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NDEKLER TENSES (ZAMANLAR)............................................................................................................................................... 2 1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE .................................................................................................................................. 2 2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE .......................................................................................................................... 3 3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE ........................................................................................................................................ 4 4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (Hikaye Zaman) ........................................................................................................ 4 5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ................................................................................................................................ 5 6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE............................................................................................................. 6 7. PAST PERFECT TENSE ...................................................................................................................................... 6 8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................................................................................................. 7 9. GOING TO / WILL / SOON (Future Tense) ........................................................................................................... 7 10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE .......................................................................................................................... 7 11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (Will + Have + V3) ..................................................................................................... 8 12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE............................................................................................................. 8 13. FUTURE IN THE PAST ..................................................................................................................................... 8 14. ACTIVE / PASSIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 9 TENSE UYUMU ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 TENSELER HAKKINDA EK BLM ............................................................................................................................ 10 MODALS .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 1. SIMPLE MODALS ........................................................................................................................................... 12 2. CONTINUOUS MODALS .................................................................................................................................. 15 3. PAST MODALS (Perfect Modals) ....................................................................................................................... 16 DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS (BELRTME SIFATLARI) .......................................................................................... 17 DETERMINERS.................................................................................................................................................. 17 PRONOUNS (ADIL - ZAMR) .................................................................................................................................... 20 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ...................................................................................................................................... 20 CONDITIONALS (IF CLAUSE)................................................................................................................................... 21 0. ZERO CONDITIONAL (Pesent - Real) ............................................................................................................... 21 1. FIRST CONDITIONAL (Present / Future - Real)................................................................................................... 21 2. SECOND CONDITIONAL (Present / Future - Unreal) ............................................................................................ 22 3. THIRD CONDITIONAL (Past - Unreal) .............................................................................................................. 23 MIXED TYPE (3 2) (Cmlelerde Time expression var ise geerlidir. Yoksa kullanlmaz). ............................................ 23 CONDITIONALS INVERSION (IF CLAUSE'NIN DEVRK HAL) ......................................................................................... 25 1. FIRST CONDITIONAL ( SHOULD ) .................................................................................................................... 25 2. SECOND CONDITIONAL ( WERE ) .................................................................................................................... 25 3. THIRD CONDITIONAL ( HAD ) ......................................................................................................................... 25 WISH CLAUSE (KEKE...) ....................................................................................................................................... 26 1 - PRESENT VE FUTURE ANLAM (second conditional yaps kullanr) ......................................................................... 26 2 - PAST ANLAM (Third conditional yaps kullanr) ................................................................................................. 26 ADJECTIVE / ADVERB (Sfat / Zarf) .......................................................................................................................... 28 SO THAT / SUCH THAT ........................................................................................................................................... 29 COMPARATIVE (ki grubun karlatrlmas) / SUPERLATIVE (2 den fazla grubun karlatrlmas) ..................................... 29 SUPERLATIVE (En.. leri verir) .................................................................................................................................. 30 ETLEME YAPMAK VEYA BOZMAK (as __ as / so __ as) .............................................................................................. 31 "THE ... , THE ..." YAPISI........................................................................................................................................ 32 RELATIVE CLAUSE (Sfat Cmlecikleri)...................................................................................................................... 32 THAT CLAUSES (Relative Pronouns) ......................................................................................................................... 36 RELATIVE CLAUSE NDRGEMES (REDUCTION) ......................................................................................................... 37 NOUN CLAUSE ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 1) Object (ZNE) konumunda noun clause ........................................................................................................... 39 2) Subject konumunda noun clause ..................................................................................................................... 40 NDRGEME - REDUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 41 URGENCY FLLER (SUBJUNCTIVE - ekimsiz fiil yaplar DLEK KP) ........................................................................ 42 1) Fiil ile Kullanm ............................................................................................................................................ 42 2) Sfat ile Kullanm .......................................................................................................................................... 42 3) sim le Kullanm .......................................................................................................................................... 42 QUESTION TAGS (, deil mi?) ................................................................................................................................. 42 SHORT REPLIES - Agreement "Ben de" ..................................................................................................................... 43 BALALAR .......................................................................................................................................................... 44 AS / LIKE FARKI ............................................................................................................................................... 47 LIKE / ALIKE FARKI. .......................................................................................................................................... 48 NO MATTER HOW (,).............................................................................................................................................. 51 CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS (Snavlarda bolca kar) .............................................................................................. 51 INFINITIVE / GERUND AYRIMI ................................................................................................................................. 52 PERFECT INFINITIVE (to + have + V3), PERFECT GERUND (having + V3) ...................................................................... 54 CAUSATIVE (ETTRGEN) "Yaptrmak" ....................................................................................................................... 55 PARTICIPLES (Adverbial Clauselerin indirgemesi) ...................................................................................................... 55 INVERSION (DEVRK CMLE YAPISI)........................................................................................................................ 57 JUST VE ALREADY FARKI ........................................................................................................................................ 58 EVR, CMLE TAMAMLAMA, ANLAM BTNL, PARARAF SORULARI ..................................................................... 59 1) CLOZE TESTLER............................................................................................................................................ 59 2) CMLE TAMAMLAMALAR: ............................................................................................................................... 59 3) EVRLER: .................................................................................................................................................. 60 4) PARARAFTA ANLAM BTNLN SALAYAN / BOZAN CMLE : ..................................................................... 61 5) DURUMA UYGUN DEN CMLEY BULMAK: ..................................................................................................... 62 6) ANLAMCA EN YAKIN CMLEY BULMA (Re-Write / Re-Statement): ........................................................................ 62 7) DYALOG TAMAMLAMA:.................................................................................................................................. 63 8) READING (PARARAF SORULARI): .................................................................................................................. 63 GENEL BLGLER - YAPILAR KALIPLAR (KARIIK) .................................................................................................... 63
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KPDSde Gramer sorusu zerken T.S.M Kuralna gre zmek gerekir. T: Tense (nce Tensee baklr. Time Expressionlar Zaman belirler ) S: Structure (Sonra Kalplara baklr. r: so that, such that, either .. or vb.) M: Meaning (En son Anlama baklr) Bu maddelere uyarken her zaman Aktif-pasif / Tekil oul olup olmadna dikkat edilmelidir. Genelde Aktif-pasif ile ok tuzak sorusu kurulur. Yaps uymayan eyin bizim iin anlam yoktur (Dokmanda bu yaplar, "kalp"lar halinde gsterilmitir) Gncel haberler, bilimsel veya sosyal ierikli makaleler vs okuyun. Her kaynaktan gramer almayn! ngilizce kaynak okurken That lerin ve prepositionlarn altn izin
TENSES (ZAMANLAR)
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE A - Gnlk hayat, Alkanlk I smoke ten cigarettes a day. She smokes ten cigarettes every day I live in Ankara Sreklilik bildirir. They go to the cinema every Sunday. On Saturday (Sreklilik yok) She has a party on Saturday night On Saturdays (Sreklilik belirtir) She has a party on Saturday nights
Always (present continuous) Often (Past Tense) Already, usually, sometimes(=occasionally), Never, rarely, scarcely, seldom, frequently Anymore, + simple present B - Doal gerekler (Natural facts)
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Now
Balang Biti
Tense uyumunda Simple Present Present Continuous deiimi olabilir. (Karde Tense) *Currently (imdi, Bu gn) Now Right now Presently At the moment At present For the time being = Now This time Just this time
Currently grnce hemen Present Continuous Tense kullanlmaldr. Currently, genelde cmle banda kullanlr. Currently we are working on a project Bir Time Expression; arkasndan gelen cmleleri de etkiler. Yeni bir time expressionlu cmle gelene kadar cmleler nceki Timeda devam eder. zellikle Cloze Testlerde bu durum nemlidir. Simple Past Used to (Az kullanlr) Past continuous Now, But now,
Present
"There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't" Present Continuous Tense ile Future Anlam Normalde Future Tenseler Planlanm ve Planlanmam gelecek anlamlar verir. Present Continuous Tense ile Planlanm Gelecek Anlam verilir. (Time expression kullanlmas arttr) Were having a party on Saturday night Theyre coming home tomorrow [Going to + V1] kalb ile ayn manada kullanlr. Zihinsel eylemlerde Ving kullanlmaz (I have a car) Fiziksel eylemlerde Ving kullanlr. (I am having a breakfast)
Normalde Ving formda kullanlmayan baz fiiller (Mental Fiiller) Ving formda kullanld zaman "Fiziksel eylem" anlatr. Eylem anlatyor ise + ing alr, anlatmyor ise + ing almaz !
Understand, Know, Love, Believe, Hear, Think, See Mesela: Think; Dnmek anlatyor ise Im thinking kullanlr. Fikir-opinion anlatyor ise I think kullanlr.
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3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE Gemite olan ve bitmi olaylar iin kullanlr. (Bir olayn olu zamann verir.) Last month, Last year (Last + Tm zaman birimleri ) On Friday Ago Yesterday n time, date (in 1980)
Past
Now
Past
Now
What were you doing at 8 PM last night? I was watching TV at 8 PM last night (at that time) Gemite o noktada o ii (daha nce balam bir ii) yapmaya devam ediyor. While my wife was cooking dinner, I was reading my papers. (While my wife was time expression grevi grr) While I was studying, my friends came (kesien eylem) Past continuous tense genelde 2 li cmle kalb kullanr. (tense uyumuna dikkat: past continuous tense-simple past tense)(Karde Tense) When my wife came, we were working on the car DKKAT: Gemiteki sreci deil, sreteki tek bir noktay anlatr. Srecin kendisi szkonusu ise Past Continuous Tense kullanlmaz.
5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Gemite balam etkisi halen devam eden bir olay anlatrken kullanlr. Olayn sonucu u an da grlmekte veya hissedilmektedir. (Gemiteki bir olay bu gne balar) Tecrbe- deneyim bildiren durumlarda kullanlr. Already, just kullanlabilir. Yet: olumsuz ve soruda kullanlr. "I havent finished it yet." She worked hard. Yet, she failed again (Yet cmle banda ise bala grevindedir. Present Perfect tense bildirmeyebilir)
Past
Now
Balang
* Present perfect tensede zaman nemli deildir. nemli olan olayn gnmze balanmasdr. Indefinite time (belirsiz zaman) olarak da bilinir. Bir cmlenin zamann belirlemek iin bir Time Expression gereklidir. (Ago, Last year, Next week gibi..). Cmlede Time Expression yok ise ncelikli olarak present tenseler dnlr. Gemiteki bir olay ise bu Present Perfect tense'dir. Simple past tense ve Present perfect tense arasnda pheye dlen durumlarda; cmlenin time expressionu yok ise Present perfect tense olma ihtimali olduka yksektir. Cmlelerin time expressionu yok ise ncelikli olarak Present Tense'ler tercih edilmelidir.
Ever since since for 30 years since 1980 up to now, up till now lately recently so far Past few night Through to history All years in over Past the for Last during
Ever since kesinlikle present perfecttir. Since iin anlamnda kullanlmyorsa kesinlikle present perfecttir.
