ANALYSIS OF SALINITY AND THE IMPACT FOR DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY IN DADAP TANGERANG, BANTEN INDONESIA Samadi, M.

.Si Lecture of Geography Department Universitas Negeri Jakarta Email: adinotes@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Background research to date is that residential areas in the North coast of Tangerang regency, especially the areas bordering the Capital such as the Dadap, Tanjungpasir and Tanjungburung difficulties due to the unavailability of clean water in natural water can be consumed. Shallow groundwater that is relatively salty, while too brackish groundwater. To overcome this, residents buy water from private taps or water through the car (the vendor). The research objectives to (1) Knowing the content of chloride in locations dug wells, wells and reservoirs and rivers buckets that are used as a source of clean water inhabitants, and (2) Determine the types and sources of clean water inhabitants. Research conducted in the area in two sub Teluknaga Dadap and Kosambi, Tangerang regency of Banten province in June-November 2009. With the survey method, the sample numbered 197 people obtained through the techniques of sampling area. Instruments of this study are the spreadsheet of field observation data and questionnaires. Standardization of data analysis techniques using electrical conductivity of test content, i.e. content analysis of electrical conductivity, acidity (pH) and physical parameters (color, taste and smell) of water samples. Analysis of salt water intrusion with this method is applied to classify the level of water salinity, the generic. The study explains that: 1) based on the analysis of the results of measurements of levels of dissolved salts. Character salinity level of water in the study area had higher levels of electrical conductivity at the mean level of 258.7 S per cm, is still below the threshold limits (i.e. less than 1500 S per cm) with a mean pH of the water content was 6.2. When the measurement is still no rain, the content of electrical conductivity of water flow in the Cisadane River reach level 141 S per cm with river water pH 5.5. This shows that the levels of dissolved salts in general on Cisadane River flow is relatively low. The entire system of surface water flow (flow Cisadane River, a secondary channel of Bojong Renged-Blimbing and parent channel Cisadane River North) has the status of water SLIGHTLY brackish water main in the dry seasons. Water salinity levels increasing to the north area of resettlement village Keboncau- Kebonkelapa, Teluknaga District, namely at the level of 743 S per cm with a relatively neutral pH of water 6. In this region, the consumption of clean water residents take better advantage of water from the water distribution system PDAM Tangerang Municipality via tank trucks or conventionally marketed using a wheelbarrow. 2) based on the analysis of fresh water resources of the population; Respondents use a clean water source in addition to tap water is mainly due to the quality of water supplied by PDAM relatively still not good. Some of these factors include turbid water taps, water taps that do not taste bad, the water flow taps often die, and water taps are often smelly. Sources of water use is relatively diverse respondents, namely the use of a single (ground water, river water or rain water only), and the use of two sources, such as ground water and rain water, ground water and tap water, ground water and water carts, Groundwater and gallon refill, river water and water carts, and gallons of river water refill, water taps and water carts, water taps and gallon refill, water taps and water instead of gallons and gallons of water carts and refill. Key words: salinity, the choice of domestic water, Dadap Tangerang, Banten.

