoh Hasil Field Record

Shot Gather
Shot gather dari seismik data darat: A. Direct wave B. Head wave C. Ground roll (surface wave) D. Reflection events
Mann et al. (2004)

Representation
The traveltime is in general shown with increasing time along the vertical Increasing downwards (larger traveltime corresponds to a larger depth). There are several ways to represent seismic traces. The sort of representation depend on the processing used, but also on the number of traces.

Reflectivity series

Wiggle only

Variable area

Variable density

Variable area+wiggle

Different representations of a seismic trace.

Seismogram
Geological section

Accoustic impedance log

Refflectionc coefficient log

Reflectivity coefficient

Input pulse

seismic trace

From a geological subsoil to a seismic trace.

Alur Pemrosesan Data Seismik

Demultiplexing/Reformatting Geometry True Amplitude Recovery Surface Consistent Amplitude Correction Statics Correction Velocity Analysis Koreksi Normal Move Out (NMO) Brute Stack Residual Statics Dip Move Out Velocity Analysis DMO Stack Migration

Various ways to display seismograms:

Wiggle trace/ Variable trace

Variable trace

Wiggle trace

TWT (Two Way Time)

Seismik section Variable area wiggle trace yang sudah diinterpretasi

Reef

Top Formasi

Sesar/patahan

Penampang Seismik dengan Variable Density