Since + simple past, Present Perfect Kalb Since 1980, he has been Ankara Since industrial revolution, there have been a lot of invention Since I was born, I have been in Ankara
Fora Present Perfect Tensede gvenme. Tek bana baklarak karar verilmez.
rnek: He worked as a waiter for 3 years and then he moved to stanbul. (for olmasna ramen simple past) * Cmlenin devam past iken ncesi Present Perfect olamaz. SMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT FARKI: Someone broke the window (simple past) (nemli olan olayn ne zaman olduudur. cam krlm fakat yenisi taklmtr) (yeni cam taklmam olsa zaten Present Perfect tense ile ifade ederdik) Someone has broken the window (Present perfect)
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6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Birok durumda Present perfect tense ile ayndr. Sre bildirirler. I have worked here for 2 years (Present Perfect) I have been working here for 2 Years (Present Perfect Continuous)
Past
Now
* I had gone there (Tek bana byle bir cmle kullanlmaz) Mutlaka bir past cmlesi ile beraber kullanlr ki bu genelde simple past tenseli bir cmledir.
Time Expression + simple past, past perfect kalb. (past perfect, Time Expression + simple past)
When we got there, the film had already started. Past perfect olmad zamanlarda simple past ayn ii grr. After I had finished... yerine After I finished... gibi By the time I arrived at the hall, they had finished preparations. (By the time = by : nce, o an itibariyle...) By the time [simple past] [past perfect-(simple past)] By 1950, the government had started 3rd economic reform * By ile tarih kullanlr, by the time ile cmle kullanlr. * By ve by the time ile past perfect veya future perfect kullanlr. By + tarih By the time + cmle
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Past
Now
Time expression sre belirtiyor ise bu past perfect continuousdur. When we arrived in izmir, we had been travelling for 8 hours
Now
Future
Planl gelecek zaman. (in iinde olunacak an syler) I will be lying on the beach this time (next week) Gelecek hafta bu zaman kumsalda gneleniyor olacam Do not call me tonight Ill be studying for my exam. (bu cmledeki for iin anlamnda KARITIRMA !)
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11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (Will + Have + V3) Gelecekte bitecek olan bir eylem iin kullanlr. Gelecek zamanda belli bir noktadan nce bir ii bitirmi olmak (Deadline-Biti Tarihi belirtir.) Bitirmi olacam When you finish your Project, we will have already submitted ours.
Now
Future
When you get home, we will have finished decorating your room. By the time he comes home, we will have finished preparations When= By the time
By 2012, they will have finished the tunnel. * by veya by the time (when) yoksa Future Perfect Tense kullanlmaz ! 12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Gelecek Ay itibariyle 2 sene olacak (Sre bildirir) I will have been working here for 2 years next month. Past
Now
Future
13. FUTURE IN THE PAST A - (was/were going to) + V1 Gemite karar verilip yaplmayan mazeret veya bahane bildirimi. They were going to get (V1) married last month but they had an accident (evleneceklerdi fakat evlenemediler) I was going to call (V1) you but I had unexpected visitors. B - (would) + V1 Gemite karar verilip yaplan iler. He decided that he would leave his house to his son. * willin past gibidir. ncesindeki cmle past bir cmledir. * would tek bana kullanlmaz. ncesinde mutlaka past olmaldr. he decided that..
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14. ACTIVE / PASSIVE * zne eylemi yapamyor ise bu cmle pasif bir cmledir. * Passive fiilden sonra bir isim geliyorsa bu isim ounlukla ii yapan kii konumundadr. Ve cmlede fiilden sonra bir preposition olur. Bu da ounlukla by dr. Ali invited her Ali was invited by her to the party
Ali _________ to the party. (Kimi? Aktif cmle olsa bu belli deil. Bu belirsizlii kabul etmiyoruz. O zaman pasif kullanmalyz) Ali was invited to the party. (doru cevap-pasif) Our house was built by my father. Be Am Is Are Was Were Been
To ...(be in USA)
Sorunun cevaplarnda ayn fiilin aktif-pasif hali var ise nce cevap aktif mi pasif mi bakmak gerekir. Do not involve me in your family matters He has involved in a bank robbery (in: involve fiilinin by gibidir)
TENSE UYUMU
NEML: * kili veya daha fazla cmle topluluunda birbirini izleyen cmlelerin Tense (Zaman belirten)leri uyumlu olmaldr. Present ise sonraki cmle present, past ise takip eden cmle de past olmaldr. * Balayan cmlenin time expressionu sonraki gelen cmlelerin zamann belirler. * Ne zaman yeni bir time expression gelir o zaman o time expression zaman bakmndan sonraki cmlelere hakim olur.
CMLE 1 Present Perfect / Continuous PRESENT TENSELER Simple present Present continuous Present Modal (Can, may,) FUTURE PAST TENSELER Simple past Past continuous Past perfect * Past perfect continuous Past Modal WOULD ve trevleri
BALA Continuous yap ile kulanlabilen balalar When While As Just as (while) *! Continuous yap ile kulanlamayan balalar After Before*! By the time By Once (=when) As soon as*! The moment (=when) Until
CMLE 2 Present Perfect Tense PRESENT TENSELER Simple present Present continuous Present Modal (Can, may,) FUTURE PAST TENSELER Simple past Past continuous Past perfect * Past perfect cont. (nadiren) Past Modal WOULD ve trevleri
* Time expressionun her iki taraf da ayn anda past perfect olamaz ! *! Before + Past Perfect genelde olmaz *! While + Past Perfect genelde olmaz. I heard my name called
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When
Simple past Simple past When I was on the point of leaving house, I heard my name called. (Bala bata olunca) The Captain was working on a documentary about underwater life, While he discovered the wreck of an old ship. Past continuous Simple past While the Captain was working on a documentary about underwater life, he discovered the wreck of an old ship. The party had lost many of its supporters when their leader decided to resign" (Past Perfect + When Simple Past) (2006 Mays) Cross-border shopping is a fundamental right under EU law and _____ as a form of tax evasion. A) Must not have been regarded B) Had not been regarded C) Should not be regarded D) Would not have been regarded E) Was not being regarded zm: Soru cmlemiz presenttir (is a fundamental right..) A) Mustn't have + V3 kesinlikle kullanlmaz (bkz "Past Modals") B) Yeni bir Time Expression ile belirtilmedii srece past perfect kullanamayz. (Tense uyumu) C) Doru cevap (present) D) If veya if anlam grmeden Would have + V3 kullanlmaz E) Tense uyumundan elenir (2007 Kasm) This morning it ---- in the news that the great Italian tenor Pavarotti ---- of pancreatic cancer soon after midnight. A) had been reported / died B) is reported / would die C) is being reported / dies D) was reported / had died E) has been reported / could have died Cevap: D. haber bu sabah (Past [simple past]), Pavarotti ne zaman lm? Gece yarsndan hemen sonra (Early past [past perfect])
BY / BY TH
TIME +
* After ve Before den sonra Continuous tenseler kullanlmaz! Past few night Ever since: Ago Could Would have
Present Perfect Simple past Past gsterir Past perfect Early Past Past
Now
Found Whenever n case =ihtimaline kar Simple Present / Simple past Simple present Simple past Should Olaydan daha nceki zamanlar anlatr
Because
By, By the time, (By l ifadelerde i bitmitir. Devam etmez.) Soon Earlier (Daha nce) It is the first time It was the first time
Past Perfect Future Perfect Future Tense Past Perfect Present Perfect (It is the first time I have ever eaten chinese food) Past Perfect (It was the first time I had ever eaten chinese food)
This time next year This time last year The first time Whenever By then (-den nce) Past few night In a few (days, years) As soon as So far
Simple Past Simple Present Simple Past Past Present Perfect tense Future Tense Present Perfect
*Ardk ve time expression iermeyen cmlelerde Simple past then Simple past yaps izlenir. (Eer Simple past ile balad ise) Gemie ait ak tarih verilen cmlelerde simple past kullanlr. *Because ile gelen cmleler sebep-sonu cmleleridir. Becausedan nce gelen cmle sonu, sonraki cmle ise sebeptir. (Sonu + Because + Sebep) *Yaayan kiilerin eserleri vb. hakknda konuurken Present perfect (Bugne balant kuruyor) *len kiilerin hakknda konuurken Past Tense kullanlr.
*Still grldnde present zaman dnlmelidir. * kilemelerde Present tense kullanlr. (More and more, getting bigger and bigger) * s.past + as if + past perfect * s.past + as if + s.past
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MODALS
Kendi anlam da olan Yardmc fiillere denir. (be fiilleri gibi fakat bunlarn kendi anlamlar da vardr) 1. Simple Modals 2. Continuous Modals 3. Past Modals (Perfect Modals) 1. SIMPLE MODALS 1. Ability (Yetenek) Can Could be able to (modal like)
Normalde bir modal baka bir modalla veya baka bir tense ile kullanlmaz. Baka bir tense ile kullanlaca zaman Modal Likeler kullanlr. I can play the guitar (imdi u anda gitar alyorum) (Sreklilik belirtir) I could write when I was 6. We were able to rescue 5 people after the accident We could rescue 5 people after the accident (Tek seferlik) (stesinden Gelmek) (Srekli bu i oluyormu gibi) (Normalde Kullanlmaz)
He was able to swim for 50 km when the boat sank You will be able to speak fluently when you finish this course 2. Obligation (Zorunluluk) Must Have to, Has to (Modal like) Have got to (Konuma dilinde) Had to (Past)
You Must be at home by 11 PM. FATHER Must SON Have to FRIEND Baba Must Kullanr, Olu arkadana anlatrken ayn cmleyi Have to ile ifade eder. I dont have to be at home by 11 PM. Saat 11 de evde olmam gerekmiyor. I mustnt be at home by 11 PM Mustnt ise Saat 11 de evde olmamalym manas veriyor. * Have to: kanunlarda da kullanlr. (You have to be over 18 years of age to apply for the job) PAST I had to get up early yesterday I didnt have to ... Past Olumsuz. ZORUNLULUK Have to Must PASTI Had to
FUTURE You will have to study hard when you start university CONTINUOUS TENSEde have to kullanm yoktur. PASSIVE This book had to be republished last year. 3. Possiblity (ihtimal-olaslk) %50 olaslk May Might Could Can (Az kullanlr)
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Modal cmlesinden nceki ve sonraki cmleler bizim iin nemlidir. Modal tespit etmek iin bu cmlelere bakarz. Where is John? He is in his room (%100) *%100 olaslk ancak stteki cmledeki gibi is ile salanabilir. Hibir modal %100 olaslk vermez ! Im not sure, I dont know It is not definite he may might could be in his room (%50)
It is not definite university might build a new swimming pool. * Grld zere Could: Past Ability veya Present Possibility gsterir. (Modals Madde 1 ve 3) 4. Deduction (kanta dayal karm-tahmin yapmak) Must %90 olaslk
Where is John? There is light in his room, he must be in his room (%90-95) Its rainy outside, he cant be outside (%90-95 orannda darda olmas imkansz) Alt izili cmleler kant cmleleridir. * Deduction kullanmnda must un olumsuzu cant dr. (Musn't Deil !) 5. Past Habit Used to would + V1
nceden yapp imdi yapmadmz iler iin kullanlr. (Past tense bildirir) nceden yapardm imdi yapmyorum manas verir. I used to live in zmir (Daha nce izmirde yaadm. Artk yaamyor..) I didnt used to live in zmir. (Daha nce zmirde yaamyordum ama imdi yayorum. )
I am used to living in zmir. (zmirde yaamaya alknm)(Alkanlk bildirir) I used to live in zmir. (Daha nce izmirde yaadm. Artk yaamyor..) Shes getting used to driving her new car I have been used to living here Her tense ile kullanlabilir. I was used to + Ving I got used to + Ving I cant get used to + Ving I will get ed to + Ving
....... Used to . . .