BACKGROUND Are the most productive coastal areas in the world especially the various economic activities take place here? And as the region continues to grow, the region continues to experience pressures caused by population growth, land use change and the decline in water quality and the quality of other coastal resources. In addition, coastal areas are rich in natural resources and biota are also vulnerable to changes in the region due to rapidly growing residential area that is usually triggered by the growth of the industry. Two residential and industrial areas are usually also requires a relatively large water supply, whether derived from clean water supply piping system or through groundwater pumping. Pumping of groundwater exceeds the capacity of the source is continuously within a certain time period will result in various impacts on the environment such as the decreasing soil water reserves that potentially lead to symptoms of decline in groundwater as well as the increasing intrusion of seawater into the groundwater environment. The possibility of falling water table in the dry state will provide an opportunity for entry of surface water into groundwater environments including sea water. If the above problems persist, then the soil grains will experience the process of compression so that a drop in surface soil (land subsidence phenomena). On the other hand, this problem is very vulnerable to the threat of flooding due to either the rising tide of sea water or the strength of surface water runoff from upstream areas mainly during the rainy season. The above problems will be even worse with the advent of clean water scarcity problem, especially for household use. Until now a residential area on the North coast of Tangerang regency, especially the areas bordering the Capital such as the Dadap, Tanjungpasir and Tanjungburung difficulties due to the unavailability of clean water in natural water can be consumed. Shallow ground water that is salty, while the brackish groundwater. To overcome this, residents buy water from private taps or water through the car (the vendor). Water is generally used for cooking and drinking while for bathing and washing is sometimes used salty water. Salinity level of ground water due to seawater intrusion shows an indication of the widespread influence of mineral salts of sea water into the ground water environment governance. This means that sea water intrusion is taking place, so it has the potential to create imbalance symptoms of local ground water environmental governance. The problems will add to pollution of ground water and usually occur because of not fully industrial society and the environment needs can be met by the system of urban water services, where the existence of air net subscribers in the water piping system that is the segment of household / domestic is relatively broad and not policy resulted in irregular service and water distribution system taps have trouble. From these conditions, resulting in lack of clean water provision and services that impact on poor people's attention to aspects of health and water quality. The problem is compounded by the relatively low level of education or economic and population in the region who increasingly ignore the aspects of health and water quality. Gradually, these problems will cause disease that is spread by water (water borne disease). This problem can affect the development of tourism activities in the region Dadap. To overcome this, then conducted research concerning the identification of quality sources of water (shallow groundwater and surface water) the main local sources of water that is usually used for domestic residents.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Objectives The purposes of this study are to: (a) Knowing the content of chloride in locations dug wells, wells and reservoirs and rivers buckets that are used as a source of clean water inhabitants. (b) Knowing the type and source of clean water inhabitants. Research Scheduling Research conducted in the region that includes two sub Dadap Teluknaga and Kosambi, Tangerang District in Banten Province. While the execution time in June November 2009. Population and Sample The study population is a region that includes two sub Dadap Teluknaga and Kosambi, Tangerang District in Banten Province. While the selected sample totaled 197 people who obtained based on the sampling area sampling technique, namely the determination of the distribution of samples according to the location of shallow ground water sources like dug wells, wells, buckets and surface water sources such as reservoirs or lakes and streams that are used as a source of clean water by residents. Research Methods The method used in this study is a survey. Research Instruments The instrument is used as a data retrieval approach in this research is to use 2 (two) categories, namely: (1) field observations of field data sheet concerning salinity data measured with a Conductivity meter with calibration 1413 S at a temperature of 25 C. The relative land In addition, measurement of the acidity of the water environment during the measurement using pH indicator sheets 0-14. 1:15,000 scale map of the earth way and the Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to facilitate the determination of point coordinates for the determination of the earth, and stopwatch time measurement, working papers and stationery as well as thermometers, (2) Questionnaire to explore the socioeconomic information around the study site. Data Analysis Using standard electrical conductivity test content, i.e. content analysis of electrical conductivity, acidity (pH) and physical parameters (color, taste and smell) of water samples. Analysis of salt water intrusion with this method is applied to classify the level of generic water salinity (salt content knowing dissolved general denial of the Total Suspended Solid from either source or shallow ground water from surface water sources (rivers, reservoirs, irrigation canals). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Geographic Areas Administratively-Geographic boundaries Dadap which includes two sub Teluknaga and Kosambi, Tangerang District, Banten Province is Tanjungpasir region in northern province in the east of Jakarta, Soekarno-Hatta region in the south, and watershed area Cisadane river downstream in the west. Research Area boundaries Area of research is one of three central areas of growth namely Teluknaga Growth Center. This growth area covers five districts, namely Teluknaga, Kosambi, Sepatan, Mauk, Pakuhaji, Kemiri and Sukadiri. Directed to the development of nautical tourism sector and the natural, maritime industry, sea ports, fisheries and aquaculture. In this study, the study area is the unity of territory that covers all aspects of water supply