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You need to study hard when you go to Harvard If you want to be successfull, you need to study hard. She doesnt need to come here early. Olumsuzu dont need to dur. Neednt kullanld zaman Neednt to deildir. Flowers need To be watered w tering regularly
fade pasif ise ve need var ise Ving kullanlabilir. Simple modallar Verb den nce to almaz (can, must,could, should). Bunun yerine modal like lar to alr (Have to)
7. Expectation (Beklenti)
You are supposed to do the tests (Testleri yapmanz bekleniyor). You are to do the tests (Testleri yapman bekleniyor - zorundasn) You are to stay here till I come
We
should ought to
We had better stay at home, otherwise we will get frozen We had better not stay at home. (* not to stay at home deil !) I had better leave now (imdi gitmeliyim, gitsem iyi olur) 9. Suggestions (neri) Shall we ...? Lets (let us) Why dont ...? What about...? How about ...? Dont we ?
Lets go out tonight? Shall we try the new restaurant tonight? Why dont we stay at home? What about How about Eating out tonight?
Lets not Cevap niteliinde olumsuz (Gitmesek..?) Can Could May Will Would Be allowed to Would you mind Do you mind
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I help you?
* Shall; I ve We ile kullanlr. Yukardan aaya kibarlk derecesi artar (informal to formal) Request: Can Could You help me? Will Would May (Kullanlmaz) Would you mind (do you mind) opening the window? Permission: Can I use your phone? Could may Would you mind if I opened the window? (Cam amamn bir sakncas var m?) I would (Id) like to have some more tea Sorarken offer, isterken request. (Ayn kalp kullanlyor) Would you like ? I would like Be allowed to: (mustnt gibi) You are not allowed to smoke in this building. Nobody can allow you to use this computer (aktif cmle) Would you let me go out? Let me know: (Bana haber ver) 2. CONTINUOUS MODALS 1. Possibility: Ving alr ve szkonusu eylemin "o anda" olma olasln verir. Present modallardan tek fark fiillerin Ving olmasdr. (Continuous tensenin modal halidir) Where is John? I dont know. Might be Studying He Could May
What are they doing? Im not sure, they might be watching TV. 2. Should (ought to): (Serzeni-kzgnlk, yapmasan iyi edersin!) You should be studying for your exam, instead of watching TV here. (Tv izlemek yerine ders alman bekleniyor. Fakat o TV izliyor) You ought to be studying ... They should be typing those letters not chatting (instead of chatting) You shouldnt be solving puzzle when the boss comes. (yapmasan iyi edersin) 3. Deduction: (karm yapmak. Kanta dayal sonuca ulamak) Where is John?. There comes music from his room, he must be listening to music. (%90 olaslk) * must olumsuzu olarak cant kullanlr. Mustnt deil There is no snow, he cant be skiing at this time of the year. She must be studying, there is light in her room.
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3. PAST MODALS (Perfect Modals) *Dier modalardan fark; Eylemin gemite olmasdr. Have + V3 yaps kullanlr. May Might Could* Gone (V3) (PASTta %50 olaslk verir)
They
Have
They might have gone out, there is no answer (Dar km olabilirler) (Past) They Might go out (Dar kabilirler) (Present) (Might Presenttir !) She may have left her book on the bus He could have started doing the experiment
* Ought to(=should have) nun olumsuzu ought not to dur They ought to have infomed us about their financial problems. (onlar bize finansal problemlerinden bahsetmeliydiler. fakat bahsetmemiler-)
Stay Stayed
I would rather you stayed at home tonight (Present) (You znesi gelince Keke anlam verdi) Id rather you had stayed at home last night (Past) Alternatif sunmak May As well Might
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Of
i Belirginle tirmek in kullanlr
Belirsiz znelerdir. Belirli yapmak iin of kullanlr. (Tabloda, kaln biimde yazl determinerlar, of lu yap ile kullanlamazlar! No'nun of'lu yaps None of olur) All students are here All of my students are here I have a few friends in Ankara (Ankarada birka arkadam var) I have few friends in Ankara (Ankarada neredeyse hi arkadam yok) (Yetersizlik)
Either (Herhangi bir -2 ey) Neither (Hibir -2 ey) Many a (=Many anlamnda) Each (Herbir -2 ve zeri)
Neither student wants higher wages. (Hibir renci) (cmleyi negatif yapar) Many person think Many a person thinks Either ... or= Ya o, ... ya bu Neither ... nor= Ne o, ... ne de bu
(2 ey) Either (2 ey) Neither (2 ve zeri) None (2 ve zeri) Each Everyone Everyone of = Each
Of
Neither of these teachers is from Adana. None of my students + Tekil Fiil None of these candidates has their cvs * None; arkasndan bir isim geliyor ise "of" suz kullanlmaz. * "No of" eklinde bir kullanm olmaz ! Kendi yapsnda "of" olan yaplar: A lot of (birok) oul isim A number of Plenty of (bolca) Students A couple of (bir ift) Lots of The, these, those ile de kullanlabilirler. oul Fiil dont want to come here
A lot of people have visited this museum so far. The number of accidents in this region is increasing (The number of (..says tekil fiil kullanr) A number of ile kartrma ! ) * The number of = Tekil * A number of = ouldur
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* A lot: Adverb olarak kullanldnda of olmadan kullanlabilir. She studied a lot to get to scholarship. * Very + Adjective (Sfat) * Very + Adverb (Zarf) * Very + Noun (sim) olmaz. Bazen istisnai durumlarda olabilir. (This is the very book I choosed. tam olarak anlamnda) B. Saylamayanlar: All Little (-) A little (+) Much Most The That this My His Her Saylamayan isim Tekil fiil
All information is unnecessary. A little of the money will be spent on furniture. A little money has been wasted. Much Money is needed All of this money belongs to my brother. No Any Some Every One Body Thing Where
Tekil isim
Nobody is here. A great deal of Large amount of A great quantity of A lot of (Plenty of ) Lots of Saylamayan isim Money Water waste Tekil fiil is needed for the project has been disposed here
* A great deal of: Soyut isimlerde sadece bu determiner kullanlr. Effort : Soyut saylamayan isim (Gayret) Rice : Somut saylamayan isim (Pirin) C. Some / Any Her ikisi de Saylabilen ve saylamayanlarla beraber kullanlabilirler. Some (baz) Any A lot of (Plenty of ) Lots of oul isim (students) Saylamayan isim (Money) oul fiil Tekil fiil
Some students have diet A lot of Money has been needed Some of these people Some people Any: olumsuz ve soru cmlelerinde kullanlr. I dont have any friends in Ankara Any + olumlu cmle olumsuz soru cmlesi Tekil oul herhangi bir Hi Anlamndadr.
* Any hibirzaman cmleye olumsuz anlam vermez. You can take any box (tekil) you like. (Olumlu bir cmle) I dont have any books on history. *Some person olmaz (Someboy, somegirl istisnadr). ** Some / Any + (a , an, the) kullanlmaz !. "some a book" Yanltr.
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Herhangi biri Hi kimse (Soru anlam), kimse (Pozitif anlam) Biri Herkes Hi kimse
zm: Anlam btnl iin geerli kurallar (ilerki konularda anlatlacak) bir kenara brakp, sadece Some/Others kalbna bakacak olursak: "But others" var. O zaman bir "Some" ararz. Sonra anlama bakarz.
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I have two hands. One is my right and the other is left I tried 4 pairs of shoes. One was red, another one was yellow, another was white and the other was black. I have 5 students, one is from Ankara, the others (the other students) are from Aydn. They have been writing to each other for 25 years 1. There is a bus to my hometown every other day. (gn ar anlamnda) 2. Are there any other questions? (baka soru anlamnda). 3. I dont want any other persons help. (Baka birinin yardm. another gibidir. ) 4. This job will take another ten days. (bir 10 gn daha gerekecek) 5. Im busy, Please come back some other time.(baka bir zaman) 6. I will be busy tomorrow morning, can we meet at another time 7. There is a bus every ten minutes. He will graduate in another two years (Takip eden 2 yl ierisinde.... ) Now 2 years 2 years ... Deal Amount Quantity Some
(ve bunlarn trevleri)
Saylamayan
Saylabilen
SUBJECT + VERB
I You We They He She It
Love
+ Noun
Myself Yourself (sen) / yourselves (siz) Ourselves Themselves Himself Herself Itself
* Mine, Yours .... grubunun kullanlabilmesi iin nceki cmlede nesnenin belirtilmesi gerekir. My car is red. What color is yours ? gibi * Kendilerinden sonra bir nesne almazlar Yours car gibi bir cmle yanltr. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ("I didn't it myself") * Reflexive prononuns da; Aktif cmlede ii yapan kii ile refleksivi ayn kiidir. I did it (by) myself = I myself did it. Pasif cmlede refleksivi objectin olandr. I was told by the manager himself I was invited by the landlady herself
I did it
on
own
-kendi bana
I did it on my own = myself A child himself England She (Bazen "it", bazen "She" olarak kullanlyor)
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if
+ Simple present
Simple present
Present Modals Future Tense imperative (emir) can, could, may, might, must Will
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2. SECOND CONDITIONAL (Present / Future - Unreal) Unreal=gerek olmayan anlam verir. Hayali durum olmas arttr ! If I were you, I wouldnt miss that chance yaps
If
1 ) Tm znelerle birlikte "were" kullanlr. (Normalde I was .. uygun gibi grnebilir fakat conditional iin I were kullanlr) If I were a rich man, I would buy a Ferrari. (Zengin olsam, Ferrari alrm. "fakat zenginlik hayal") If I were you, I wouldn't miss that chance. (Senin yerinde olsam, bu ans karmam. "fakat onun yerinde deil")
2 ) kinci cmlede modal + V1 (would, could, might) kullanlabilir. If she were here yesterday, he could help us. Yesterday gibi Past Time Expressionlar kullanlamaz. nk Second conditional present anlam verir. Now gibi Present bir Time Expression kullanlmaldr. Were kullanmadan conditional yaps gstermek mmkn. Bunun iin past bir modal kullanlr. If I could play the piano very well, I would be a musician.
3 ) Veya past fiil kullanlr If you won the lottery, what would you do? If they were playing chess, they wouldn't join us If I had enough Money, I could buy a Ferrari. If he was in good condition, he would be playing now. * hayali durumlarda hep 1 Past kullanlr.