system and its development, namely the regions and sub-district Teluknaga Kosambi, Tangerang District in Banten Province. Physical and Environmental 1) Topography and Slope; Study area is situated at a height of 5-15 meters above sea level. The slope conditions at the study sites ranged from 0 to 0.5%. 2) Climatology; Study area is characterized by tropical climate of the rainy season and dry season each year. And based on data obtained from the Meteorological and Geophysics Agency, the rainfall ranges from 2000-3000 mm / year with daily temperature variations generally range 28-34oC, the average temperature of 30oC, and humidity ranged 80-95%. 3) Hydrogeology; Based on the results of interpretation of 1:100,000 scale maps Hydrogeology Sheet 1209-4 Indonesia Jakarta (Java), the study area containing aquifer sediment surface (depth less than 20 m) wells nauseating possibility of more than 5 liters per second, especially found in most parts of Jakarta and regional plains north Tangerang. This area is generally the price of transmissivity (T) and the capacity of its type (Sc) is greater than 235 m2/hari and 6 l / sec / m found in several layers of sand and gravel aquifer with a static water level is less than 2 m below ground level. Furthermore, the possibility of sickness wells between 1 to 5 liters per second and up to the coastal areas of Jakarta has a price of around 234.40 m2/hari T and Sc is less than 5 l / sec / m, the static water level ranged between 0.5 and 5 m below ground level. Possible nauseating wells between 5 to 25 liters per second found in the vicinity of the plains Jakarta, Tangerang, Bekasi and west on the Quaternary sediments reach a thickness of about 250 m. This aquifer system consists of several layers (multilayer) aquifer sand / sandstone with single layer thickness of between 3 to 18 m. 4) Hydrology; major river found in the study area is Cisadane river with small tributaries and other secondary channels. In addition, the study sites there are dams / reservoirs. Utilization of dams, among others for the management of fisheries and livestock land (freshwater fish), both managed semi-permanently through a simple cage-cages or by stocking only sporadically. Another use of the reservoir is a traditional fishing to tourism facilities. The status of land ownership status of the dam is still owned by former sand quarry which was formerly leased to the land of sand mining companies. 5) Geology: The landscape of the study sites are formed of alluvial sedimentation processes are derived from the material stream and the flow of mud on it (mud flows). Sediment alluvium consisting of clay, sand and gravel is widespread in areas with terrain morphology and has varying layer thickness of about 10-20 meters. Demographic 1) Number and Population Density: Population in Kosambi-Teluknaga and is a mixture of agrarian and urban with a population in 2008 of about 383,000 souls and the growth of approximately 12.1% per year. Population growth the longer showed an increasing trend sharpened after improving access roads to the Soekarno-Hatta airport. The rapid development of the region spurred by a growing residential areas around the airport as well as warehousing and non-industrial areas. In connection still many residents who work outside the region such as Jakarta and Tangerang industrial park in the evening then more of the population, the burden of the city increased, but instead when the noon-day, many area residents who came out to work. It is characteristic of the service area that usually grows into a city settlement buffer. 2) Structure of the Population According to Livelihood; main livelihood of the population in the study area were civil servants (5%), employees of private / professional (8%), businessmen (21%), housewife (30%), Labor (14% ), Farmer / Fisherman (7%), unemployment (7%), and the other 8 (%).

Urban Infrastructure 1) Housing; Regions Dadap is the center of the road network system is quite complex, where the higher density of residential buildings, are now virtually absent from the garden or fields. While in the pamphlets (Blimbing Village) generally is an area of rice fields, where the concentration of settlements and housing only at the edges along the connecting road and on the banks of irrigation. However this time the Village Dadap and Jatimulyo seen the development of warehousing, along with that some developers are doing land acquisition for housing development, it is estimated that about 5-10 years from the fields will be turned into residential. At this time constraint residential development is not enough clean water availability. 2) Electricity; electricity network covers almost 100% of the entire region. Sources of power used are Java-Bali interconnection network. Voltage that can be served PLN is 220/380 V. 3) Drainage; existing drainage facilities in areas of service most of the existing form of buildings with masonry walls along the street class II and class III. As for class IV roads, dug trenches are still common. In addition to artificial drainage, in the service area supported also by means of the natural drainage of the French River which had never flooded. 4) Clean Water; clean water services by PDAM currently has reached 20% of the population. While the raw water source used is a primary irrigation canal that tapped from the weir located in Tangerang City. 5) Trash; infrastructure to solve the waste problem in the research area has not been sufficient. Transport from the generation site to the Final Disposal is done in stages. The first stage starts from the generation site is collected by the wheelie bin which is organized every neighborhood. From the wheelie bin is collected on Disposal meantime. Thus both the form of municipal solid waste generation and the generation of domestic commerce to be quickly addressed. Accumulation system is a system of open dumping. In Final Disposal waste that still has economic value that has been collected is separated by a scavenger while the majority of organic materials such as fresh vegetables and food scraps to cattle consumed. 6) Waste; handling of household waste through the channels of waste that empties into the French River. As for the sludge is done on site with a septic tank is made on an individual basis. Analysis of Electrical Conductivity results and pH of Water 1) General; (a) The generic character of the water salinity levels in the District Teluknaga relatively well with the generic levels of water salinity at the level of 258.7 S per cm, although the levels are found the highest electrical conductivity of 1050 S per cm at Pantai Indah Dadap warehousing locations. And (b) The value of pH or acidity of the water content in the general location of measurement was 6.2. This also indicates that the actual acidity of the water in the study area is still relatively safe for consumption. 2) Site specific a. In the former dam site excavation of sand Gaga Village and its surroundings, the average levels of electrical conductivity reaches 157 S per cm with a mean pH of the water 6. Electrical conductivity values are still fairly low; meaning that there is salt in the water reservoir is actually relatively safe if used as a source of raw water treatment system drinking water in clean water to residents. However, the salinity level of water reservoirs need to be aware mainly on season-long dry season because the water table and channel on the west side of the reservoir will drop so that potentially cause precipitation of all dissolved substances including salt to be growing into the reservoir water environment governance. In addition, physically, reservoir water quality will be worse in

the dry season with a fishy odor and color of the water the more greenish; even taste the water is relatively little bargaining power (information from residents who live on the west side near the dam). b. Location Cisadane River water flow Rainy season; Watershed Cisadane contain electrical conductivity 141 S per cm with a pH of 5.5 Cisadane River water. This shows that the levels of dissolved salts in general on Cisadane River flow is still relatively good Dry season; Chloride content of a substance (solute clearly indicate salt water intrusion into the groundwater system of environmental / rivers on the mainland) to reach the level of 1079.51 mg per liter in June, and decreased to 1079 mg per liter in July and 1078.8 mg per liter in August (during the dry season) with the content of electrical conductivity in the same months in a row is s per cm -5, 197 S per cm and 200 S per cm. By considering the previous results, the levels of dissolved salts in detail in the flow system Cisadane River water main in the dry season is SLIGHTLY brackish. Thus, the relative Cisadane River water flow can only be used for purposes including fisheries and livestock or water and NOT GROUP C TREATMENT OF RAW WATER FOR DRINKING WATER as well as domestic use / household. c. Location of the parent channel Cisadane River North and the secondary channel of Blimbing-Bojong Renged; Value of electrical conductivity on the parent channel system Cisadane River North hit a 122 S per cm, while the electrical conductivity on the secondary channel system upstream location (village road forked into Bojong Renged) to 46 S per cm and the increase in value to 130 S per cm into the central region Bojong Renged village. These data show that salinity conditions during the rainy season in this region is still relatively under the threshold. However, because the water sources of the two systems of water channels is also derived from the flow of Cisadane River which had higher levels of dissolved salts is still relatively high, especially in the dry season, then the content of dissolved salts in the second secondary channel system is also classified as to source LESS SAFE raw water drinking water treatment. A LITTLE taste brackish water that will lower water quality is concerned, so it is not relevant when used as a source of raw water in drinking water treatment systems. d. Location of wells dug-Keboncau Kebonkelapa Village area and other locations. Increased levels of electrical conductivity more significantly to the north identified on the measurement location in the Village area Kebonkelapa-Keboncau Teluknaga District. Levels of electrical conductivity in the region reached 743 S per cm with a pH of water is relatively still the same i.e. 6.

Figure 1. Location of wells dug depth of 1 meter (viewed from the west side of the reservoir) Source: Data Field.

From the above data, can be explained that the shallow groundwater quality conditions in the Village area-Keboncau-Kebonkelapa relatively low. However, the source of drinking water consumed daily by people in the regions largely derived from the distribution of water taps that are managed using the mobile tank trucks or conventionally marketed using a wheelbarrow. Only a small proportion of wells that residents have adequate ground water quality with a sense of fresh water, odorless and

translucent color. This situation is made possible by the stratification conditions (rock structure) which may be different.

Figure 2. Base location of water tanks, supply of water trucks

Figure 3. Location base water wagon (pushcart)

Rock stratification differences because the differences lays the basin or depositsdeposits of fresh water in the soil. This phenomenon causes the quality of shallow ground water are different also in a region. Population Analysis of Water Resources The amount of water used (m3 per day) by the respondents at the sites most (69%) use water <1 m 3 in a day. Other 25% use between 1 to less than 5 m3 per day, and the remainder (6%) using clean water to an average of more than 5 m3. Types of water sources used by respondents who netted in this study are also relatively diverse. Trend is visible, is the respondents who use the dominant source of clean water is more than one source. Respondents who only use ground water alone amounted to 5%, only 6% of river water and rain water only 4%. While the respondents who use the source water from two sources are as follows: ground water and rain water as much as 9%, ground water and tap water as much as 15%, water, soil and water carts as much as 9%, ground water and gallon refill as much as 5%, water rivers and water wagon by 8%, gallons of river water and refill as much as 8%, water taps and water carts as much as 11%, water taps and gallon refill as much as 15%, water taps and water as much as 3% instead of gallons, and gallons of water carts and refill as much as 4%.