4) Time Expressionlar Second conditionalda; grn ile deil, anlam ile uyumlu olmaldr. She is in italy. f she were here now, she could help us. (cmlede grnt olarak her ne kadar now yerine yesterday uygun dursa da anlama bakldnda now uygundur)
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3. THIRD CONDITIONAL (Past - Unreal) Olmu bitmi ilerde, Sulayc cmlelerde, yaplmayan eyi sonucu ile birlikte syleyen cmlelerde kullanlr.
+ V3
f she had told us the truth, we could have saved her. f I could have given the amount you asked for, I would have been very happy. If I hadn't known that you were ill, I wouldn't have come here. (Would + have + V3) Could have Would have Might have May have (Kullanlmaz !)
If they
Helped them
CONTINUOUS YAPISI: If they hadnt found equipment to finish the Project, they would have been working on it for more than a year.
If clause veya If anlam veren bir yap yok ise kesinlikle "would have + V3" kullanlmaz. O kk eleyin.
MIXED TYPE (3 2) (Cmlelerde Time expression var ise geerlidir. Yoksa kullanlmaz).
+ Past Perfect
* If bulunmayan tarafta mutlaka bugne balayan bir Time expression (burada now) olmaldr.
If she hadnt spent all her Money on clothes, she wouldnt be asking for a loan now.
(33 durumu) If you hadn't drunk so much wine last night , you wouldn't have felt terrible (Her iki cmle de gemite, bugne balanan bir durum yok) (32 durumu) If you hadn't drunk so much, you wouldn't feel terrible now f bulunmayan ksma now eklenerek mixed type olmas saland
If she _____ (be) in her office now, ... (bu soru mixed type deil, nki now time expressionu if li ksmda yer almakta) * Zero ve First conditionalda: Unless = if not (-medike) Unless I tell you to go out, do not go out of the Office. * Zero ve First conditionalda: But I would have joined you, but I was busy = I would have joined you, if I hadnt been busy But olan ksm if olarak dnlr. Ve cevap 1 zaman geriye ekilir ( 1 Past' alnr). * Zero ve First conditionalda: Otherwise (aksi takdirde) Stop making that noise; otherwise, I will call the police. Butun aksine otherwise olmayan taraf if olarak dnlr.
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ZET TABLO: "Zero conditional dndakilerin Continuous yaplar da (V-ing) kullanlabilir." Zero Conditional , Simple Present First Conditional Can May Will Should , Must Had better .. Could Might Second Conditional Would Could Might Third Conditional Past Perfect If Past Modals + have Would have Could have Might have Mixed Type (3 - 2) Past Modals Could Would Might
If
Simple Present
If
Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Can Should (ihtimali drr) Will (KULLANILMAZ)
If
+ V1
+ V3
If
Past Perfect
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If she had come (V3) early, she might / could not have had a quarrel with her boss Had she come (V3) early, . . . If they had gone to the party, they could have enjoyed Had they gone to the party, . . .
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PRESENT ANLAM
(If only, if gibidir. Normalde "if" tarafnda would kullanlmaz. Fakat "If only" ile kullanlabilir)
WISH N BR TUZAK SORUSU She didn't accept their offer, but now she wishes she had accepted it (Burada Now yanltmak amacyla konulmu. but now a aldanp arkasndan present bir yap KULLANMAMALIYIZ) She wishes she were in a hotel now. * Tm bu conditionallarn Continuouslar iin be Ving gelir.
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Present anlam vermek iin Past Yap, Past anlam vermek iin Past Perfect yap kullanlr.
Present ve future anlam iin: Simple past wish Past continuous Modals (could, would, might) Past anlam iin: Past Perfect wish Past modals + V3 Past modals + V3: Could have + V3 Would have + V3 Might have + V3
* If only ve Wish clause arkasndan (If only ve wish li ksmda) Hibir Present Yap kullanlamaz.
(Present Perfect tense dahil,May, can dahil) I can play the guitar She is here now Might Will Must Should Had beter Would Have V3 Might Have V3 Should Have V3 Must Have V3 Would KULLANILABLR
If only I wish
KULLANILAMAZ !
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The exam was rather difficult. The questions were fairly (quite) easy Like Love Enjoy (Beeni anlatan fiilerden nce quite gelir)
Quite
him
Adjective'lerin fiil ile kullanm: He looks angry. Aslnda "he is angry" dir. Look, seem, smell gibi baz fiillerde bu durum oluur. It smells delicious TOO / ENOUGH It is too hot to go out (too + Adjective + to + V1) (TOO TO KALIBI) She is too young to get married. (Negatif bir anlam veriliyor) He runs too slowly / Fast to catch the burglar
Too many (Too abartl anlam veriyor. O kadar ok ki..) Cmleyi negatif anlaml yapyor
* Enough un kendisi negatif bir anlam katmaz You are not old enough to walk here T.S.E Kural: (Too Sfat Enough) (Too sfattan nce, Enough ise sfattan sonra gelir) * Enough un kendisinin sfat yerine kullanm: I dont have enough time to read that book.
Much to To
Sfat + for + someone to something "essential for the doctor to function competently"
So + Sfat + That: She is so clever that her teachers admire her. t is so hot that you can't walk in the garden. Such + sim + That: She is such a clever girl that her teachers admire her. t is such nice weather that I want to go outside.
So'nun fiili niteleme durumu (Zarf): She played the piano so beautifully that everybody burst into tears. They finished the work so quickly that we all got shocked.
So + That'in arkasndan Can, Could, May, Might gelme ihtimali yksektir. so that this could mean gaining knowledge of nature through the senses.
than : Karlatrdmz ikinci ey orada ise kullanrz. Yoksa kullanmayz. stanbul is more expensive (karlatrlan ikinci ey orada deil, than kullanmadk) Ksaltma; Zamanlar Ayn ise yaplr (Tense Uyumuna Uygun ise) you He runs faster than you do
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They worked harder than we had expected. Fiil ve Adverb ile Comparative Yaps: She can speak more fluently than a native speaker.
* Of all yaps ok sorulan bir superlative sorusudur. Of all cmle sonunda da gelebilir. * Superlative yaps Adverb ile (Fiili niteleyen) kullanlamaz.
He is by far the most clever scientist among them. ... far too difficult. I quite like him. (Grld gibi Quite, adverb (Zarf - Fiili niteler) ile de kullanlyor)
His best, Its best, her best...=The best She is very beautiful (Beautiful: Adjective) I love you very much (Much: Adverb) * Very bir fiili nitelendiremez.
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Sadece that is the very book Im looking for ite tam bu" anlamnda kullanlabilir. "The most" un arkasndan noun (isim) gelmez, Adjective (sfat) gelir. The most beautiful (Kullanlr) The most people (Kullanlmaz)
He is as old as your father. He can run as fast as you can. I cant speak as/so fluently as a native speaker.
Alt izili yap ne comparative ne de superlative olmamaldr. (as older as veya as oldest as gibi birey olamaz)
Our Team played as well as the other team. She is not As So Beautiful As As Her sister
*Pozitif cmlelerde genelde as... as yaps kullanlr *Negatif cmlelerde (not) ise hem as... as, hem de so... as yaps kullanlabilir. *Fiil var ise so ... as yaps kullanlr. "Nothing so scared him as being left alone in the dark"
Rakamsal ifadelerde karlatrma: More than As much as As many as 100 people was killed Half of our budget was (saylamayan -as much as-)
I do.
Adjective genelde "to be" fiilleri ile kullanlr. Helen types more accurately than her. Helen is typing quickly Little / Less / The least (Little'n Comparative ve superlative hali) So much noise that (O kadar ok grlt ki) Look much stronger than (Daha gl grnyor) (Look: Durum bildiren bir fiildir. Adjective ile nitelendirilir-Adverb ile deil) Strongly kullanmadk. Olumlu anlaml cmlelerde kullanlr Olumsuz anlaml cmlelerde kullanlr Quite a lot of. Quite what= Tam, pek de It was not quite what I wanted (Pek de istediim gibi deildi) (Genelde olumsuz cmlelerde kullanlr) Comparative Fairly Rather Superlative =Quite
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likely
WHO
Kii
HICH
Kii Deil
My friend is coming to visit us, He lives in zmir. My friend who lives in zmir is coming to visit us. My friend who lives in zmir. My friend lives in zmir. * simden sonra gelirler (My friend who ...) * kinci fiile kadar olan ksm relative clausedir. (... lives in zmir is coming to visit us)
I bought a book last week, it was very expensive. I bought a book last week which was very expensive. (ekline dnr) (Relative Prononun neyi tanmlyor ise onun arkasndan gelir - "book" ve "which" ayn eyi gsteriyor) (Cmlede en az 2 adet fiil olmal. 1- bought, 2- was)
Who That
Whom Who I stayed with when I was in Bursa is going to abroad That * Relative Pronoun arkasndan zne geliyor ise Whom olur. (Whom=Who) . Whom + FL olmaz My friend Sadece arkasndan zne geldii zamanlarda Whom kullanlr. "Whom I stayed with..."
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My friend with whom I stayed is going to abroad. (Beraber kaldm arkadam darya gidiyor) * ki cmle arasnda virgl yok ise that dahil tm relative pronounlar kullanlabilir. Fakat virgl varsa that kullanlamaz ! * Virglden sonra "That" gelmez. * Relative clauseden nce gelen ismi relative clause yerine koyabiliyor isek doru seimi yapmz demektir With Whom With who With that For that Kullanlr Kullanlamaz
WHICH
The car Which That (virgl yoksa) My brother mended belongs to our boss
Kardeimin tamir ettii araba patronumuza aittir. (nce relative cmlesi > sonra >"patronumuza aittir") "Those cars in the park which belong to my my brother are very happy." Cmlesinde cars'n tanm which kelimesine kadar daha bitmemitir ve which ile tanmlamaya devam edilir.
The office
for
WHOSE
yelik sahiplik vermek iin kullanlr. Do you know that man? His wife is our teacher Do you know that man whose wife is our teacher SM I You He She t Fiil Yardmc Fiil (zne deil, isim almal) Whose wife
Whose +
KULLANILAMAZ !
KULLANILAMAZ !
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WHEN
WHEN = PREPOSITION + WHICH ZNE on which I last saw him when Tarih time expressionu - Friday t was friday My uncle gave me his car , I was invited by the manager , Which Which made me very happy surprised me a lot
Which yerine who gelecek zannedilir. my uncle veya manager dnlr. Oysa which, burada nndeki tm olaya gnderme yapar. this anlamndadr. (bu olay beni artt) DKKAT: Which'den nceki cmle tamamen bitmitir ve virgl var !
+ ZNE
ZNE yoksa dorudan WHICH kullanlr. (which zne ile de kullanlabilir) ORADA - there anlam VAR iseWHERE The hotel where we had honeymoon ORADA -there anlam YOK iseWHICH
+ ZNE
("Place + That" olabilir Bazen) + where (Mekanlar iin) + Prep. + which (in,on,at + which)
+ ZNE
+ ZNE + ZNE + FL
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Kii ise Whom, Kii deil ise Which STSNALAR Normal kullanm aadaki gibidir:
Determiners Noun Of Of
+ ZNE + FL + SM
Of lu yap gelince:
Some of which Either of whom Neither of whom Each of which Many of whom Two of which A theory of which
Whomdan sonra zne gelir kural burada ilemiyor ! Two men neither of whom I had met before came to Two men neither of whom was from our town came to
I was given three books. I had seen two of them before. I was given three books two of which I had seen before (Relative Clause den sonra zne kullanldna dikkat et) Three man came to my office. None of them was from USA. Three man none of whom was from USA come to my office. (Relative Clause nin kendisi cmlede zne grevi ald iin arkasndan zne kullanma gerei kalkt) All of them All of which (ekline dnr) My brother who is a doctor lives in zmir (Defining) "Doktor olan kardeim izmirde yayor" My brother, who is a doctor, lives in zmir (Non defining) Kardeim zmirde yayor, (ve ki) o doktordur. That it Him Kullanlamaz.
* which ile that arasnda pheye derseniz that i tercih edin. (Eer preposition ve That den nce virgl yok ise) * ncelik preposition'lu relative clause'lerindir. Doru k bu olabilir mi diye baklr. "My friend with whom I stayed with in zmir is coming here" (2008 Mays) Geometry is usually divided into pure geometry, which roughly embraces the plane and solid geometry dealt with by Euclid, and analytical or coordinate geometry, ---- problems are solved using algebraic methods. A) in that B) in which C) by whom D) which E) whichever
Cevap: B Bolua "Geometri"yi koyarsak (which), "geometride" koyarsak (in which) "in this geometry" anlam verir. "bu geometride problemler cebirsel metodlar kullanlarak zlr" Relative Clause'de genelde prepositionlu olan tercih edilmelidir. (stteki soruda "in which" gibi). Genelde prepositonlular doru k olarak karmza geliyor Which kullanm (genellikle) on : when in : where which of : whose for : why
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sim + That (Arkasndan That alan isimler): Advice Argument Assumption dea Recommendation Belief Claim Conclusion Contention Likelihood Suggestion Doubt Fact Fear Hope Observation Opinion Possibility Prediction View
Sfat + That (Arkasndan That alan sfatlar): Afraid Aware Certain Clear Confident Convinced Evident
obvious Sure Subjunctive + That Neccessary Essential Crucial Vital Ruled Demanded Important Unlikely
Possible Probable
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The girl
n izmir
Living
The girl who is singing there (Defining) The girl singing there Those people, who were talking about you at the meeting, are coming here. (Non Defining) Those people(,) talking about you at the meeting(,) are coming here.
ndirgeme genelde simple present, present continuous, simple past ve past continuous tenselerde yaplr. That boy, working in our office, is very hard working. a) that working (YANLI) b) that is working (YANLI) c)is working (YANLI) d) working (DORU) * burada D kk daha fazla indirgendii iin (that da kaldrlm) A kkna tercih edilir. Ayrca virgl var. Normalde that zne yerine geecei ve zne ile nesne arasnda normal bir cmlede virgl olmayaca iin A kk yanltr. The bridge that was built in 1900 is still in use
Cmlede, znesi olmayan bir fiil kald ise orada mutlaka indirgeme vardr !
Sfat + to yaps kullanlr The next election to be held in january is very important. eklinde indirgenir. He was the first man to land on the moon. (Aya ayak basan ilk adamdr)
Sfat
The first The second The last The only The next The third The fourth The best The worst The biggest
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The latest
AKTF SE TO + V1 PASF SE TO + BE + V3
RNEK SORU: who is Prof. Brown, indirgenir
He is the first man to do this The next elections to be held in April is very important
a) is an outstanding (YANLI) b) who an outstanding (YANLI) c) an outstanding (DORU) Prof. Brown, an outstanding scientist, is coming to give lecture.
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NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause cmlenin znesi veya nesnesi gibi kullanlan bir isimdir. Dz cmle yapsnda kullanlr. Devrik veya soru cmlesi eklinde deildir. Sorularda dorudan kelimeyi koyup anlama bakarz. Subject + Verb + Object (zne + Fiil + Nesne) 1) Object (ZNE) konumunda noun clause
Who Whom What When Reason + why Which Whose How Long Far Many Much Where Whether That The fact that
Whoever (herkim) Whomever Whatever (her ne) Whenever(her nezaman) Whichever(herhangi) However (her ne kadar, her naslsa)
that, the fact that = that (Yapmas, etmesi..) OBJECT (zne) Where she lives When they will arrive Who she is Her address Why she is crying How she escaped Whether he will join us (or not) f he will join us (or not)
I dont know
Whether bulunan cmlede, devamnda virgl varsa "or not" veya "or" ararz.
Noun clause ncesine virgl (,) girmeyecek. Virgl var ise orada noun clause yoktur.
S+ S+ V + O Who (Kimin) +O S+ V + O Who (Kim) Noun Clause cmleleri yanda gsterilen ekillerden birisinde olduu iin; cmlenin znesi ve fiili arasna, yada fiili ile nesnesi arasna virgl giremez rnek: I, am going to stanbul cmlesi gibi; I ile am arasna (,) virgl giremez
That, Aktif cmlede tam cmle (s + v + o) alr. Object eksik ise That deildir.
He S
Studies V
English O
That my son finished the project on time is of great significance What my son achieved is of great importance
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Whether; pheli, ikilemli, sorgulanabilir eylerle kullanlr. Doubt Doubtful Hesitant Questionable Question Yukardakiler cmle iinde geiyor ise whether dnlr. Whether yok ise "if" dnlr. Preposition var ise if kullanlmaz
Doubt about Whether if
lk ksmda (cmle banda) Conditional haricinde if Kullanlmaz Whether ( if ) I will join you depends on many factors
2) Subject konumunda noun clause SUBJECT (NESNE) What he is doing outside Who(m) he invited to the party When they will come What you are saying Whether he will come with us If (subject ksmnda if kullanlmaz)
is none of your business was not known is not definite is what Im saying doesnt concern you
That the studies english is very important That He S Studies V S English O s very important V
The fact that women earn less money is not fair. KURALLAR
Who she is is not important. Whoever she is(,) she is very beautiful. (Herkim) (Virgl var ise Who olmaz) I dont know who broke this vase. (Virgl var ise Who olmaz) How + SIFAT / ZARF Object ksmnda Adjective varsa nnde How kullanlr. 2) If I knew (how (tired) you are), I wouldnt come Tired adjective dir. You cant imagine how important this project is for me.
3) Daha yukarda anlatlan Aktif cmlelerde that var ise cmlenin tam olmas (s + v + o) That they accomplished the task is important. (task objesini alm)
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The 4)
is Was
that
The trouble is that you are always late. ("Sknt, senin daima ge gelmendir !") whether If What How Why
(Ve dier soru kelimeleri)
5) Wonder
That The fact that Why (why yok ise:) What How When
6)
Reason Explain
NDRGEME - REDUCTION I dont know which car (Noun) I should buy. What Where How When Whether Why f That The fact that Ever-words (everl kelimeler whoever, whenever..) indigemede kullanlamaz. I should do (normal) To do (indirgenmi) To go To use To start To join (or not) To go
I dont know
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Urgency fiilleri alan cmlenin 2.cmleciinde (that den sonra), He den sonraki fiil gizli bir should ierdiinden "goes" deil de "go" olarak kullanld. It is important that she should be here by 8:30 AM (Active) t is important that she be here by 8:30 AM. (Reduction) This book should be finished by Monday (Passive) This book be finished by Monday. (Reduction) 2) Sfat ile Kullanm Sfat mportant Neccessary Essential Crucial Vital
This box should be sent today That This box be sent today (be + V3) (genellikle)
t is
Their
We can go out (Ana cmle) If you dont have time now, (Yan cmlecik)
When he comes home (Yan cmlecik) You can come here tomorrow again (Ana cmle)
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He has never been abroad, has he? (burada never bizi yanltabilir) (Has never = hasn't gsterdiinden dolay...) They liked none of the books, did they? (They didn't like anlamndadr) Olumsuz yaplar None of Neither Hardly Rarely Scarcely Never no
He liked
No less aa deil (olumsuzun olumsuzu = olumlu yapt) * ZEL DURUMLAR * lk cmle olumlu veya olumsuz olsun farketmez. Yine de ikinci cmle deimez sabit kalan durumlardr. I'm right, aren't I ? Lets iin: Let's go out, shall we ? (2. cmle hep aren't I) (2. cmle hep shall we)
Emir cmleleri iin: Fetch me a glass of water, will, would, could you ?(Emir cmlesi "Bana bi bardak su kap getir !") *Would ve could daha az kullanlr. * Emir ve suggestionlarn pozitif negatif olmas fark etmez. Question ksm hep pozitif alnr. Tekil Somebody Anybody Everybody Someone Noone Anyone oul kullanlr called me is here , didn't they aren't they
There is nobody, is there? (nobody=olumsuz bir yapdr. Olumsuz ,olumlu?) Everything is OK, isn't it? They aren't coming, are they? That book was written in 1960, wasn't it?
Neither have I Nor have I Nor has he "I haven't, either" "Me neither"
Ayn Fikirde
But I don't
But I have
_____________
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I haven't finished it yet. Neither has my brother. A: Did you see the film last night? B: yes I did A: I did not admire B: I didn't, either * en son B: cevabndan "did" ve "either" ksmlar bize A:'nn cevabn verir. (didn'tdidn't zamann s.past-, either ise beenip beenmediini verir). *Short repliesde de Tense Uyumuna dikkat etmek gerekir. RNEK: A: Did you watch the film last night? B: Yes, I did. __________________ A: Neither, did I. a) I wasnt b) c) I liked it very much d) e) I didnt like the end
BALALAR
Bala sorusuna dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar 1. Boluk Nerede? Birinci cmle banda kullanlabilen balalar kinci cmle banda kullanlabilen balalar Her iki ksmda da kullanlabilen balalar vardr. 2. Boluktan sonra ne var? Cmle mi var ? sim mi var ? 3. Noktalama aretleri. Balatan (sorudaki boluktan) sonra gelen noktalama iaretlerine baklr. Fakat bazen sorularda noktalama iareti konulmas gereken yerde, konulmad olabiliyor. Noktalama iaretine dikkat etmek ok da gvenilir bir yntem deil ! ________ the rain, we went to the beach. ________ it was raining, we went to the beach. a) b) Despite Although
Her iki kelime de -e ramen anlamndadr. Fakat; Although + cmle, Despite + sim olacandan; Despite the rain ve Although it was raining doru cevaptr. lk 3 grup genelde Cmle Alr (Coordinators, Subordinators, Sentence Connectors) 4. Grup genelde sim Alr. (Prepositional Phrases) 1. SENTENCE CONNECTORS evirisi 3 Aamada yaplr. (1. cmleyi evir, balac evir, 2. cmleyi evir) (Bala cmleye kattrlmadan evrilir) Kendinden nce cmle bulunmaldr. (At first, hari), 2 cmle arasnda yer alrlar _______ ; Bala , _______ 2. COORDINATORS F.A.N.B.O.Y.S (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) evirisi 3 Aamada yaplr. (1. cmleyi evir, balac evir, 2. cmleyi evir) (Bala cmleye kattrlmadan evrilir) ______ , Bala _______ 3. SUBORDINATORS (Zarf Cmlecikleri / Adverbials) Subordinatorlerde; Time Ksmnda mutlaka Tense Uyumu olmaldr !. evirisi; nce balal taraf, arkasndaki gelen cmle kattrlarak evirilir. Bata ve arada kullanlabilirler
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Adverbial'lerde Tense Uyumu Time Clause'lerde Tense uyumunda una dikkat edilir. Kendinden bir nceki veya sonraki tense ile dier cmle kullanlabilir. (Karde Tense) Past Perfect / Continuous Simple Past / Continuous
rnek olarak; yukarda Simple pastl bir cmle, Adverbial clause ile dier cmleye balandnda bir nceki veya bir sonraki tense'li bir cmle alabilir. Bir zorlama ile (Kesikli izgi ile gsterilen - - ) 2 sonraki Tense'li bir cmle de alsn. (Ki bu durum Time Expression yoksa normalde olamaz). Fakat daha fazla Tense fark olamaz ! 4. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES evirisi; nce balal taraf, arkasndaki gelen cmle kattrlarak evirilir. Arkasndan SM veya SM TAMLAMASI alrlar.