Figure 4. Location of water base refill Sources: Field Data.

Water taps are relatively turbid, is the first reason cited by respondents until finally they use water sources other than the source water from the taps. The reasons advanced by about 16% of respondents. Then, feeling the water taps are not bad also expressed by at least 24% of respondents. Another 22% of respondents stated that it taps the water flow is often dead, as well as tap water often smells bad response by about 37% of respondents. And see the trend of the dominant use of water resources use more than one source of clean water, and then it is interesting to note how much the total family income per month. And from field data, found that the average income of respondents was dominant between Rp.1.500.000 Rp.500.000 up. Those with incomes <29% Rp.500.000, Rp.500.000-Rp.1000.000 income by 40%, income-Rp.1.500.000 Rp.1000.000 by 27%,

income-Rp.2.000.000 Rp.1.500.000 as much 3%, and income-Rp.2.500.000 Rp.2.000.000 only 1%. Meanwhile, the cost incurred to buy clean water (Rp / month), especially for respondents who subscribe to tap water showed that of 86 respondents, 78% of respondents found the average income <100,000, 14% income-Rp 100,000 .150.000, and others as much as 8% of income> 150,000. For the 111 respondents who are not customers of water from tap water sources, when asked their willingness to buy PDAM water, most (77%) states are willing and interested to become customers. And the rest or about 23% not interested. CONCLUSION 1) Based on the analysis of the results of measurements of levels of dissolved salts Character salinity level of water in the study area had higher levels of electrical conductivity at the mean level of 258.7 S per cm, is still below the threshold limits (ie less than 1500 S per cm) with a mean pH of the water content was 6.2. When the measurement is still no rain, the content of electrical conductivity of water flow in the Cisadane River reach level 141 S per cm with river water pH 5.5. This shows that the levels of dissolved salts in general on Cisadane River flow is relatively low. The entire system of surface water flow (flow Cisadane River, a secondary channel of Bojong Renged-Blimbing and parent channel Cisadane River North) has the status of water SLIGHTLY brackish water main in the dry seasons. Water salinity levels increasing to the north area of resettlement village-Keboncau- Kebonkelapa, Teluknaga District, namely at the level of 743 S per cm with a relatively neutral pH of water 6. In this region, the consumption of clean water residents take better advantage of water from the water distribution system PDAM Tangerang Municipality via tank trucks or conventionally marketed using a wheelbarrow. 2) Based on the analysis of fresh water resources of the population; Respondents use a clean water source in addition to tap water is mainly due to the quality of water supplied by PDAM relatively still not good. Some of these factors include turbid water taps, water taps that do not taste bad, the water flow taps often die, and water taps are often smelly. Sources of water use is relatively diverse respondents, namely the use of a single (ground water, river water or rain water only), and the use of two sources, such as ground water and rain water, ground water and tap water, ground water and water carts , Groundwater and gallon refill, river water and water carts, and gallons of river water refill, water taps and water carts, water taps and gallon refill, water taps and water instead of gallons and gallons of water carts and refill. REFERENCES Arianti, Nyayu Neti. 1999. Analisis Pilihan Sumber Air Bersih dan Kesediaan Membayar Bagi Perbaikan Kualitas dan Kuantitas Air PDAM di Kodya Bengkulu. Tesis. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Tidak dipublikasikan. Dinas Hidro-Oseanografi TNI AL. 2001. Pondok Dayung. Laporan Survai dan Pemetaan Hidro-Oseanografi. Tidak dipublikasikan. Direktorat Geologi Tata Lingkungan dan Dinas Pertambangan DKI. 1996. Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pemanfaatan Sumur Resapan di Wilayah Jakarta Timur. DGTL Bandung dan Dinas Pertanbangan DKI Jakarta, Jakarta. Direktorat Geologi Tata Lingkungan. 1988. Studi Instrusi/ Penyusupan Air Asin di Wilayah DKI Jakarta. PAM Jaya, Jakarta. Freeze, R. Allan dan John A. Cherry. 1979. Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey.

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