TIME COORD.S
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kullanlamaz
SUBORDINATORS When After "-den sonra" Before "-den nce" While As Until Since By the time Whenever Once when bir sefer The moment As soon as As long as
PREP. PHRASES After Before (Prior to) before Following mteakip srasnda
SENTENCE CONN.S
PREP. PHRASES
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REASON COORDINATORS nk
SUBORDINATORS Because Since As Now that nasmuch as Because of the fact that Due to the fact that Owing to the fact that n view of the fact that n that On the grounds that "iin, -den dolay" mademki, genelde 1. cmle banda sebebiyle, nedeniyle gerekesiyle"formal, sadece 2. cmle banda kullanlr
SENTENCE CONN.S
PREP. PHRASES Because of Due to Owing to n view of On grounds of Thanks to -den dolay
For
SUBORDINATORS While Whereas -iken oysa (zneler ayn ise whereas deildir)
PREP. PHRASES Unlike -nn n contrast to aksine As opposed to (zneler farkl olmal)
* zneleri farkl / Fiiler ayn ve karlatrlabilir olmaldr. "The speediest humans can sprint at barely 10 meters per second for just 15 seconds, whereas horses can gallop as fast for many minutes" NOT BUT KALIBI The fabric is not made from cotton but from wool. (but is made from wool) prepositionlar (burada from) ayn olmal. CONCESSIVE CONTRAST (Sonucun Ztl / Beklenmedik - Srpriz sonu) COORDINATORS SUBORDINATORS SENTENCE CONN.S Although -e However But yinede Eventhough ramen Nevertheless Yet Though Nonetheless yinede While Even so n spite of the fact that aldrma Yet Despite the fact that kszn Still Regardless of the fact that Even if *yet cmle banda kullanlmaz. -sa bile
"Although not all tornadoes cause such massive devastation, if they touch down in populated areas, you can expect considerable damage" (2008 Mays) The Danish poet and novelist Jeppe Aakjr grew up in the Jutland farming area and ---- was well aware of the harsh conditions endured by farm labourers in his country. A) on the contrary B) even so C) so D) still E) nevertheless
Cevap: C (Even so, nevertheless, still ayn anlamdadr. Bunlar eleriz. On the contrary iin Ayn zne + Tam Cmle gerekir "S+V+O")
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IKMI SORU KALIBI: Although (eventhough / While) he was not invited to the party, he , nevertheless (nonetheless) went there. -masna ramen,
, yine de,
SENTENCE CONN.S Therefore As a result Consequently "Bu As a yzden consequence Accordingly Thus Hence Bylece
PURPOSE COORDINATORS
SUBORDINATORS So that -mek iin n order that n case Lest For fear that ihtimaline kar endiesiyle korkusuyla
SENTENCE CONN.S
amacyla
SUBORDNATORS grubu ikili cmle ortasnda kullanlr. We went to the concert hall (Fiil Alrlar) to n order to So as to so that in order that in attempt to with a view to Buy (V1) our tickets [Genelde infinitive (V1) ile devam ederler] Could Can May We Buy our tickets Might Will would [Genelde modal yaps ile devam ederler]
+ n case +
AS / LIKE FARKI She works like a nurse (Gerekte hemire deil Hemire gibi) She works as a nurse (Gerekte Hemiredir.) * Like + noun=Gibi * As + noun = "Olarak" As + cmle="Gibi" anlam verir. rnek: she speaks as her mother does (Annesi gibi) * As if ; hem mmkn hem de mmkn olmayan durumlar bildirebilir. You looks as if (as though) you are tired. ("Yorgun gibi grnyorsun") (Mmkn) He treats us as if (as though) we were his own slaves. ("Kleleri gibi muamele ediyor") (Mmkn deil)
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Fiil + As if (eklinde kullanlr) As if= as though (Formal-resmi) * Gerek durumlarda her iki cmlede de Tense Uyumu olur. * Hayali durumlarda genelde tense uyumu olmaz. Present + as if (as though) + Present Gerek durum Present + as if (as though) + Past Hayali durum I feel as if I hadnt slept all last night (Hayali) LIKE / ALIKE FARKI. Alike= benzer (Cmle sonunda kullanlr) My father an my mother are alike in that they both like music. PROPORTION derecelendirme COORD.S SUBORDINATORS The comparative the comparative To the extent that To such an extent that As As (so) dike u yle olduka, bu da byle olur (so do I yaps)
SENTENCE CONN.S
PREP. PHRASES
CONDITION if clause COORDINATORS SUBORDINATORS f Only if Providing (that) Provided (that) Suppose (that) Supposing (that) As long as So long as n the event that ancak artyla varsayalm ki -d srece durumunda
SENTENCE CONN.S
eer olmasayd,
f it werent for mobile phones, we couldnt communicate so easily. f it hadnt for I couldnt have finished that book. But for you, Without 0-1 conditional As long as So long as (-dii srece) you drive carefully, you can take my car -durumunda, olmas halinde artyla
0-1 conditional
Provided that there is no objection, we can postpone the meeting. "itiraz olmamas artyla toplanty erteyebiliriz" In the event that you fail in the final exam, you can take proficiency in september 1-2 conditional Assume (that) Assuming (that) Suppose (that) Supposing (that) "varsayalm" "varsayalm"
2-3 conditional
Assume that you win the election, what will you do? Suppose that you won the lottery, would you go to hawaii?
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NEGATIVE CONDITION COORDINATORS SUBORDINATORS Or else Unless -medike (olumsuz cmle ile kullanlmaz)
SENTENCE CONN.S Moreover, dahas, ilaveten Furthermore n addition Besides Also Whats more Moreover (,) "Moreover sonrasnda virgl kullanlr" As well as Besided (Ve trevleri) my mother, my father is (isim)
SUBORDINATORS
PREP. PHRASES Besides -e ilaveten n addition to Apart from As well as Along with hari ve yansra Yansra
also
interested in music
LISTING COORDINATORS
SUBORDINATORS
SENTENCE CONN.S First Firstly First of all To begin with Second Secondly n the second place Third Thirdly n the third place Finally Lastly Last of all
PREP. PHRASES
PREP. PHRASES
SENTENCE CONN.S n particular Partcularly [genelde cmle ile kullanlr] Specifically Especially (Adv) Notably (Adv) zellikle [genelde isim ile kullanlar]
PREP. PHRASES
EXPLANATION COORDINATORS
SUBORDINATORS
SENTENCE CONN.S That is That is to say yani, dier bir deyile n other words Namely
PREP. PHRASES
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SIMILARITY COORDINATORS
Similar to'lu cmleden sonra because'nin trevleri (since, as, in that) gelir. Soru: (2008 Mays) Germany is similar in many ways to France, Italy and the UK ----. A) unless it attaches primary importance to both multilateral and bilateral diplomacy B) as though the EU were essentially in control of environmental policies C) where the foreign policy process in Germany had to agree to a compromise in recent years D) although this had led to arguments concerning the proper role of the German Foreign Ministry in shaping and implementing policy E) in that it is one of just a few European states which attempt to maintain worldwide representation Cevap: E (soruda similar to var, devamnda "in that" benzer ekilde anlam veren cmle var)
EMPHASIS COORDINATORS
SUBORDINATORS
daha dorusu
On the contrary iin Ayn zne + Tam Cmle gerekir "S+V+O" Popular belief Popular opinion Contrary to Expectations What people think "'nin tam aksine"
TRANSITION COORDINATORS
SUBORDINATORS
SENTENCE CONN.S
PREP. PHRASES As for As to As regards Regarding With regard to With respect to Concerning
SUBORDINATORS
PREP. PHRASES
EXCEPTION COORDINATORS
SUBORDINATORS
SENTENCE CONN.S
haricinde
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With the exception of Apart from But Other than n line with n the case of n excess of n place of n the wake of n common with n any case n an attempt to n return for n exchange for Verge Brink Edge dorultusunda -vakasnda (more than) yerine (following) ardndan -ile ortak nokta her halkarda (in order to) karlnda "karlnda, bedel olarak" eiinde
on the
of
"On the bring of extincion, bankruptcy" tkenmenin, iflasn eiinde.. Rather than (Instead of) + cmle hari hereyi alr (-ing, to V1, prep, isim) -den ziyade
As a(n)
of
And so ve bu yzden (and ve so arka arkaya) and so people with epilepsy are not allowed to join the communal places As to hakknda Thereby, hereby bu yolla, dolaysyla
No matter
* Sadece "No matter how" veya "however" hemen arkasndan Adjective ve Adverb alabilir. Dierleri Normal cmle alr. No matter how hard you study, you cannot win the scholarship.(hard: adjective) No matter what she did, she couldnt persuade him to join club. (she cmle) How However No matter how + Sfat Little free time he has
Nordan sonraki ksm fiili etkiler (tekil-oul ayrm buna gre yaplr) Neither my brother nor my sister like(s) reading Neither my brother nor my sister(s) like reading * Neither - nor yapsndan sonra gelen cmlenin anlam negatif olamaz. Zaten kendisi negatiftir.
Aadaki fiillerden sonra gelen fiiler Gerund (Ving) Formda Kullanlr. Acknowledge Consider Enjoy Keep Recommend Admit Escape Resent Advise Delay Mention Resist Appreciate Deny Favor Miss Risk Avoid Detest Dislike nclude Neccessitate Suggest nvolve Postpone Environmental strategies involve changing times, places, or situations The government continued to resist making concession *stekilerden geriye kalan fiilerin infinitive formda kullanldn unutma !
2. ADJECTIVE (SIFAT) TO + V1 / TO BE V3
Adjective var ise kesinlikle cmle infinitivedir. Its difficult to learn French He is the first man to land on the moon (istisna: busy + Ving alr)
He asked me to help him * Her tense ile, Aktif ve pasif ile kullanlabilir. (istisna:) Asked Me to help Have Make + SOMEONE + V1 (To almazlar) Let Help + SOMEONE + To + V1 Get I wil help you to do your homework. Hes having His brother Clean his car have someone V1 Hes getting his brother to clean his car. They made us work at weekends *(Have ve Get; ayn zamanda Ettirgendir causative (bkz. Causative)) My father doesn't (istisna:) SEE / HEAR See Hear Find Catch Do (olayn tamam izlenmi) Doing (olayn bir ksm grlm- Anlk Eylem) Doing (Anlk Eylem) We saw her dance I heard him singing We caught him using our computer Let Have me Drive V1 His car
+ SOMEONE +
7. ADJ., ADV.,NOUN + TO V1
To + V1
%90 Ving gelir. Eer klarda bu yok ise V3'tr. "Companies are expanding their routes each year hoping to attract new customers"
To + V1 / to be + Ving / to be + V3
He is said to be staying at a hotel
Now
Past
Now
Rich
Is said
Past
Now
Rich
Was said
Aslnda stteki cmlenin ak hali: People said that he had been rich earlier GERUND LE :
Ving / being + V3
1) I like listening to music (I hate being laughed at - PASF) 2) I liked listening to music when ... 3) He denies having taken the money ( last year) 4) He denied having taken the money (he denied having been beaten by his wife - PASF)
Need to be V3 (Pasif), Need Ving (Aktif) What ve Who dndakiler (Whom, Which, Whose, ) + to infinitive Prefer Ving Would Prefer to V1 Would rather V1 GERUND MU / NFNTVE M ? SORUSU:
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He is believed ____________ in the sea when they were in the middle of ocean a) to kill b) to be killed c) having killed d) having been killed e) to have been killed (DORU) SORUYU ZME ADIMLARI: 1 ) Pasif yap var. "he is believed" Kurallardan: Pasif + to infinitive olur ( to infinitive olduuna karar verdik) 2 ) to infinitive yapmz aktif mi pasif mi? ldrlm pasif bir yapdr. 3 ) Zaman farkna bak. when ile tense uyumu olmal (Past gstergesi) DORU CEVAP e kk kalr.
Something
Done (V3)
(by somebody)
I got the room cleaned (by the maid) "Oday hizmetiye temizlettirdim" She had (got) her house painted. Theyre having (getting) their car serviced. I will Have Get My house Painted. "Evimi boyatacam"
* Her tense ile kullanlabilirler. She is getting (Having) her hair cut (O san kestirtecek)(Bakasna san kestirtiyor) 2) Have Get
Someone
Do (V1) To do (V1)
I'm having my brother clean my car. (Kardeime arabam ykatyorum) She got her husband to wash the dishes (Kocasna bulaklar ykatyor) Make ve Let "Have + someone + do (V1) " yapsndadr. My father always makes me study. (Zorlama anlam ierir)(Babam daima beni almaya zorlar-altrr) Passive yapda to infinitive kullanlr. I'm always made me to study. (Daima almaya zorlanyorum) My mother doesn't let me go (zin verme anlam ierir)
2. While listening to music, ... 3. Listening to music, ... while I was listening to music, I was met my friends (Fiilin ill Ving olmas gerekmiyor) * whereas hari tm adverbial clauselerin indirgemesi mmkndr. * indirgemeler her zaman balal cmleye uygulanr. "When they were playing in the garden, they were talking about the new project." 1. When he entered the room, he saw his wife on the floor. 2. Entering the room, he saw his wife on the floor. When On Upon ekillerinde de kullanlabilir. (Preposition + Ving)
Entering
When entering (Bu ok yaygn deildir) When he opened the drawer, he came across the gun. On (upon) opening the drawer, he came across the gun A ) Pasif Cmle ndirgemesi When the house was painted white, it looked as if it had been new. When painted white, the house looked as if it had been new. * the house was (pasif zne) atlr. * it yerine zne (the house) gelir. When the car was serviced, it started the run smoothly When serviced, the car started ... When he was asked, he told his story. 2 ) CMLELER ARASINDA ZAMAN FARKI VAR SE KULLANIM EKL: After he had finished his homework, he went out. (past perf. simple past) He finished . He went.. (simple past s.past) A) Aktif Cmle ndirgemesi 1. having finished his homework, he went out. (Having + V3) kullanlr. 2. After finishing his homework, he went out Bu yap kullanlrsa; bata Preposition kullanm zorunludur (stteki rnekte "After" kullanlmtr) "After she had completed the task, she..." 1. Having completed the task, she... 2. After completing the task, she... B) Pasif Cmle ndirgemesi After the book had been written, it was sent to the editor. After the book was written, it was sent to the editor.
1. Having been written, the book ... 2. After being written, the book... (After being... yaps daha az kullanlr) After the bridge was constructed, it was opened to the public use 1. Having been constructed, ... 2. After being constructed, ... Because (As) I had seen the film earlier, I didnt go to the movie with my friends. Having seen the film earlier, ...
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As I hadnt been invited to the party, I didnt go there. (Not) having been invited to the party, I RNEK SORU: When _________ , the doctor advised them to have a blood test. a) b) c) d) e) Consulting (doktor danrken, kime ? lazm bu durumda by olmas gerekirdi) (YANLI) To consult ( mek iin anlam yok ise bata kullanlmaz) (YANLI) Consulted (DORU) Having consulted (When + Having beraber kullanlmaz) (YANLI) To have consulted (to have consulted kullanlmas iin kendinden nce bir fiil bulunmal. yok) (YANLI)
HAVING TO kullanma!:
Having to be built
Nadiren
Yukarda alt izili ve talik olarak gsterilen kelimeler yan cmleciklerin bana konulurlar
I have never seen such a terrible film. (Normal cmle) Never have I seen such a terrible film. (Devrik hali daha formal bir ifade tarz)
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* When, until vb. Time clause kullanlan cmle ksm devrik yaplmaz.
Not until we arrived at the airport, did we realise that we had forgotten our passport * 2. cmle inversiyon yapld. nk 1. cmlede until time expressionu var. * Not until ..., yapsnda; Not until taraf deil de dier cmle devrik yaplr. *Only if the boss permits, can we leave before six *f clauseli taraf yan cmleciktir. Bu yzden dier taraf (Ana cmle) devrik yapld. PUCU: Yardmc Fiil + zne yaps; ya devrik cmlelerde yada soru cmlelerinde kullanlr. (Did we ...) Cmle sonunda soru iareti yok ise bunun devrik cmle olduuna karar veririz. f clause 1st conditional devrii should dur. Should you need a hand, I will be more than happy to help you
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* Cloze testlerde nce bir sefer pararaf okuyup sonra sorulara gemek faydal olacaktr. , 10 soruda hedef 6 dorudur. 8 doru iyidir. * Tekil-oul, aktif-pasif, Tense-Uyumuna burada da dikkat edilmelidir. 3) CMLE TAMAMLAMALAR: 1. Tense uyumuna baklr. (>%80 Tense uyumu olur) zellikle time clause'li bir bala varsa %100 tense uyumu vardr. Cmle past bir cmle ise, klarda nce past olanlara bakarz, present ise presentlara bakarz. . n artl tenselere dikkat ederiz. (Bkz. Tense'ler blm)
2. Relative clause'ler aranr. That is the man (where, that, who...) The company Relative Clause /Adverbial (Subordinators) They discovered a new form of XYZ5 __________ XYZ5 in ne olduunu bilmiyoruz. Demek ki bolukta bir relative clause var ! Mekan ise where, tarih ise when ararz. 3. Noun clauselere baklr. The That This Those These Aklama cmlesi + Such it is important When How When
Pronoun + the / this / that / these / those / such 5. Anlam btnl ve Balalar Anlam btnl veya sebep sonu btnl olmaldr. As he is tired, she is reading her novel (Sama bir cmle O (erkek) yorulduu iin, O (kz) romann okuyordu) Bu ekilde bir anlam bozukluuna meydan vermemek iin 1. cmledeki ismin 2. cmlede de bir ekilde yer almasn bekleriz. Although our manager is very young, he can solve every problem. (our manager he) eklinde birbirini karlamaldr.
6. That Alan Kelimeler (Relative Pronouns) nvestigators complained that Accepted that.. (Bkz. That Clause blm) 7. Aktif - Pasif / Tekil - oul Cmlede znenin aktif mi pasif mi, tekil mi oul mu olduuna dikkat edilir. Soru: (2008 Mays) ----, but just over 1 per cent of them spend the night in Umbria, in the south of Tuscany. A) Visitors to Lake Trasimeno will see few other tourists B) Perugia is home to a world-famous jazz festival in the summer and a chocolate festival in the fall C) In the town of Deruta, handmade gift-items fill many shop windows D) Tuscany attracts more than 12 per cent of all visitors to Italy E) Scenic stone hilltowns such as Assisi and Gubbio are among the main attractions Cevap:D. Soruda 1 percent var. Bu, D kkndaki 12 per cent'in %1'i dir. 4) EVRLER: 1. Kelimesi kelimesine eviri istenir. (Ne eksik ne fazla) 2. Ana cmlenin znesini bulun (ve aadaki klar ile eleyin) 3. Ana cmlenin fiilini bulun. (ve aadaki klar ile eleyin)
4. Ana cmlenin fiili aktif mi pasif mi? 5. Keywordler (Anahtar kelimeler) nemlidir. Adverbler, balalar, Time Expressionlar, Sfatlar'n karln ararz. Mesela; "slightly" varsa eviri cmlesinde de bu kelimeyi ararz. nearly, carefully gibi kelimelerin birebir karlnn olmas gerekir. And balac ok nemlidir. ngilizcesinde ka tane and var ise trkesinde de o kadar ve, ile, le olacaktr. "One of" yaplarnn karl vardr.
6. Relative clause'ler zne ile beraber evirilir. The company which produces spare parts for cars (arabalar iin yedek para reten irket) RNEK: The site of Troy was discovered = "Truva'nn yeri kefedildi" a. "Truva'nn yeri" Bu tamlamay cevaplarda bulmamz lazm. b. "Was discovered" Pasiftir. eviride de pasif halde bulunmaldr. "Kefedildi" 7. Prepositionlu ifadeler At the 1994 Brussels NATO summit. 1994 Brksel nato zirvesinde
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5) PARARAFTA ANLAM BTNLN SALAYAN / BOZAN CMLE : Boluk cmlesi (istenen cmle) kendinden nce ve sonraki cmleyle balantldr. Bu balant; o Balalarla o Such, the, these, those, that... vb. le olabilir. Tense uyumuna dikkat edilir. Kronolojik sralamaya uymas gerekir. Cmleler pozitif ise pozitifle, negatif ise negatifle devam edilir. Ancak arada baka bir bala, deitirici cmle olursa bu durum deiir. Genelden bahsediyor ise genel, zelden bahsediyor ise zel eyleri anlatarak devam eder. Giri cmlesi avantajlarndan bahsetti ise tm cmleler de avantajlarndan bahsetmek zorundadr.
Pararafta hakim Tense'in dna kan cmle potansiyel bir anlam bozan cmledir.
Pararaf yaps: Topic Sentence Giri cmlesi Major Supportive Sentence Gelime Concluding Sentence Sonu
Her pararafta Giri ve Gelime cmleleri bulunur. Genelde Sonu cmlesi en son pararafta-cmlede olur. Pararafta yazlm cmlelerin bir nceki ve bir sonraki ve Giri cmlesi ile balantl olmas gerekir. * This, that, these, those, such, he, she it var ise kendinden nceki cmlelerde de bu terimlerin karl olmaldr. Problemden Bahsediyor (,) Problemden Bahsetmiyor (Anlam bozan cmle budur. ) This Problem ...
They had some problems. (Problemden bahsediyor) They managed to increase their exports (Problemden bahsetmiyor) These problems prevented them to plan. Ayn durum balalar iin de geerlidir. For example, Also vb... tm sentence connectors (cmle balayclar) iin bu kural geerlidir. * Cmle balayclar ile pararaf balamaz ! * "ilk cmle anlam bozan cmle olamaz" diye bir kural YOKTUR.
Kitap yazm
Bay X
nceki cmleyi daha da aklar. Devamdr. km sorularn % 80 inde anlam bozan cmle, bu kelimelerin getii cmle, Veya bir nce-bir sonrasndaki cmledir. (In fact, Also ve For example gruplar)
1. cmleden itibaren 2'er 2'er kontrol edilir. Zincirleme olarak birbirini anlamla ilgili desteklemeyen, anlam bozan cmledir 1. cmle 2. cmle 3. cmle 4. cmle 5. cmle
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Her iki cmlede de problemden bahsetmiyor ise; kendisi anlam bozan cmledir. .
6) DURUMA UYGUN DEN CMLEY BULMAK: Kim, Kime neyi, nasl sylyor. Arkada m resmi biri mi? Kzgn m deil mi? Teselli mi deil mi? Teekkr ifadesi mi deil mi? Kendinden emin mi, tereddtl m Kat m yumuaka m? Kaba m, nazik mi? gibi, soruda bize verilen artlara dikkat edilir. Soru: You turn on the television to watch your favourite programme, only to discover that it had been rescheduled and shown the previous evening. Since you have missed the programme, you are angry and say: A) Let me see what programmes they have tonight. B) So at what time will the programme be on next week? C) Oh well, now I have extra time to get caught up on my e-mail. D) Theyve no right to make changes without first announcing them! E) Im thinking of buying a new television Cevap: D. Zaten dier klarn anlamlarna baklrsa, konuyla ilgisiz-sama cmleler olduu grlr. 7) ANLAMCA EN YAKIN CMLEY BULMA (Re-Write / Re-Statement): KEY(Anahtar) ifadeleri klarda aramak gerekir. (Aranacak key ifade gruplar aada belirtilmitir) Cmleleri trkeye evirmeye almayn !. Bire bir ayn eviri olmayabilir. Soruya en yakn anlaml kk bulmak gerekir. 1) Bize verilen cmle hangi Tense'de If - wish clause hari kalmak zere ayn anlamdaki bir tensi kullanmalyz. Will var ise aada da will bulunacaktr. 2) Pozitif anlaml m negatif anlaml m? 3) Balalar Ayn balac veya yakn anlaml balalar kullanr. 4) E anlaml Anahtar kelimeleri bulun. Cmle ile klarda, e anlaml kelimeler bulunmaldr. Obviously Frankly Look like /Seem Presumably Historically Think Evidently To be honest, honestly. Appear, apparently Assume, suppose Traditionally Reckon, of the opinion
5) Articlelar birbirini tutar. A(n) / the report gibi bir kelime var ise, aada da bu ekilde olur. 6) Cmlelerdeki sfatlarn saylar eit olur. he is both intelligent and hardworking Alt izili kelimeler gibi sfatlarn karlklar aada da bulunur. 7) Thatli yap var ise aada da genelde Thatli yap olur. Find that, likely that 8) Superlative-Comparative aranr, ayns veya bir dieri kullanlabilir "He is quite the best person for the job" a far better
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9) Adverbler Aranr. Already, Even, Only, Just var ise, aadaki klarda da ayns olur. 10) Possibility Possibilty 11) Time expressionlarn benzer karlklar bulunur Soru: (2007 Kasm) Clinton is said to be charismatic because he seems to embody the virtue of caring when he speaks. A) Because people are very impressed by what Clinton says, they admire him and think that he has a great deal of charisma. B) Because, through his speech, Clinton can move people, they believe that charisma is a distinctive quality of his character. C) Since in addressing people Clinton appears to be genuinely concerned, it is said that he has charisma. D) People are always very concerned when Clinton addresses them, and so they regard him as a very charismatic person. E) When Clinton addresses people, he arouses their feelings so much that they admire him for his charismatic personality. Cevap: C. (soruda "seem" var, C kknda "appear" grdk. Anlamca da uygundur.) 8) DYALOG TAMAMLAMA: Bolua yerletirilecek ifade ile altndaki cmle zdeletirilmelidir. Bolua nasl bir cmle koyarsam alttaki ifadeyi kullanr? So do I, either, neither gibi yaplar olumlu mu olumsuz mu cevap olduunu tespit ederek bize yardmc olur. Certainly, of course gibi ifadelerden nce bir soru vardr ve biz bu soruya 'Evet' cevab vermiizdir. Question Tag yaplarna dikkat edilir
A: (Negatif bir cmle sylendiini varsayyoruz) B: Why not ? Well ifadesi pozitif veya negatif bir ey bildirmez. Diyaloglarda bir nemi yoktur.
9) READING (PARARAF SORULARI): Pararaf sorularnda, tek pararaf iin sorulan 5 soru sral deildir. Pararaflara bu paragraftan ne renebilirim diye yaklan. Sknt olarak grmeyin. Pararafn ilk cmlesini ok dikkatli okumak gerekir. Doru olduunu dndmz cevap kk pasajda geiyor mu, grebiliyor muyuz? Pasajda kendisini veya e anlamlsn grebiliyorsak doru ktr. Gremiyorsak yanl ktr. Kendi yorumlarnzdan uzak durun. Pararafta ne yazyorsa o dur. Mesela pasajda "kmr beyazdr" geiyor. Biz siyah olduunu bilsek bile pasajda geen dorudur ! Bir kii, isim, tarih geiyor, onunla ilgili soru soruluyor ise, cevab o cmle ierisindedir. Baka yerde aramaya gerek yok. Mesela 1970 tarihi geiyor ise, karl olarak nearly four decades, half a century gibi ifadeler bulunacaktr. E anlaml kelimeler iimize yarayacaktr. Pasajdaki kelimenin e anlamls cevap kknda da olacaktr. Pasajn ana fikri genelde 1. cmlenin ierisindedir. Soruda ne sorulduuna dikkat etmeliyiz. Pararaf anlamamz yetmez. Bilmediiniz kelimelere taklmayn. Size zaman kaybettirmesinler Cevap klarnda geen "Kesin" ifadelerden, eer pararafta gemiyorlar ise kann!.
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responsible for the safety responsible to the office manager There is no point in quarreling ... (hakknda tartmann bir anlam yok !) At which time=at which=when So far away that , but he now + Past Perfect Tense (Wish clause yaps) Formerly = "nceden" For many, = "ou iin, bi oklar iin" Disdain=Look down on = "Hor grmek, kmsemek" Little / less / the least Search for = "Aramak" Research on = "Aratrmak" Study into what children know Study at home Beyond recognition= "Tannmayacak oranda" KPDS soru klarnda ift boluk bulunduran boluk doldurma sorularnda; ilk veya son boluk ksmlar ayn olan 2 seenek verilmez. a) by / by ise b) by / which olmaz. By hem a da hem b kknda kullanlmaz ! It It Would be Will be is A mistake "Hata Olurdu..." A mistake "Hata olacaktr" "Hatadr" Hayali bir durum verir. Kesinlik verir.
* .. at that moment = "O anda" Simple Past Tense Zaman ifadesidir. (Time expression) * Previously=Earlier Past Perfect tense Zaman ifadesidir. * Simple past / Past Perfect yaps ok kullanlan bir cmle yapsdr. * Recently= Present Perfect Tense gsterir. * Never before= Perfect Tense gsterir. iki noun'u birletirmek iin "of" kullanlr. The Fastest rates of economic growth
Every + hope (Tekil) Any + hopes (oul) (=All hopes manasndadr) E anlaml kelimelerin prepositionlar da genelde ayndr. Place something on something Put something on something
Survey Aratrma, Deney yapmak Experiment (SRDRMEK) research In which case = in this case Carry out n ek Son ek en Make manasnda -en Sfat Large Geni White Beyaz Fiil Enlarge geniletmek Whiten Beyazlatmak
UnnimirDisilde-
Regard as: ...gzyle bakmak Hardly anyone else: Negatif anlam verir. But : bir sonraki cmlenin zddn grr. Ever again= "Bir daha" Another ve Every; time expressionlarla ok kullanlr. Every three weeks = 3 haftada bir Virtually every= Neredeyse hepsi, Virtually all = Hemen hemen hepsi Unlikely (olumsuz anlam verir) var ise cmlede olumlu yap kullan. To be Unlike Like Unlikely Likely To do
Negatif Yapl cmlelerde normalde "Both" kullanlmaz. No one = Hi kimse Anything Herhangi bir ey (+)(Hepsi veya herhangi birisi) Nothing Hibirey (-) (,) if any (,)= "Eer varsa" // Earlier: Past Perfect bildirir. // For a while="bi dnem..." // for three years now Present Perfect Tense Time Expressionudur. Whatsoever = hi mi hi. (Negatif cmleyi pekitirir) Answer Reply Respond Hereye Yazl bir eye (mektup vs) Szl bir eye veya Etkiye Tepki eklinde Cevap vermek Cevap Vermek Cevap vermek He responded well to the treatment (Tedaviye iyi cevap verdi) * Not only _____ but also ______ Her iki cmle yaps benzerlik gstermelidir. /* I regret to tell that your application has not been accepted. unu sylemekten znt duyuyorum ki bavurunuz kabul edilmedi * Bu cmle to + have + V3 eklinde kesinlikle kullanlamaz. To have told kesinlikle olmaz. Past tense ile kullanm ekli: Margaret regretted telling him that.. Syledii iin pimand Can Could Cant Couldnt Afford Mali gc yetmek Stand (Birine, bireye) katlanmak Bear (ounlukla negatiflerle kullanlrlar) Help
Wonder + how (Kullanlr) Wonder + that (Kullanlamaz) Am s Are Was Were Been
Of
Great Crucial
Importance Significance
"Very important"
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Vital Vulnerable + to = incinebilir, hassas. Present Perfect (Continuous) + Eversince + Simple Past For doing= Bir aygtn kullanm To do= ama belirliyor. " to do some shopping" mpact nfluence Effect Something someone
To have an
On
into
Under (kanun ile kullanlrsa) .. kanun uyarnca Provide / Supply: They provided us with the neccessary equipment Neccessary equipment was provided to us Damage to: - e zarar vermek Damage from: - den zarar grmek Role of ______ in ______ To play Role in Agree on something Agree with someone n history "Tarihte" Throughout history "Tarih boyunca" By the end of n (at) the end,
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